ikom - ComNets

Treffen/Workshop der ITG Fachgruppe 5.2.1

Radio Access Network Dimensioning

for 3G UMTS

Xi Li
xili@comnets.uni-bremen.de

November 13, 2009

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Outline
` Introduction and Motivation
` UMTS Network Dimensioning Framework
` Developed Simulation Models
` Developed Analytical Models
` Dimensioning Models and Results
` Conclusions and Outlook

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 ikom - ComNets

Outline
` Introduction and Motivation
` UMTS Network Dimensioning Framework
` Developed Simulation Models
` Developed Analytical Models
` Dimensioning Models and Results
` Conclusions and Outlook

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Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
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UE

Node B Circuit Switched

UE
Iub Domain PSTN ...

UE

RNC

UE Packet Switched
Domain Internet
Node B
Iub X.25 ...
UE

UE

UE

UE UTRAN Core Network External Networks

UE User Equipment
Node B Base Station UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
RNC Radio Network Controller PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

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 Motivation of UMTS Network Dimensioning
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` Dimensioning: determine appropriate bandwidths for transport links
y maximizing utilization of transport resources
y guarantee QoS (Quality of Service) requirements
` The transport resource within the UTRAN is considerably costly

UTRAN „„ Costly
Costlyinterface
interface
Iub Interface „„ Strict
Strictdelay
delayQoS
QoS

Dimensioning of Iub
is important to design a high
cost- efficient UMTS network

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 Goal of This Thesis
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` UMTS network is developing fast
y Evolutions of UMTS
ƒ Radio Access Network (RAN) evolution: Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, LTE
ƒ Evolved UMTS terminals and emerging new services
ƒ Significant increase of the traffic volume
ƒ Remarkable changes in traffic pattern and characteristics
y Transport Technologies for UTRAN, e.g. migration from ATM to IP
y Quality of Service Schemes, e.g. QoS differentiation and prioritization

Goal
Goalof
ofthis
thisThesis
Thesis
yy Investigate
Investigateimportant
importantaspects
aspectsrelated
relatedtotothe
theIub
Iubdimensioning
dimensioning
yy Develop
Developdimensioning
dimensioningapproaches
approachesforfordifferent
differentUMTS
UMTSNetworks
Networks
ƒƒ simulation
simulationmodels
models
ƒƒ analytical
analyticalmodels
models
yy Derive
Deriveimportant
importantdimensioning
dimensioningguidelines
guidelinesand andrules
rules

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 ikom - ComNets

Outline
` Introduction and Motivation
` UMTS Network Dimensioning Framework
` Developed Simulation Models
` Developed Analytical Models
` Dimensioning Models and Results
` Conclusions and Outlook

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 Objectives of UMTS Network Dimensioning
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` Network Costs: the costs correlated with the expenditures necessary for
leasing transport link bandwidths

` Quality of Service
y user-relevant QoS: refers to the QoS related to the individual users
ƒ Application delay or throughput, connection reject ratio due to admission
control function

y network-relevant QoS: network-specific QoS to evaluate the quality of

a network, measured on the packet level
ƒ Packet delay, packet loss ratio

The
The goal
goal of
of network
network dimensioning
dimensioning is
is to
to minimize
minimize costs
costs while
while maximizing
maximizing QoS
QoS

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Framework of UMTS Network Dimensioning
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Simulation Analytical
Approach Approach

Input Output
Traffic Demand
traffic class
Network Cost
traffic load Dimensioning
traffic distribution Process minimum required link
capacities (Mbit/s)
QoS Targets
user-relevant QoS
network-relevant QoS

Network
Configurations QoS

network topology
traffic control functions
resource control functions
transport technology Bandwidth
QoS mechanisms
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 ikom - ComNets

Outline
` Introduction and Motivation
` UMTS Network Dimensioning Framework
` Developed Simulation Models
` Developed Analytical Models
` Dimensioning Models and Results
` Conclusions and Outlook

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 Simulation Models
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` Model a complete UMTS system following 3GPP specifications
` Focused on a detailed modeling of the Iub interface (i.e. protocol stack,
transport network, resource and QoS management)
` Modeling of air interface and core network are simplified
` Reduce complexity and improve simulation efficiency

IP Transport ATM Transport ATM Transport IP Transport

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 ikom - ComNets

Outline
` Introduction and Motivation
` UMTS Network Dimensioning Framework
` Developed Simulation Models
` Developed Analytical Models
` Dimensioning Models and Results
` Conclusions and Outlook

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 Services and QoS Measures
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Video
Voice Conferencing Web FTP Applications/Services

Real Time (RT) Non Real Time (NRT)

low delay
low loss carried by TCP/IP Traffic Classes
require Admission Control delay tolerant

Circuit-Switched Traffic Elastic Traffic

Blocking probability Application Throughput QoS Measures User-

(CAC reject ratio) (Application Delay) at flow/call level relevant QoS

QoS Measures
Packet Delay Packet Delay Network-
at packet level
Packet Loss ratio Packet Loss ratio relevant QoS
over the Iub

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 Overview of Analytical Models
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Dimensioning Tool Analytical Models

User-Relevant QoS Network-Relevant QoS

Traffic Circuit-Switched Elastic Traffic Mixed Traffic Circuit- Mixed Traffic

Elastic Traffic
Traffic switched traffic
Scenario

QoS blocking QoS application delay both QoS need packet delay, packet loss ratio
Measure or throughput to be met over the Iub interface

Processor Processor
Erlang Loss Queuing Models with non- Non-preemptive priority
Sharing (PS) Sharing Model
Model Markovian Arrival Process queuing model
Model + Erlang Model
Proposed
Analytical
Models Erlang-B M/G/R-PS Traffic Policy MMPP(2)/D/1 MMPP(2)/D/1 - Priority
- BW sharing
MD Erlang-B queuing model - BW separation or BMAP/D/1 or BMAP/D/1-Priority

Modeling Call or Flow Level Modeling Packet Level

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 ikom - ComNets

Outline
` Introduction and Motivation
` UMTS Network Dimensioning Framework
` Developed Simulation Models
` Developed Analytical Models
` Dimensioning Models and Results
y Processor Sharing Model (Application Performance)
y Packet level Queuing Model (Transport Network Performance)
` Conclusions and Outlook

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 Processor Sharing (PS) Model for Elastic Traffic
- for User-Relevant QoS (Application Performance)
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UE Radio Access Bearer (RAB) rpeak
rpeak
Assumptions
UE
rpeak R = C / rpeak
„ Flow arrival follows
rpeak Iub (C) Poisson Process
UE NodeB RNC
„ General file length
distribution
rpeak Radio Network Cont
UE
rpeak
Expected Sojourn Time (average transfer delay)
UE
M/G/R-PS Model Number of servers
File length
R = C / rpeak

x ⎛ E ( R , Rρ ) ⎞
E M / G / R {T ( x)} =
x
⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ = ⋅ fR
rpeak ⎝ R (1 − ρ ) ⎠ rpeak

Peak data rate Link utilization Delay factor

K. Lindberger (1999)
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 Proposed Extensions on M/G/R-PS Model
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Seven Extensions are proposed in this thesis to incorporate UMTS networks

Case Extensions Analytical Realizations

RTTadjust = RTT ⋅ f R
1. Single RAB
New parameter UL_rtt_ratio
No CAC E {T ( x )}* = E{T ( x )} + ( 2 + UL _ rtt _ ratio ) RTTadjust

2. Single RAB
With CAC

3. Multiple RABs General M/G/R-PS model Ri =

C ρ= ∑ρ i

- R is bearer specific ri bearers

xi ⎛ E2 ( Ri , Ri ρ ) ⎞ xi
No CAC - consider total traffic EM / G / R {T ( xi )} = ⎜1 + ⎟ = f Ri
ri ⎜⎝ Ri (1 − ρ ) ⎟⎠ ri

4. Rate Adaptation Reuse single rate M/G/R-PS K

Calculate an average rate rpeak _ avg = ∑ r j ⋅ q j Ravg = C / rpeak _ avg
- BRA from different rpeak to derive R j =1

RAB Radio Access Bearer

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CAC Call Admission Control
 Proposed Extensions on M/G/R-PS Model (cont’)
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Case Extensions Analytical Realizations

5. Mixing with M/G/R-PS

CS Traffic
(a) C Iub = C elastic + LCS

(b) C Iub = Celastic + CCS

M/G/R-PS Erlang
Last mile links

Cac_1
Node B

6. Multi-Iub RAN Backbone Link Cbb

Node B Cac_2

IP Router RNC

Cac_n
Node B

⎛ E (R , R ρ ) ⎞
EM / G / R {T ( xk )} =
7. IP DiffServ xk xk
⎜⎜1 + 2 k k k ⎟⎟ = fk
rpeak _ k ⎝ Rk (1 − ρ k ) ⎠ rpeak _ k

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IP-based UTRAN with DiffServ QoS Structure
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UMTS Core
Node B RNC Network

Per Hop Behavior (PHB)

EF Expedited Forwarding SP Strict Priority
AF Assured Forwarding WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing 19
PHB Per Hop Behavior DiffServ Differentiated Services
 Validation of Application Delay Estimation
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AF11 PHB - NRT RAB 64kbps AF21 PHB - NRT RAB 128kbps
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Single Link Scenario 12
M/G/R/N-PS
M/G/R/N-PS 10
10 Simulations

AF11 app. delay (s)

Simulations

AF21 app. delay (s)

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

0 0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Iub link utilization Iub link utilization

WFQ AF41 PHB - NRT RAB 384kbps BE PHB HSPA

Service class PHB 12 12
weight
M/G/R/N-PS M/G/R/N-PS
RT voice EF 10 Simulations 10 Simulations
AF41 app. delay (s)

BE app. delay (s)

RT video EF 8 8

NRT RAB 64kbps AF11 20 6 6

NRT RAB 128kbps AF21 30 4 4

NRT RAB 256kbps AF31 40 2 2

NRT RAB 384kbps AF41 50 0 0

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
NRT HSPA 2Mbps BE 10 Iub link utilization Iub link utilization

The
Therelative
relativeerrors
errorsofofobtained
obtainedanalytical
analyticalresults
resultsare
arewithin
within
the
theagreed
agreedlevel
levelfor
fornetwork
networkdimensioning
dimensioningof ofindustry
industry 20
 Queuing Models for Network-Relevant QoS
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FP PDUs

DCH 1
TTI Delay distribution
TTI
DCH 2
0.99
Link
AAL2 ATM
Segmentation Queue Queue
Deterministic Deterministic
TTI service rate service rate
DCH n

30ms queuing delay

Packet scheduling:
RT H Non-preemptive priority
RT or NRT Departure
Depatures
Arrivals Arrivals Departure
Depatures

Server process NRT

(deterministic service rate) Server process
L (deterministic service rate)

(a) Single-service system (b) Priority system

` Arrival process model (shall capture bursty and self-similarity of the aggregated
arrival traffic and Bulk Arrival of packets)
y 2-state Markov Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) model, where the inter-
arrival time distribution is based on 2-Phase Hyper-exponential distribution
y Batch Markovian Arrival Process (BMAP)

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 MMPP Model for Estimation of the Iub delay
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Capture of the Characteristic of the Arrival Traffic

Traffic demand

Add network / protocol overhead

Mean traffic Variance Correlation Measure arrival traffic

Capture the arrival traffic characteristics

MMPPD/1 queuing Queuing delay

MMPP arrival process distribution
MMPP/D/1 – priority queuing
model parameters

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 Validation of the Iub Delay Estimation
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Scenario I: 100% voice traffic (single Iub)
Traffic model: Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) 12.2kbps
Speech/silence period: exponential distribution, mean = 3 seconds
Call duration: exponential distribution, mean = 120 seconds
Dimension QoS target: 99% of packets experience less than 10ms Iub delay

voice only scenario - Rel99 ATM-based Iub voice only scenario - Rel99 ATM-based Iub
10000 0.4
system simulation

relative error of the analytical model

9000 M/D/1
M/D/1 0.35
required Iub bandwidth [kbps]

8000 H2/D/1 H2/D/1

MMPP/D/1 0.3 MMPP/D/1
7000
6000 0.25
5000 0.2
4000
0.15
3000
0.1
2000
1000 0.05

0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
voice traffic demand [kbps] voice traffic demand [kbps]

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 Validation of the Iub Delay Estimation
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Dimension QoS target:
99% of voice packets experience less than 10ms Iub delay
99% of data packets experience less than 30ms Iub delay

Scenario II: 100% web traffic Scenario III: 90% web traffic (low priority)
& 10% voice traffic (high priority)
packet switched traffic (BRA) only packet switched traffic (BRA) with 10% voice
8000 8000
System simulation System simulation
7000
required Iub bandwidth [kbps]

7000

required Iub bandwidth [kbps]

Queueing simulation (Opnet) Queueing simulation (Opnet)
Analytical calculation 6000 Analytical calculation
6000
5000
5000
4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000 1000

1000 0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
UTRAN traffic demand [kbps] UTRAN traffic demand [kbps]

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 ikom - ComNets

Outline
` Introduction and Motivation
` UMTS Network Dimensioning Framework
` Developed Simulation Models
` Developed Analytical Models
` Dimensioning Models and Results
` Conclusions and Outlook

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 Conclusions and Outlook
ikom - ComNets
` Propose a general UMTS network dimensioning framework
` Develop several detailed simulation models with OPNET
` Investigate important aspects related to Iub dimensioning
` Develop novel analytical models for dimensioning of the Iub interface and
validated by simulations

Circuit-switched Traffic Elastic traffic Mixed traffic

Blocking QoS Application QoS Consider applied
User traffic policy and
Erlang-B (single stream) Processor Sharing (PS)
QoS its Mux. gain
MD-Erlang B (multi-stream) Extensions of M/G/R-PS
Packet delay & loss QoS Packet delay & loss QoS
„ MMPP: Markov Modulated Poisson Process MMPP/D/1-non-
Network „ BMAP: Batch Markovian Arrival Process
QoS MMPP/D/1 or preemptive
BMAP/D/1 priority
MMPP/D/1 or BMAP/D/1
` Develop a dimensioning tool (in Matlab)
y Summarize all proposed analytical models
y Apply to derive dimensioning rules

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 Conclusions and Outlook (cont’)
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` Dimensioning and Comparing of ATM- and IP-based UTRAN
y Single Iub link scenario
y Multi-Iub RAN scenario
` Dimensioning HSPA traffic in ATM-based UTRAN
y HSDPA
y HSUPA
y HSPA+Rel99 (Traffic Separation)

` Further Work: Long Term Evolution (LTE)

y Expect a much higher demand on transport bandwidth in access networks
y Dimensioning for LTE transport access network
ƒ Investigating applicability of current dimensioning models
ƒ Extensions of analytical models are desired

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 ikom - ComNets

Thank for your Attention

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