TIME For Kids - Student Reader G2 PDF

Acknowledgments
“Giant Hearts” by Brad Bagert Text Copyright © 2002 by Brad Bagert. Reprinted by permission of Dial Books for Young Readers,
a Division of Penguin Putnam Inc.
“A Penguin’s Toes” by Kenn Nesbitt. Text copyright © 2001 by Kenn Nesbitt. All Rights Reserved.
“When Whales Exhale (Whale Watching)” from WHEN WHALES EXHALE by Constance Levy Copyright © 1996. Used by
permission of Marian Reiner for the Author.
“The Sun” by Leland B. Jacobs A Bill Martin Book, Reprinted by permission of Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
“The Tortoise” by Douglas Florian Text Copyright © 2001 Douglas Florian. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt, Inc.
“Raindrops on the Willow Tree” by Margaret Wise Brown Text Copyright © 2001 by Roberta Brown Rauch. Reprinted by
permission of Hyperion Books for Children.
Photography Credits
Book Cover: (c) Blend Images/Alamy; (tr) Mark Bolton/Corbis
Contributor
© Time Inc. All rights reserved. Versions of some articles in this edition of TIME For Kids
originally appeared in TIME For Kids or timeforkids.com.
Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,

Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the
prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or
transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Printed in The United States of America
ISBN: 978-0-02-206166-1
MHID: 0-02-206166-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 WEB 13 12 11 10 09
Issue 1........................................................ 5 Issue 9...................................................... 53
Compare and Contrast Author’s Purpose
Photos and Captions Diagrams
Context Clues Context Clues
Issue 2.......................................................11 Issue 10.................................................... 59

Cause and Effect Compare and Contrast
Map Charts
Antonyms Antonyms
Issue 3...................................................... 17 Issue 11.................................................... 65

Main Idea and Details Main Idea and Details
Bar Graphs Map
Prefixes and Suffixes Synonyms
Issue 4...................................................... 23 Issue 12.................................................... 71

Compare and Contrast Main Idea and Details
Bar Graphs Photos and Captions
Synonyms Context Clues
Issue 5...................................................... 29 Issue 13.................................................... 77

Main Idea and Details Cause and Effect
Photos and Captions Time Line
Context Clues Homophones
Issue 6...................................................... 35 Issue 14.................................................... 83

Author’s Purpose Summarize
Charts Photos and Captions
Context Clues Homographs
Issue 7...................................................... 41 Issue 15.................................................... 89

Sequence of Events Author’s Purpose
Diagrams Time Line
Context Clues Context Clues
Issue 8...................................................... 47
Main Idea and Details
Bar Graphs
Context Clues
Contents
Issue 1
A Team
Compare and Contrast • Context Clues
Player
• Photos and Captions

One Tough Job ............................................... 6
Play It Safe! Play Smart! ...................................................... 8
(c) Stockbyte/Alamy; (tr) Jim Goldberg/Magnum Photos
How can you avoid getting hurt and
Sports Championships CHARTS ....................... 10

stay in the game?
A2TFK_TXNA_I1FP_RD11.indd 5 1/20/09 3:18:40 PM
Issue 2
Cause and Effect • Antonyms • Map
Greening
Africa
A Hero’s Life ................................................... 12

Keeping Kenya Green .................................... 14
Kenya Fast Facts LISTS .................................... 16
(c) Fred Ward; (tr) William Campbell/Sygma/Corbis
America honors
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Issue 3
No Place
Main Idea and Details • Prefixes and Suffixes
Like Home
• Bar Graphs
Tree Houses for Everyone .............................. 18
Dream Houses
Home, Sweet Home ...................................... 20
(c) Margaret Lampert; (tr) Steffan Hacker/Habitat for Humanity International
for Kids
Giant Hearts POETRY ...................................... 22

A group in Vermont makes
kids’ dreams come true.
Issue 4
A Chimp
Compare and Contrast • Synonyms
Home
When Animals
• Bar Graphs
Need Help
People work together to give
animals a helping hand.
Champs for Chimps ....................................... 24
Follow the Herd............................................. 26
(c) Daryl Balfour/Getty Images; (tr) Luis M. Alvarez/Wide World Photos/AP Images

A Penguin’s Toes POETRY ............................... 28
Issue 5
High-Tech
Main Idea and Details • Context Clues
Help

Is Anyone Out There? ................................... 30
Finding the Way ............................................ 32
(c) Rob Lewine Photography; (tr) Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP Wide World Photos
Scientists use more

than their ears to listen
to space sounds.

Old Ways and New Ways CHARTS .................. 34
Issue 6
Going
Author’s Purpose • Context Clues • Charts
to Seed
A New Deal on School Meals ....................... 36

Bees, Bats, Bears, and Bison ......................... 38
Fresh and Fruity WRITTEN DIRECTIONS ................. 40
(c) Alex McKnight; (tr) David Lazenby/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes
Schools serve up a
healthful new food policy.
Issue 7
Martian
Sequence of Events • Context Clues
Veggies?
• Diagrams
People and
animals use
plants for food.
From Seed to Fruit ......................................... 42
A Martian Garden.......................................... 44
(c) Anton Vengo/SuperStock; (tr) Courtesy Michael Mautner
A2TFK_TXNA_I7FP_RD11.indd 41 1/26/09 10:31:04 AM

From Seed to Beans DIAGRAMS ....................... 46
Issue 8
Speaking
Chinese
• Bar Graphs
Dinosaur Hunters .......................................... 48
(c) Peter Morgan/Reuters America; (tr) Eugene Louie/San Jose Mercury News/Newscom
ALL ABOUT CHINA

A Language Art ............................................. 50
Say It in Chinese CHARTS ................................ 52
China has a lot to share with the
rest of the world.

Issue 9
Author’s Purpose • Context Clues • Diagrams
Far Flung
These Robots are Wild .................................. 54

Monarchs on the Move ................................ 56
scorpion
Scorpion
Robot V
cockroach
Scientists are studying

creatures to build robots.
lobster
RoboLobster
Who Has a Backbone? CHARTS ...................... 58

(bl) Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; (cl) Holt Studios International Ltd/Alamy; (tl) Ingram Publishing/Alamy; (br) Jodi Hilton for the New York Times/Redux Pictures;
(cr) Daniel Kingsley, Roger Quinn and Roy Ritzmann/Case Western Reserve University; (tr) Courtesy NASA Ames Research Center; Flap Photo: Diomedia/Alamy
Issue 10
Animals
Compare and Contrast • Antonyms • Charts
From Eggs
On the Beach ................................................. 60

Thank You, Flipper ........................................ 62
When Whales Exhale
(c) Stuart Westmorland/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (tr) Aqua Image/Alamy
Safe in
the Sea
A2TFK_TXNA_I10FP_RD11.indd 59
Dolphins are underwater heroes.
1/28/09 1:40:20 PM
(Whale Watching) POETRY ............................. 64
Issue 11
Lost
Main Idea and Details • Synonyms • Map
Lynx!
Losing the Lynx ............................................. 66

Surfing the Sands .......................................... 68
Nature
(c) WILDLIFE/Peter Arnold Inc.; (tr) OSF/Kemp, R. & J.-Survival/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes
Matters
Why do living things need
The Sun POETRY .............................................. 70
places to live in nature?
Issue 12
Animal
Families

A Big Turtle Comeback ................................. 72
Daddy Day Care ............................................. 74
(c) Luiz C. Marigo/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tr) Tim Davis/Corbis
Scientists fight to save
The Tortoise POETRY ...................................... 76

these sea creatures.

Issue 13
How Can
Cause and Effect • Homophones • Time Line
You Help?
It’s Getting Crowded Around Here! ............. 78

Pecans: A Nutty Resource ............................. 80
Taking Care
Earth From Cotton Field to T-Shirt DIAGRAMS ......... 82
(c) Digital Vision/Getty Images; (tr) Diane Macdonald/Stockbyte/Getty Images
of
If we treat resources with care,
there will be enough for everyone.
This girl takes water used to rinse
dishes and reuses it to water plants.
Issue 14
From
Rock
Summarize • Homographs
to Sand

Windy Weather ............................................. 84
Here Comes the
Wind Solid as a Rock............................................... 86

(c) LWA-Dann Tardif/Corbis; (tr) Michael Szoenyi/Photo Researchers
You can fly a kite

on a windy day.
Raindrops on the Willow Tree POETRY ......... 88

What else happens
in windy weather?
Issue 15
Spanish
Author’s Purpose • Context Clues • Time Line
Moss
A Story Collector ........................................... 90

Long ago people told
stories to explain
how things happen.
Today we still enjoy
those stories.
The Blowing Winds ....................................... 92

Telling Who Has Seen the Wind? POETRY ................. 94
Tales
(c) Bob Winsett/Corbis; (tr) Jupiterimages

A Team
Player
Play It Safe!
(c) Stockbyte/Alamy; (tr) Jim Goldberg/Magnum Photos
How can you avoid getting hurt and

stay in the game?
One Tough Job
Condoleezza Rice wanted to
difference.
make a difference
Condoleezza Rice was the first
African American woman to be
U.S. Secretary of State. She was
not elected to this job. The Jim Goldberg/Magnum Photos
President appointed her to it. ↑ Rice is a big football fan.

The secretary of state works
with leaders of other countries. Racism kept most African
It can be a tough job. Americans out of top jobs
when Rice was young. But her
Working Hard
parents told her that she could
Condie Rice was born in 1954,
do anything. She planned to
in Birmingham, Alabama. She
study music after college.
played the piano at 5. As a teen
Then she decided to make a
she was a talented ice-skater.
difference in the world. She
She finished college at age 19.
studied hard so she could do
just that.
Mark Wilson/Getty Images
Before she was secretary of

state, Rice had other important
jobs. She sat on the National
Security Council. She was the
National Security Advisor to
President George W. Bush from
↑ Rice plays a tune with Yo-Yo Ma. 2001 to 2005.
6• Time For Kids
Olivier Douliery/Abaca USA/Newscom
Travel and Tough Talk

The secretary of state
meets with world leaders.
Success is when the U.S.
meets its goals without
war. In one year Rice took
18 trips to 33 countries.
She traveled 247,603 miles. ↑ Rice tells people about the war in
Iraq. It is her goal to solve differences
She worked on problems with
in a peaceful way.
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and
North Korea. Rice believes Listening in the Middle East
that problems can be solved in Israelis and Palestinians have
a peaceful way. Someone who had differences for a long time.
knows her well once said, “She Finding a peaceful way to solve
won’t take no for an answer.” their land problem has been
hard. Sometimes it helps to
↓ Rice meets with Palestinian
President Mahmoud Abbas. listen. A secretary of state
AP Photo/Murad Sezer needs to be a good listener.
Rice spent time in the Middle
East listening to people. She
said, “It was a good opportunity
to come and to listen to people
. . . [talk about] how they saw
the future.”— Andrea Delbanco,
Romesh Ratnesar, Elaine Shannon
Issue 1 •7
Learn how to stay
healthy playing sports.
Jim Cummins/Corbis
↑ Baseball injuries send

about 100,000 kids to
the hospital each year.
L izzie Singer plays basketball for a school in New York

City. She was excited to play her next game. Soon after
the game started, she hurt her leg.
“It was bad,” says Lizzie. “I sat out for the rest
James Keyser
of the game.”
Lizzie needed help for her leg. She had to do

exercises to make her leg strong.
More than 30 million kids in the United States take

part in sports. A report says that about 3.5 million
of them were hurt when playing sports.
In one year, about 250,000 kids were injured

playing basketball. They had to go to the hospital.
In a single year, 75,000 soccer
players went to the hospital, too. Lizzie Singer warms up
for a basketball game. →
8• Time For Kids

David Madison 200
8/Madison Images
(bkgd) Brand X Pictures/
← 200,000 kids go to the

PunchStock
hospital with football

injuries each year.
Be a Good Sport
The good news is that kids can keep
from getting hurt.
First, follow the rules. It’s also Tips from a Pro

Follow these tips from a sports
important to use the right safety
doctor for a safe game.
equipment. If you play football, wear
shoulder pads. If you play soccer, 1. Get in shape. Exercise before
your team plays.
wear shin guards. Never ride a bike
without wearing a helmet. 2. Play a different sport. It will
exercise different parts of
Next, remember that sports should your body.
be fun. Listen to what your body
3. Warm up. Make sure you
is telling you. “Don’t be afraid to
stretch before you play.
say something if you get hurt,” says
4. Wear the right gear.
Michelle Klein. She works at the
National Youth Sports Foundation. 5. Listen to your body. Tell a
parent or coach if you’re
“Pain means something is wrong.”
in pain.
Issue 1 •9
Sports Championships
Most professional sports hold a championship

event. This chart shows the name of the
event for each pro sport.
Professional Sport Name of Championship
National Hockey League Stanley Cup
National Football League Super Bowl
Major League Baseball World Series
International Soccer World Cup
National Basketball
NBA Finals
Association
(cw from top) C Squared Studios/Getty Images; C Squared Studios/Getty Images; Photodisc/Getty Images;
Photodisc/Getty Images; C Squared Studios/Getty Images; Doug MacLellan/Wide World Photos/AP
10 Images; Associated Press/Wide World Photos/AP Images; Tiffany and Co./Wide World Photos/AP Images;
Fritz Reiss/Wide World Photos/AP Images; NBAE/NBA Photos/Getty Images
Greening
Africa
(c) Fred Ward; (tr) William Campbell/Sygma/Corbis
America honors
ti Luther
Martin th i
King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., dreamed that
the world could change through peace.
Every January, we celebrate the life

of Martin Luther King, Jr. King changed
our nation. He believed all people should
have the same rights.
King was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in
Bob Adelman/Magnum Photos

1929. At that time, many laws kept black
King made a famous
and white people apart. speech. He told people,
“I have a dream!”
During the 1950s, King and other
leaders peacefully protested against those
unfair laws. King believed in the power of
protest without violence.
A 1965 march to Montgomery,
Alabama, made the news. ↓
12 • Time For Kids

In 1963, King led a march to Washington, D.C.
After the march, King and other leaders met with
President John F. Kennedy. They talked about fair
laws for all. These talks helped start a law. It was
called the Civil Rights Act. The law said African
Americans must have equal rights. In 1964, King
won the Nobel Peace Prize. It goes to people who
try to bring peace and unity to the world.
Sadly, Martin Luther King, Jr., died before his

dreams came true. He was killed in April 1968 in
Memphis, Tennessee. Today, King’s message still
lives on.
Putting Civil Rights on the Map

Washington, D.C.
Memphis,
Tennessee
Atlanta,
Montgomery,
Georgia
Alabama
Joe LeMonnier
James Karales Issue 2 • 13

John McConnico/Wide World Photos/AP Images
For this leader, planting trees is the
first step in changing the world.
↑ In 2004, Wangari
Wangari Maathai was born in Kenya, Africa. Maathai won the
Nobel Peace Prize.
She lived in a farm community. Over the years,
forests around her home were cut down. The land
was cleared to build large farms. Maathai planted
new trees in the area.
Thirty years ago, Maathai started a group
called the Green Belt Movement. This group
encourages farmers to plant “green belts” of trees.
William Campbell/Sygma/Corbis
More than 2,000 women and

children help plant trees in Kenya.

Some people don’t want new trees planted.
They want to build houses and buildings instead.
These people try to hinder Maathai from
planting new trees.
But Maathai keeps spreading her message.

Many other countries in Africa are now planting
trees, too.
Maathai’s work has created thousands of jobs

for women. Women sell seedlings to Maathai’s
group. They spend the money they earn on food.
They also use this money to send their children
to school. Maathai’s
green dream is making
other women’s dreams
come true, too.
Africa
Kenya
Kenya is a country in Africa.

Can you point to Kenya on
the map? →
Joe LeMonnier
Issue 2 • 15
Do you want to learn more about
Kenya? Look at the list below for some Kenya
facts about this country in Africa.
Nairobi
Official Name: Republic of Kenya
Capital: Nairobi Key

Capital
Size: 224,962 square miles
Joe LeMonnier
(about twice the size

of Nevada)
Population: approximately 34,000,000
Official Languages: Kiswahili and English

Climate: Tropical to arid, or dry
Agriculture: coffee, tea, corn, wheat,

sugarcane, fruit, vegetables,
dairy products, beef, pork,
poultry, eggs
Currency: shilling
Sports: cross country running,

road running, soccer,
rugby, cricket, boxing
(bkgd) Siede Preis/Getty Images Ariadne Van
Zandbergen/Alamy
16
No Place
Like Home
Dream Houses
(c) Margaret Lampert; (tr) Steffan Hacker/Habitat for Humanity International
for Kids
A group in Vermont makes

kids’ dreams come true.
Tree Houses Royalty-Free/Corbis
for
Everyone By Tiffany Sommers
(tr) Courtesy Candlelight Ranch

Camp/Forever Young Treehouses;
(tl) The Hole in the Wall Gang
allows kids with
A 340-foot-long ramp
e tree house. Kids hang out in this tr
disabilities to get to th ee house.
It is high in the tree to
ps.
T ree houses are wonderful places to play with friends.

You can even just sit in them and dream. But for some
kids, tree houses are only a dream. Many kids have never
been in a tree house. Why? They have disabilities. They
are unable to climb. Bill Allen and Phil Trabulsy are good
citizens. They wanted to make these kids’ dreams come true.
In 1998, they started Forever Young Treehouses in Vermont.
This group makes tree houses for kids with disabilities.
Michael Havey/Forever Young Treeho
uses
The tree houses have long ramps. Ramps

help kids in wheelchairs get into the houses.
Kristen Messer, 17, visited a tree house

for the first time. “It was really great having
a tree house that I could get into without
Chaz Freeman visits a New
any help,” Kristen says. Hampshire tree house.
Chaz Freeman, a 19-year-old, uses a

wheelchair. After he visited a tree house in New Hampshire,
he said with a smile, “We get to experience what it is like to
be a normal kid.”
Allen and Trabulsy’s tireless group is working hard

around the U.S. to build tree houses.
Things in People’s Homes

Tree houses can’t fit things that fit in many other houses. This bar
graph shows the percent of U.S. homes that have these goods.
Telephone (97%)
Air conditioner (85%)
Computer (73.4%)
Dishwasher (63%)
Garage (62%)
Fireplace (35%)
Dean MacAdam
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Issue 3 • 19
Volunteers build houses for families in need.
How long does it take to build a

new house? It usually takes about
six months or more. But each year,
Courtesy Steffan Hacker/Habitat for Humanity International

thousands of people work together
to build new homes in just four
months! Who does this wonderful
work? Habitat for Humanity.
Habitat for Humanity is a group

that builds homes for families in ↑ Student volunteers at work.
need. It has branches in different Courtesy Steffan Hacker/Habitat for Humanity International
states around the country.
This group works all over the

world, too. Volunteers help build
the homes. They are unpaid
workers. Volunteers can be builders
and painters. They can be teachers
or bankers. Some are students. ↑ Student volunteers built this
home in Taos, New Mexico for
Habitat for Humanity has built a needy family.
more than 300,000 houses. More
than 1.5 million people live in these houses.
Courtesy Steffan Hacker/Habitat for Humanity International
Working Together
Building a home is hard work.
Volunteers learn how to put up
walls. They use tools and machines.
These selfless volunteers work with
the family that will live in the
↑ Suruchi Srikanth hammers
house. Everyone works together to a nail into the wall of a new
make the family’s dream come true. house.
Suruchi Srikanth has worked with Habitat for

Humanity for four years. She began volunteering in
high school. She has built many homes with other
volunteers. She takes her responsibilities seriously.
Volunteers know that if they don’t help, homes might
not get built. They are good citizens who care about
other people.
The Number of Houses Built

This graph shows how many houses Habitat for Humanity
built from 1976 to 2007. The group formed in 1976.
279,723
300,000
Number of Houses
200,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
100,000
50,000
10,000
0
0
1976 1991 1996 2000 2003 2005 2007
Years
Issue 3 • 21
Giant Hearts
By B
B Brod
dBBagertt
Psst! Listen
Listen, little hams
hamster,
ster
We have something to say to YOU.
You may think we kids are giants,
But you can be one too.
Giants don’t have to be real big,

Giants don’t have to be tall.
What makes someone a giant
Is not their size at all.
Digital Archive Japan/Alamy
And even when we giants get scared,

We always do our best.
We learn from our mistakes
And forget about the rest.
Life is like a play:

We all play giant parts.
And the biggest giants are the little players
Who play with giant hearts.
22
A Chimp
Home
When Animals
Need Help
People work together to give
animals a helping hand.
(c) Daryl Balfour/Getty Images; (tr) Luis M. Alvarez/Wide World Photos/AP Images
Champs for Chimps
Lynne Sladky/AP Photo
Many chimps help save people.

Now people are saving these chimps.
By Anna Prokos
Fort Pierce, Florida, is a great place to

monkey around. This city is home to 300
chimpanzees. The chimps live at a sanctuary.
↑ Chimps climb and play at
A sanctuary is a safe place. the sanctuary in Florida.
These chimps once lived in labs for years. Some were taken
as babies from their homes in Africa. They were brought to the
United States for scientists to study. They were kept in small
cages. Many had not seen another chimp. They didn’t know
how to climb trees. Luis M. Alvarez/AP Photo
Wild chimps help each other meet

their needs. They look at the fur of
other chimps to find bugs. They take
the bugs off. This keeps the chimps
healthy.
Wild chimps also use the

environment to meet their needs.
They use sticks to get bugs and honey ↑ People rescued these chimps from
to eat. They use rocks to open nuts. little cages in labs. Now they live
in a more natural place.
Happily Ever After
Save the Chimps runs the Florida
sanctuary. This group makes life
happier for chimpanzees. Now the
animals live on 12 islands. The islands
have lots of large trees. Now these
animals are active and happy.
For the first time in their lives, the

chimps have families. They eat three fresh meals ↑ Dr. Carole Noon
started Save the
a day. They gulp down delicious foods like bananas, Chimps in 1997.
apples, pasta, and oatmeal with raisins.
(t) Lynne Sladky/AP Wide World Photos;
(c) Luis M. Alvarez/AP Photo
Oldest Chimps in U.S. Zoos

In the wild, chimps can live to their forties.
They can live even longer in zoos. Take a look.
70 (68)
(63)
60
(60)
(54) (52)
Age (in years)
50
(50)
40
30
20
10
0
Lil Mama Inky Bill Coco Susie Bonnie
Lion Country Lion Country Sequoia Portland Sunset Los Angeles
Safari Safari Park Zoo Zoo Zoo Zoo
Chimps in zoos
Issue 4 • 25
Follow
the Herd
Special collars help
protect elephants. Kevin Schafer/age fotostock/SuperStock
L ewis is a wild elephant. He Protecting enormous

lives in the Samburu National animals can be hard.
Reserve in Kenya, a country in Elephants need a lot of food.
Africa. Lewis uses his legs to They eat about 220 to 440
roam and his eyes to look for pounds of plants every day.
food. He uses his trunk to It is hard to find spaces that
grab food. By doing what are large enough and have
comes naturally, Lewis could enough food for them.
help save other elephants.
Samburu Elephant Population
African elephants are 1,000
Number of Elephants
endangered. That means 900

800 900
the number of elephants is 700
700
very low in some places. 600
500
To protect them, there are 525
400
nature reserves like Samburu. 300

200
They give the animals a safe 100
place to live. 0
1998 2003 2008
Years
Many smaller animals share had a special part that lets a
the 64-square-mile reserve. satellite track the elephant.
The serval, a wild cat, and the
Scientists learned that Lewis
klipspringer, an antelope, are
often left the reserve during
only two feet high. They need
the dry season. When there
less food than Lewis. They
was little rain, he couldn’t find
find enough to eat in
enough to eat. He learned to
Samburu. Unlike Lewis, they
find delicious crops at a farm.
don’t roam into unsafe places.
This information will help
Lewis. Scientists can give him
Collecting the Clues
food during the dry season.
A group called the Save the
Then he and other elephants
Elephants Foundation is
won’t need to roam. — Andrea Delbanco
working to help elephants.
Scientists wanted to find out ↓ The elephant collars are big!
Claire Cerling
what makes elephants

wander into unsafe places.
Maybe then they could keep
them safely in Samburu.
The group put special

collars around the necks of
some elephants. Each collar
Issue 4 • 27
By Kenn Nesbitt
A penguin’s toes, they froze

from strolling slowly through the snows
because his clothes expose his toes
or so I’m told.
A penguin’s knees can freeze

from speeding freely through the breeze
and freezing knees can make him sneeze
and catch a cold.
A penguin’s bill will chill

from sitting still upon a hill
until he’s ill and had his fill
of being cool.
But his digits ALL go rigid

frozen stiff and frosty frigid
when a penguin
rides his icicle to school.
(bkgd) Don Farrall/Getty Images
28
High-Tech
Help
(c) Rob Lewine Photography; (tr) Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP Wide World Photos
Scientists use more

than their ears to listen
to space sounds.
“Is Anyone
Out There?”
Scientists
are listening
for sounds in
outer space.
By Kathryn Satterfield
John Todd/AP Photo
Scientists study signals for clues about what happens in space. ↑
In 1870 the telephone was invented. It allowed people

who were far apart to talk to each other. Today Jill
Tarter spends her days listening to signals from outer
space. She is a scientist.
Earth makes many signals every day. They come
from radios, televisions, and cell phones. In the past,
signals from radios couldn’t reach deep into space. Their
frequencies, or number of radio waves, kept them from
traveling far. But tools changed in the 1930s. Since
then, signals have traveled to other stars. Things in
space might give off signals, too. Scientists use tall wires,
called antennas, to “listen” for these signals.
(bkgd) Masterfile Royalty-Free
A Sound Plan
Tarter’s group also uses radio telescopes. These
giant metal dishes pick up out-of-this-world
sounds. The tools have heard sounds from 800
stars. Scientists studied the sounds. The sounds
did not show signs of life in outer space.
Tarter wanted to study science from an early

age. After 16 years, she still loves her job. “We
may detect a signal at any moment and answer
one of humankind’s oldest questions,” says Tarter.
“Are we alone?” She thinks the answer is no.
There are 100 billion stars in the universe.
So scientists still have plenty to search!
Courtesy SETI
Courtesy Seth Shostak, SETI
↓ Radio telescopes collect data

from radio sources.
↑ Jill Tarter uses a computer

to understand the signals.
Issue 5 • 31
Finding
Mark Richards/PhotoEdit
t he Way
Blind people count on technology
to help them get around.
There are special ways to help blind

people get around. For example, blind
people use a walking stick. They tap it ↑ The first guide dog
training school in the
along the ground as they move. The stick U.S. started in 1929.
warns them when something is blocking
their path.
Dogs are trained to help people who can’t see.

These guide dogs lead people through busy areas.
The dogs are trained to follow orders. When blind
people are in a new place, they can ask others for
directions. Then they pass on the information to
the guide dog using the right commands.
Now there is new technology that can help blind

people when they are in a new place. Some people
use GPS. GPS stands for Global Positioning System.
GPS can tell a person exactly where he or she is.
It uses satellites in space to work.

Talking Map
Blind people who use GPS carry around
a tiny receiver. First, the receiver gets
signals from satellites in space. Then,
Marcio Jose Sanchez/Wide World Photos/AP Images

a computer guides the user with
voice commands. Finally, the user
listens for exact directions. It’s like a
talking map!
GPS also lets people know what

is around them. It tells the name of ↑ Blind people have tools,
the street that is coming up. It may like GPS, to help them
get around.
even tell the user about a park or store
nearby. Blind GPS users have a better idea about their
neighborhood. They feel better about traveling alone.
They feel good about getting to new places.
Detlev van Ravenswaay/Photo
Researchers
The ABCs of GPS

Satellites move around Earth.
They are about 11,000 miles high
in the sky! There are about 24
GPS satellites moving around our
planet. Each one orbits Earth
twice a day.
← GPS satellites float above Earth.

There are many of them.
Issue 5 • 33
People figure out better ways to do important things.
Look at this chart to see how technology has changed.
Activity Past Present
Cooking
Traveling
Communicating
Listening
to Music
Gina Matarazzo
How do you think people will cook 20 years

from now? What will they use to listen to music?
How will they travel?
34
(c) Alex McKnight; (tr) David Lazenby/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes
Schools serve up a
healthful new food policy.
Going
to Seed
School lunches slim down
to keep kids healthy. LWA/Photodisc/Getty Images
Do you eat sweet treats

at school? If you do, you
probably don’t live in Texas.
In 2004, Texas made new
rules about school snacks.
The Texas government

More schools are serving healthful foods.
checked on its students.
It found a big problem. About one third of the state’s
elementary school children weighed too much.
The Texas Department of Agriculture is part

of the state government. It is in charge of school
lunches. It made new rules for healthful eating in
schools. The rules say kids should eat balanced meals.
Kids should also cut back on foods with too much
fat or sugar. Children now eat foods that give them
energy to grow, work, play, and learn.

New Rules for
Vending Machines
The new rules change vending machines
in schools, too. Many foods sold in
vending machines have too much
sugar or fat. Now, students cannot buy
unhealthy foods from vending machines
during the school day.
Some Texas schools have changed
Dean MacAdam
their vending machines. Now they sell
healthy foods such as fruit, carrot sticks,
and yogurt. They are helping kids in the
community be healthy! Vending machines now
have more healthful foods.
How Sweet It Is!

Sometimes, sugar is added to food and drinks. But too
much sugar is bad for your health. See how much sugar
is in some foods.
Sugar Added to Food and Drinks

Food or Drink Added Sugar (in teaspoons)
one slice of bread

one cup of chocolate milk
one bar of chocolate
one cup of milk
one fruit drink
Issue 6 • 37
Bees, Bats, Bears,
and Bison
David Lazenby/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes

Animals can be
plant partners.
A bee buzzes. A bat flies at

night. A bear walks through a
forest. A bison grazes. These
different animals are part of the
process of growing plants.
Seeds Start with Pollen

Plants grow from seeds. The seeds To make seeds, pollen has to
come from pollen. The pollen move from one part of the plant to
and seeds are made in the another. Pollen also moves from
plant’s flowers. plant to plant. How does pollen
get from one place to another?
Sometimes bees and bats carry
it. Bees and bats fly to flowers to
get food. They fly from flower to
flower. Along the way, they touch
pollen. Pollen sticks to their bodies.
When the bee or bat moves to a
new flower, pollen rubs off. Then
the plant can make seeds.
Martin Rugnar/age fotostock/SuperStock

Plants Start from Seeds
A seed needs soil to grow. How do Sometimes seeds stick to the
seeds get from the plant to the soil? fur of bears and bison. When those
Sometimes bats, bears, and bison animals lie down, the seeds can
help out. drop to the ground. A new plant
can grow there.
A bear finds a blueberry patch.
A fruit-eating bat lands in a banana Plants grow from the seeds.
tree. A bison chews tall grass. Flowers grow on plants. Flowers
When these animals eat fruit and make pollen. Pollen makes seeds.
grass, they are also eating seeds. Hungry bees, bats, bears, and bison
The seeds go in with the food. go looking for food. Now it starts
Later they come out in the animal’s all over again! — Susan Moger
droppings. The seeds in the
droppings grow into plants.
Plant Helpers
First Light/Getty Images
This chart shows the resources

plants give to animals.
Animal Plant Resource

giraffe leaves to eat
squirrel tree branches to build a nest in
monkey sticks to use to gather honey
sparrow seeds to eat
Westend 61/Alamy
Issue 6 • 39
Fresh and Fruity
Want to whip up a tasty snack? Try this
(t) (bl) (bkgd) Christine Schneider
recipe for a yummy fruit smoothie.

You’ll go bananas over it!
Ingredients
1 banana
6 strawberries
3
4 cup low-fat yogurt
1 cup low-fat milk
3 ice cubes
Directions
1. Put all the ingredients into a
blender. Place cap on the blender.
(Ask an adult help to help you.)
2. Blend until smooth.
3. Pour into two glasses.
Enjoy with a friend!
40 Thomas Firak/Jupiterimages
Martian
Veggies?
People and
animals use
animals
plants for food.
(c) Anton Vengo/SuperStock; (tr) Courtesy Michael Mautner
From Seed to Fruit
These steps show how a pumpkin grows.
IT Stock Free/Jupiter Images

Start with Seeds
Seeds go into the soil. Sunny
spots are best. Sunlight helps
pumpkins grow.
Shmul Thaler/Index Stock

Next Come the Sprouts
Small sprouts come up from the
soil. Their roots take in water.
Water and sunlight help sprouts
grow bigger.
Leaves and Flowers

Ingram Publishing/SuperStock
Weeks pass. Leaves grow

on the pumpkin vines.
Then come flowers. One
flower opens at a time.

Green Pumpkins
Fruits grow on the vines.
They are tiny at first.
Each fruit stays green for
months. The pumpkins
are not yet ripe.
J Douglas Brooks/Port Huron Times Herald/AP Photo
Orange Pumpkins
The fruits take in warmth,
water, and sunlight. Each one
grows big and orange. Now
the pumpkins are ripe!
RVN/Alamy
Pumpkin Plant
Pumpkin plant parts work together to grow more plants.
Flowers make Seeds grow

seeds and fruit. into new plants.
Fruit feeds the Leaves take in

Judith Moffatt
seeds and keeps light and turn it

them safe. into food.
Issue 7 • 43
A Martian Garden
Can vegetables grow in
Martian soil on Earth?
One Martian rock was found in the

Michael Mautner is a scientist Sahara Desert. The other was found
and a gardener. He had an idea. He
in Antarctica. Both are good places
wanted to know if he could grow
for spotting space rocks.
vegetables here on Earth in soil
from Mars. In the Mix
Mautner took slices from the
Martian Rocks Hit Earth
Martian rocks. He found chemicals
Mautner did not go to Mars to get
inside them. These same chemicals
the soil. He made it from Martian
on Earth are used in fertilizer.
rocks that were already here. The
Fertilizer helps plants grow.
rocks from Mars fell through
space. They landed on Earth.
Space rocks that land on Earth
are called meteorites. A lot of
AFP/Newscom
meteorites hit Earth. Not many

of them come from Mars.
Mautner proved that his did.
A meteorite from Mars →

Courtesy Michael Mautner
Mautner ground up the slices of
Martian rock to make soil. This soil
had the fertilizer chemicals in it.
Mautner mixed the Martian soil

with water. Then he put pieces of ↑ A tiny asparagus plant sprouts in
Martian soil mixed with water.
asparagus and potatoes in the mixture.
Skip Jeffery
In a few weeks the plants grew a couple
of inches tall. These plants were
healthy. He grew other plants in plain
water. He also grew some in water
mixed with other ground-up rocks.
These test plants were smaller. They
were not as healthy as the plants grown
↑ The asparagus plant grows bigger!
in Martian soil.
Mautner says, “In the future, people

starting a colony on Mars could use the The Solar System
soil there to grow food.” — Susan Moger Earth and Mars are part of the
Solar System. Can you find
them in this diagram?
Bob Kayganich
Mercury Earth
Venus Jupiter
Mars Saturn Neptune
Uranus
Sun
Issue 7 • 45
From Seed to Beans
How long does it take for a bean seed to turn into
a full-grown bean plant with beans you can pick?
Day 1 Day 3 Day 8

Plant the seed in The seed grows The seed sprouts.
the ground. roots.
Day 60 Day 14
The bean plant has The seedling
beans ready to pick! grows.
(tl) (tc) (tr) Siede Preis/Getty Images; Nigel Cattlin/Alamy; (bl) WizData/
46 Alamy; (br) Siede Preis/Getty Images; S.J. Krasemann/Peter Arnold, Inc.
Speaking
Chinese
(c) Peter Morgan/Reuters America; (tr) Eugene Louie/San Jose Mercury News/Newscom
ALL ABOUT CHINA

China has a lot to share with the
rest of the world.
Dinosaur Hunters
M any important fossils have been found
This is a model of
in the Gobi Desert in China. Paleontologist the little dinosaur
Meng Jin found a fossil of a mammal in the found inside the
mammal fossil.
Gobi Desert. It was about the size of a cat. These dinosaurs
ate plants. →
The big surprise was what else Meng and
his team found. They found the bones of a
young dinosaur inside the
mammal fossil. This discovery
AP Photo/Frank Franklin II
changed how people think of
dinosaurs and mammals.
Scientists used to think
ancient mammals were
not hunters. They thought
these mammals ate
insects and seeds. These
mammals, scientists believed,
were hunted by dinosaurs.
Meng’s discovery showed
that these mammals hunted
dinosaurs and ate them!
A scientist points to dinosaur

bones in the mammal fossil. →

Mammals that lived 130 million years ago
were not very big. The cat-sized mammal from
China is bigger than other ancient mammals.
The dinosaur found inside the mammal was not
full-grown. As an adult, that dinosaur would be
much bigger than the mammal that ate it!
Grant Delin/Corbis
How Big?
488
366
Height in Inches
244
12
0
Young Dinosaur Mammal Adult Dinosaur
3 inches tall 8 inches tall 48 inches tall
5 inches long 18 inches long 72 inches long Mike Maydak
Issue 8 • 49
Why are so many kids in the United States
learning Chinese?
Rick Bowmer/Wide World Photos/AP Images
Jessica Bucknam shouts, “Tiao

(tee•ow)!” Her fourth-grade
students jump. “Dun (dew•wen),”
she says. The kids move down.
These words are a type of Chinese
called Mandarin. Millions of
people in China speak this ↑ Fourth-grade
F th d students
t d t study
t d
language. Mandarin in math class at
Woodstock Elementary School.
The kids go to Woodstock
Elementary School in Portland, Oregon. Children here
read stories and learn math and science in Mandarin
Chinese. Their teacher, Jessica Bucknam, is from
China. She teaches the kids more than 100 Chinese
words each year.
← This girl writes

Chinese letters.
Frederic Larson/The San Francisco

Chronicle/Corbis

← This boy is studying
Chinese at his school
in San Jose, California.
Eugene Louie/San Jose Mercury News/Newscom
Countries with the Most People

More people speak Chinese than any other
language. That is because more people live in
China than in any other country. More than one
billion people live there. The graph below shows
the five countries with the most people.
2
People (in billions)
1.5 (1,315,000,000)
(1,100,000,000)
1
0.5 (300,000,000)
(245,000,000)
(190,000,000)
0
China
Chi India
I di United
U it d St
States
t Indonesia
I d i Brazil
B il
Country
Source: About Geography, November 2006—the above numbers are computer estimates for the end of 2006
Issue 8 • 51
Say It in Chinese
Mandarin Chinese is spoken by more than
one billion people. The words in this chart are
written using the English alphabet. Chinese
uses a different alphabet. See if you can chat
in this 6,000-year-old language.
English Chinese How You Say It
Hello. Ni hao. nee how
Thank you. Xie xie. sye sye
My name is ____. Wo jiao ____. hwo jee•ow ____
What is your name? Nin gui xing? neen gway sing
School is fun. Xue xiao hao wan. shwe see•ow how wan
Good-bye! Zai jian! dzay jee•an
Wow! Hao bang! how bong
Durga Bernhard
52
Far Flung
scorpion
Scorpion
Robot V
cockroach
Scientists are studying

creatures to build robots.
RoboLobster
lobster
(bl) Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; (cl) Holt Studios International Ltd/Alamy; (tl) Ingram Publishing/Alamy; (br) Jodi Hilton for the New York Times/Redux Pictures;
(cr) Daniel Kingsley, Roger Quinn and Roy Ritzmann/Case Western Reserve University; (tr) Courtesy NASA Ames Research Center; Flap Photo: Diomedia/Alamy
These Are
These robots look strange.
But one day, they may work for you!
By Kathryn R. Satterfield
Most people hate cockroaches. Not Roy Ritzmann.

He thinks they are great. “They’re fast,” he says. Ritzmann
is a scientist. He is helping other scientists to build robots.
They are using bugs as models!
Acting Like Animals

Scientists are looking closely at insects, lobsters, and
scorpions. Why? Because they have all the right moves!
Their bodies let them live in different places. Their many
legs help the animals travel easily over bumpy ground.
An insect has antennas and little hairs. These help it
sense changes around it.
↓ Scientists look at Robot V. It moves like a roach.
2000 Peter Menzel/Robosapiens/www.menzelphoto.com

← Scientists studied
2000 Peter Menzel/Robosapiens/www.menzelphoto.com
real lobsters to build

a RoboLobster.
Scientists are working to build robots with animal-

like parts. The parts would make the robots more
useful. These robots could find people who are trapped
in a building. They could climb, crawl, or swim into
dangerous places.
Creepy, crawly robots may one day help the U.S.

military and NASA. The RoboLobster will search for
underwater weapons called mines. Robots may also
go into space. A robot based on scorpions and roaches
will explore Mars. These ’bots will rock!
Robot Roach Real Roach
Uses sensors to feel.

rn Reserve University
Six legs help

it move easily.
and Roy Ritzmann/Case Weste
rnational Ltd/Alamy
Holt Studios Inte
Daniel Kingsley, Roger Quinn
Moves 5 body lengths in a second.

Issue 9 • 55
Monarchs on the Move
Monarch butterflies fly far for
warm weather.
Have you ever seen butterflies

like these fluttering through
the air? Every August, millions
of monarch butterflies begin
a long trip. They fly from the
cold north to spend the winter
in the warm south.
Bob Sciarrino/Star Ledger/Corbis
Some monarchs travel as
far as 3,000 miles to reach
their winter home. They head
Danny Lehman/Corbis
for the mountains of central

Mexico. There, they gather
in large groups in trees called
Oyamel firs.
In the spring the monarchs

fly north again. When they
reach the north, the females lay
eggs. Late in the summer
the butterflies from those eggs
head south.
Flying thousands of miles is dangerous. But the
monarchs face another danger. People are cutting
down trees in the Oyamel forests of Mexico. Only
10 percent of the Oyamel forest is left.
The good news is that people are working

to save the forests. Most people agree that
protecting the winter home of the monarchs is
important. That is very good news for butterfly
fans. They will be able to enjoy the colorful
monarchs for years to come!
A Monarch Is Born (bkgd) Patricio Robles Gil/Sierra Madre/Minden Pictures/Getty Images
This diagram shows the butterfly life cycle. When a

monarch butterfly egg hatches, a caterpillar comes
out. It eats and grows. Later, it forms a hard shell
or pupa. Inside, it changes
caterpillar
into a butterfly. One day,
it will lay eggs.
egg pupa
Michael Hood/Alamy
John T. Fowler/Alamy
Papilio/Alamy
butterfly
Diomedia/Alamy
Issue 9 • 57
Who Has a
Backbone?
Some animals have a backbone. Some animals
don’t. Animals with a backbone are called
vertebrates. Animals without a backbone are
called invertebrates.
Do these animals
have backbones?
Yes No
Animal
Bird
Butterfly
Fish
Jellyfish
Lobster
Rabbit
Snake
Worm
What are you:

vertebrate or invertebrate?
as/PunchStock;
58 (c) iStockphoto/anafcso
usa ; (cw from tl) U. S. Fish
image100/PunchStock;
and Wildlife Service/Dave
iStoc kpho to/Vi orika ; Photo
Menke photographer; Creat
disc/Getty Images; Imag
e Source/PunchStock;
Photodisc/Getty Images;
y Images
Frank & Joyce Burek/Gett
(c) Stuart Westmorland/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (tr) Aqua Image/Alamy
Dolphins
Safe in
phins are underwater heroes.
the Sea
Animals
From Eggs
Turtles hatch on beaches around the world.
A big animal crawls out of the sea to lay her

eggs on this beach. Then she uses her two back
flippers to bury the eggs in the sand. This will
hide the eggs and keep them from getting too
warm or too cool. The mother crawls back to
the sea and swims away. She will not be here
when her eggs hatch.
A turtle makes tracks in the sand. →
Huey, George H.H./Animals Animals - Earth Scenes

B Jones & M Shimlock/NHPA
Aqua Image/Alamy
The eggs hatch. Little turtles crawl to the sea.

For many years they will swim, eat, and grow.
Some will come back to this beach to lay eggs.
Many Kinds of Eggs

Turtles hatch from eggs, and so do lots of other animals. Look
at these eggs. Would you know what kind of animal laid them?
Egg Animal
Robin
Robin parents make nests for their eggs.
They warm the eggs until they hatch.
Then, they feed the baby birds.
Monarch butterfly
Female butterflies lay eggs on leaves and
fly away. Caterpillars hatch from the eggs.
(t to b) Purestock/Alamy, Papilio/Alamy, Thomas Villegas/pumilio.com, Aqua Image/Alamy
Later, they become butterflies.
Poison dart frog

Female frogs lay eggs. The males watch the
eggs. Tadpoles hatch from the eggs. They
crawl to their mother’s back. She puts each
one in a small pool of water. Each tadpole
will grow into a frog.
Green Turtle
Female turtles lay eggs on the beach.
They bury them in sand and crawl away.
Baby turtles hatch and crawl to the sea.
Issue 10 • 61
George Fetting Photography
Rob Howes, his daughter, and her
friends were saved by dolphins.
Matt Fleet saw the rescue. ↓
Thank You, Flipper

Dolphins saved these swimmers from a shark!
Rob Howes wanted to spend a day at the beach. He brought

his 15-year-old daughter, Nicky, along. She brought two friends:
Helen Slade, 16, and Karina Cooper, 15. They all went to Ocean
Beach in New Zealand, where Howes was a lifeguard.
The group swam and body surfed. Then they saw something
strange. “Suddenly, there were these fins,” says Howes.
The swimmers saw seven dolphins moving toward them.

The dolphins seemed upset. They hit the water with their
tails. They kept moving in a circle
around the swimmers. Then one
large dolphin swam toward Howes
and Helen. Next, it dove down
underwater. That’s when Howes saw
something gray moving in the water.
Dolphins are known to help

humans in trouble in the sea. →
Stuart Westmorland/Getty Images

A great white shark waited underwater. It
wasn’t far from the people. The shark headed
straight toward Nicky and Karina. Now a shark is
not slow. It moves fast! So the dolphins used their
tails to swim even faster. Each one splashed its tail
even more. Then Howes knew why. The dolphins Tim Davis/Corbis
didn’t want to harm him and the girls. These sea

mammals wanted to keep them safe. ↑ Sharks can’t change
direction quickly like
The dolphins stayed close to the group until dolphins.
the shark left. When Howes and the kids were safe,
the dolphins swam away.
“You wanted to say thank you and shake their flippers,”

Howes says. This isn’t a fishy tale! These dolphins are heroes.
John Kanzler
The killer whale is the largest dolphin. The whale

shark is the largest shark. Which is longer?
Sea Animal Size
Killer Whale 32 feet
Whale Shark 46 feet
Issue 10 • 63
By Constance Levy
There’s a horn sound

from the blowhole
and a high-speed spout
when a whale at sea
blasts the old air out.
It breathes up a geyser,
a flare of fizz,
a white cloud that shows you
where it is
in the endless waves
of the great green sea.
Oh, whales exhale
magnificently!
(b) Royalty-Free/Corbis
64
(c) WILDLIFE/Peter Arnold Inc.; (tr) OSF/Kemp, R. & J.-Survival/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes
Nature
places to live in nature?
Why do living things need
Matters
Lost
Lynx!
Losing the Lynx
Scientists are working to save these wild cats.
By Andrea DelBanco
Twelve Iberian lynx cubs were born in Doñana National

Park in Spain. The cubs are part of a program to help save
these big cats. Iberian lynx are in danger of disappearing.
In 1900, there were about 100,000 Iberian lynx in Spain

and Portugal. Today, there are fewer than 200. These wild
cats are the most endangered cat in the world.
Joe LeMonnier
Spain
Doñana National Park
Scientists hope this female

lynx will have cubs.
Jose B. Ruiz/Nature Picture Library

What’s Wrong?
OSF/Kemp, R. & J.-Survival/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes

Why are the lynx in danger? They are losing
their homes. People have built houses, farms,
and roads where the lynx live. The large cats also
can’t find enough food. Lynx eat rabbits. But
most of the rabbits where the lynx stay are gone.
Many lynx began to starve, or go hungry.
Scientists hope more cubs will be born. So

far, about 24 lynx live in Doñana National Park.
This rare lynx lives in Spain.
People are trying to protect the babies and their
parents. Roads around the park will be closed.
This will keep lynx safe from passing cars.
Big Cats
There are 37 types of wild cats in the world. Many of them
may soon disappear. Here are facts about some of these cats.
Researchers
Westend61/Alamy; Thomas & Pat Leeson/Photo
(t to b) Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers;
Number in
Cat Habitat the World
Jaguar Mexico, Central and

292
South America
Lion Africa 15,000
Siberian tiger Russia, Asia 500
James Gritz/Photodisc/Getty Images
Issue 11 • 67
Surfing the Sand s
A new sport lets boarders land in the sand.
Lars Topelmann Photography Ltd

Josh Tenge has his head in the sand.
Tenge isn’t an ostrich. He’s a sandboarder.
Tenge spends lots of time riding sand
dunes in Nevada and Oregon.
Dunes are landforms. Landforms are

different shapes of Earth’s land. Hills
and cliffs are landforms, too.
Dunes are hills of sand. They change

shape and size as the wind blows. Many ↑ Josh Tenge is a champion
sandboarder. He teaches
places around the world have dunes. others how to sand surf.
There are many in the United States.
The largest area of sand dunes in the United States is

in Oregon. It is the Oregon Dunes National Recreation
Area. The highest sand dunes in North America are in
Colorado. They are in Great Sand Dunes National Park.
The largest area of sand dunes in

the United States is in the Oregon
Dunes National Recreation Area.
Oregon
Joe Lemonnier

(bkgd) Comstock/PunchStock
No Snow? No Problem!
This new sport is like snowboarding. Snowboarding
is popular in many states that have snow in the
winter. People who live in warm states don’t have
snow. Now they can feel the thrill of snowboarding.
Instead of sliding on snow, sandboarders glide
down sand. They can sandboard all year round!
Sandboarders work hard at their sport. They

show their skills in competitions around the world.
Tenge is the master of sandboarding. He has won
the world championship four times!
Sand Master Park in Oregon is a great place for

sandboarding. The park has ramps on the sand.
Riders use the ramps to lift into the air. Boarders
practice flips and turns. Tenge teaches new riders
how to sandboard. More than 8,000 visitors go to
the park each year!
M. Dillon/Corbis
Watch Those Dunes!

Sand dunes on beaches are
important. They protect the land.
They stop huge ocean waves
from washing over the land.
Sandboarders ride dunes that are
away from beaches. They don’t
want to harm beach dunes. Many ↑ The Great Sand Dunes in Colorado are
protected. They are in a national park.
sand dunes are protected by law.
Issue 11 • 69
THE SUN
By Leland B. Jacobs
Although it is gold,
It isn’t a locket;
Though shaped like a coin,
It fits no pocket.
It hasn’t a ladder,
But it can climb.
It’s much like a clock
For telling the time.
It gives itself, free,

To child and man,
But nobody touches it.
Nobody can.
(bkgd) DAJ/Getty Images
70
(c) Luiz C. Marigo/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (tr) Tim Davis/Corbis
these sea creatures.

Scientists fight to save
Animal
Families
New laws are helping Inc
.
ld,
to protect sea turtles in Mexico. rigo/

Pe
te
rA
rno
Ma
C.
iz
Thousands of female sea turtles crawl out

Lu
↑ Some sea
of the water on La Escobilla Beach in Mexico.
turtles are safer
Each one digs a nest in the sand to lay its eggs. in the water.
Then it covers the eggs with sand and returns
to the ocean. In 45 days, the babies hatch and
crawl into the water.
These types of sea turtles are called olive

ridleys. Around the world, the number of sea
turtles is decreasing. But the number of olive
ridleys on La Escobilla Beach has gone up. Why?
The turtles can thank a program in Mexico.
Sea turtles are in danger of Olive ridley sea turtles crawl

disappearing. Some have been out of the water to lay eggs. ↓
hurt by pollution. Others have

been caught in fishing nets
Adriana Zehbrauskas/Polaris Images
by hunters.

Adriana Zehbrauskas/Polaris Images
Turtle Trouble
These four types of sea
turtles are in danger of
dying out.
Leatherbacks are the

largest sea turtles.
↑ Soldiers ask children to be One third of them die
careful around sea turtle eggs.
every year. ↓
In 1990, Mexico passed a law to
stop sea turtle hunting. Soldiers
Jany Sauvanet/Photo Researchers
watch the beaches to protect sea

Hawksbill turtles
turtles. People are taught how to are hunted for their
help save sea turtles. Now there are beautiful shells to
about one million olive ridley nests make jewelry. ↓
at La Escobilla Beach. That’s four

times as many as there were in 1990.
Charles V. Angelo/
Photo Researchers
This map shows La Escobilla Beach in Green turtles and

Mexico. Can you find it on the map?
What is the capital city of Mexico? ↓ their eggs are eaten
in many areas. ↓
Joyce & Frank Burek/Animals

Animals/Earth Scenes
Fewer than 1,000

loggerheads now nest
on Japan’s beaches. ↓
Porterfield/Chickering/Photo
Researchers
Joe LeMonnier
Issue 12 • 73
Daddy Day Care
Baby animals need help to meet their needs. Animal parents
give babies food, water, and shelter. They keep babies safe.
Baboon Fathers Male baboons can be fierce

Scientists learned something fighters. “But they can be sweet
surprising about baboons. with infants,” says scientist
Some baboon fathers help Joan Silk. The fathers rush in if
mother baboons care for one of their babies is in danger.
their babies. The scientists think baboon
Scientists learned that male fathers know their babies by
baboons can tell which babies sight and by smell. “It’s always
are theirs. They used tests to fun to find out that animals are
match 75 baboon babies with smarter than you thought!”
their fathers. Half of these says Silk. — Elizabeth Winchester
fathers spent time with their
babies until the babies were
three years old.
Courtesy Dr. Joan Silk
A baboon father cares for his babies.

Tim Davis/Corbis
Good Dads
Baboons aren’t the only proud
fathers in the animal world. Here
are some other animal dads that
care for their kids.
Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures/Getty Images
Emperor Penguin A penguin

Darwin’s Frog This frog pop holds the mother’s egg
father carries up to 15 eggs on his feet. He uses his skin
inside a special part of and feathers to keep the
his throat. After the eggs egg warm. He does this for
hatch and the tadpoles nine weeks, without eating,
have turned into frogs, until the egg is ready to
they hop out. hatch.
Lezczynski; Zigmund/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes
Sea Horse A female sea horse lays

eggs in the male’s pouch. It is in
the front of the male’s stomach.
He carries the eggs until they
hatch. When the babies are big
enough, they swim away.
Issue 12 • 75
By Douglas Florian
I wear a helmet
On my back.
It’s hard
And guards
Me from attack.
And if I wheeze,
Or sneeze,
Or cough,
The shell I dwell in
Won’t fall off.
It’s glued without
A screw or mortise.
I’m born with it,
For I’m a tortoise.
(bkgd) Siede Preis/Getty Images;
(br) PhotoDisc/Getty Images
76
How Can
You Help?
Taking Care
(c) Digital Vision/Getty Images; (tr) Diane Macdonald/Stockbyte/Getty Images
of Earth
If we treat resources with care,
there will be enough for everyone.
This girl takes water used to rinse
dishes and reuses it to water plants.
It’s Getting
Crowded
Around Here!
A lot of people have to share
Earth’s resources.
Blink your eyes. In that time, three people

were born. Blink again. That’s another three
people! Every minute there are 184 more
people. Every hour there are 11,040 more.
Every day 264,960 people are added to the
Grant Faint/Getty Images
total. That makes 97 million more people
Vario Images/GmbH & Co. KG/Alamy on Earth every year.
By 2007 the total number of people on

Earth was six and a half billion. A stack of
6 billion pennies would be 5,000 miles high!
Growing Pains
Earth has a limited amount of natural
resources. People need these resources to live.
Water covers most of Earth. But less than 1
percent of it can be used for drinking and
washing. One of every 13 people around the
world does not have enough clean water.

Food is a problem too. One Making Sure
of every 7 people in the world There’s Enough
does not get enough to eat. to Go Around
Why? As cities grow bigger, Can six and a half billion people
farmland vanishes. Buildings figure out how to share and
save Earth’s resources? Bill Ryan
and roads take its place. There of the United Nations thinks so.
is less room to grow food, and He believes young people
there are more people to feed. will change the world.
“There are more
Every person alive uses young people alive
Earth’s resources. Some use now than at any
other time,”
more than others. Using less he says.
and wasting less are ways to
conserve resources.
Diane Macdonald/Stockbyte/Getty Images
The U.S. Population Over Time

This time line shows the population, or number of people,
in the United States from 1800 to 2000. What happened
to the population?
5,308,483 people 76,212,168 people 281,421,906 people
23,191,876 people 151,325,798 people
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Issue 13 • 79
Pecans:
A Nutty Resource
Pecan trees are natural resources.
Natural resources are materials
from Earth that people use.
People use pecan trees in many

ways. The wood can be used to
make furniture or to burn for heat.
But most people use pecan nuts.
They are good to eat! Garcia/photocuisine/Corbis
A Year in the Life of a Pecan Tree

Pecan trees take a whole year to make the nuts
we like to eat. Look at this time line to learn how
the tree changes through the year.
January February March April May June
In January, The tree begins

some farmers growing leaves and
grow special plants blossoms in March.
around the trees. Each flower will
These plants add become a nut later.
nutrients to the The tree needs
soil. The tree needs water from the
nutrients to grow. spring rains to grow.
Noam Armonn/Alamy Ray Hendley/Index Stock Imagery/
Jupiterimages

Saving Water for the Trees
Water is a natural resource too. Pecan
trees need lots of water to live. If there
is enough rain, there is a good pecan
crop. But a drought can cause big
problems. A drought happens when
there is little or no rain. Grant Heilman Photography/Alamy
Rain fills reservoirs, places

where water is stored. Canals
carry reservoir water to
farms and cities. Reservoirs
don’t fill up during droughts.
Saving water is important
for everyone, including
pecan farmers.
July August September October November December
In July, the The husks turn

tree grows brown. They open
green husks. in October and
There is a nut the nuts fall out.
growing inside People can eat
each husk. plain nuts, or use
them to make
cookies and pies.
Goss Images/Alamy Inga Spence/Getty Images
Issue 13 • 81
From Cotton Field
to T-Shirt
How does cotton from a plant in a farm field
become a T
b T-shirt? There are ffour steps.
hi t? Th t
Step 1 Plant & Grow
Cotton seeds are planted in

warm soil in the spring.
Step 2 Harvest
After 4 to 5 months, the cotton

bolls, or pods, are picked.
(t to b) David Frazier/Corbis Premium RF/Alamy; Philip Quirk/Alamy; Daniel Pepper/Getty Images; Sie Productions/zefa/Corbis
Step 3 Clean & Gin
A machine called a cotton gin
takes seedpods and seeds out
of the fluffy cotton. The cotton
is cleaned. Then it is packed in
bales and sent to a mill.
Step 4 Manufacture
At the mill, the raw cotton is
spun into thread. The thread is
woven into fabric. The fabric is
dyed. Then the fabric is cut to a
pattern and sewn together.
82
From
Rock
to Sand
Here Comes the
Wind
(c) LWA-Dann Tardif/Corbis; (tr) Michael Szoenyi/Photo Researchers
You can fly a kite

on a windy day.
What else happens
in windy weather?
Windy Weather
You can’t see air, but when the
wind blows you can feel it.
Wind is air on the move!
When the wind starts blowing

hard, it often means the weather is
Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images

changing. A summer rainstorm can
bring fast winds. A hurricane is a
dangerous kind of summer storm.
Its fast winds can uproot trees and
destroy houses. Hurricane winds
↑ It’s hard to hold an umbrella
move 75 to 155 miles per hour. in a windy rainstorm.
This is faster than a speeding car!
Colin Braley/Reuters America
← Hurricane winds
can bend trees.
These storms can
bring heavy rains
that cause floods.

Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis
A winter storm with
heavy snow and strong
winds is called a blizzard.
Blizzard winds move
25 miles an hour or more.
A tornado is another
kind of dangerous
windstorm. The funnel
↑ Blowing snow makes it hard
of spinning wind acts like a to see in a blizzard.
vacuum cleaner. Tornado
winds can blow between
40 and 379 miles an hour. A tornado can pick up trees and cars.
It can tear the roof off of a house. ↓
C.Lloyd/Weatherstock
Issue 14 • 85
Solid as a
Rock
People, plants, and animals are living
things. They eat, drink, and breathe.
Living things also grow.
Rocks do not need food, water, or air.

They don’t grow, but they can change.
How can a nonliving thing change if
it does not grow?
Rocks are objects.

They do not live.
Panoramic Images/Getty Images

s
Connie Coleman/Getty Image
This fine sand comes
from big rocks.
Michael Szoenyi/Photo Researchers
Rocky Weather
Wind and rain wear down rocks.
Water gets into cracks in rocks.
When cold weather makes water
become ice, it breaks the rocks
apart. The rocks chip and break Water that turns to ice
can crack rocks.
into smaller pieces.
Strong winds lift fine sand

my
gren/Ala
Jim Lund
and blow it against rocks.
The moving sand rubs against
rocks. Over time, rocks get
smaller and smaller. Some rocks
end up as minute grains of sand!
A river can carry sand all the

way to the sea. As river water
moves sand, the sand rubs
against river rocks. These rocks
get smoother and smaller.
Moving water rubs sand against

rocks. This makes the rocks
smooth.
Issue 14 • 87
Raindrops on
the Willow Tree
By Margaret Wise Brown
The diamonds on the tree twigs

Are all the diamonds that I’ve got
So bright
So unexpected
So soon gone
And yet
Alive as rain
Alive as time
Shining like diamonds
Raindrops
They shine and glow
Brighter than snow
They shine
And they are mine.
88
Spanish
Moss
Long ago people told

stories to explain
how things happen.
Today we still enjoy
those stories.
Telling
Tales
(c) Bob Winsett/Corbis; (tr) Jupiterimages
The Gilbert Papers, MS 159/Tyrrell Historical Library
Florence Stratton liked to hear people’s
stories. She wrote down stories told by
pioneers and Native Americans. These folk
tales tell us what people thought long ago.
The Tejas were among the first people of ↑ Florence Stratton was a
journalist. Few women
Texas. Stratton published their stories in a worked for newspapers or
book, When The Storm God Rides. People wrote books at the time.
liked the book so much, it became a school Berniece Burrough/Courtesy The

Internet Sacred Texts Archive
book for children in Texas!

1936 When The
Time Line of a Story Teller Storm God Rides
was published.
1883 Florence Stratton
was born.
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950
1
1907 She became 1938 Stratton died.
a reporter at the
B
Beaumont Journal.
umont Enterprise
1928 She began writing
© 2008/The Bea
a weekly column for the
Beaumont Enterprise.

Folk tales were often used to explain
how things happen. Stratton wrote down
this Tejas tale about Spanish moss.
How the North Wind Nancy Tripp/Dreamstime.com
Lost His Hair

The South Wind was a young man. He lived with the
Tejas by the Gulf of Mexico. He blew warm air.
The North Wind was an old man with long, gray

hair. He blew cold air. He visited the Gulf in winter.
Sometimes he brought snow.
One spring, the old North Wind would not leave

the Gulf. He kept South Wind away. It was cold.
The South Wind was tired of being kept

away. He fought with the North Wind.
The South Wind pulled out some of North
Wind’s long, gray hair during the fight.
The North Wind flew away.
ts Archive
The South Wind was so happy he had

et Sacred Tex
won, he began dancing. As he danced, the

sy The Intern
North Wind’s hair fell on trees. Today,

rrough/Courte
we call it Spanish moss. It still grows on

many trees in the Gulf.
Berniece Bu
Issue 15 • 91
W hy is the south wind warm and the north wind
cold? To answer this, you have to know about two
things: how the sun heats Earth and how air moves.
Heating Earth’s Air

Sunlight heats Earth’s land, water, and air. The sun’s
rays strike Earth differently in different places.
In some places, the sun’s rays strike Earth nearly

straight on. These direct rays make those places very
warm. Places near the equator tend to be very warm.
In some places, Earth does not get direct rays from

the sun. These places are cooler. The North Pole and
the South Pole are the coldest places on Earth.
The Sun’s Rays

North Pole
direct rays
Earth
Sun
iStockphoto/Raycat
Equator
South Pole
Blue arrows show cold air moving
from the north. Red arrows show
warm air moving from the south. →
Earth’s Moving Air

In the United States, warm
air moves up from the south.
Winds that blow from the
south are warm. Cold air
moves down from the north.
Winds that blow from the
north are cold.
Warm south winds keep

the southern states warm. But
sometimes, north winds blow
across the southern United
States. Then it can be cold. Joe LeMonnier
Cold Air in the United States

This time line shows some of the lowest temperatures
recorded in the United States. Which state had the
temperature 70 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (-70°F)?
1933 Riverside, Wyoming 1985 Maybell, Colorado, and Peter’s Sink, Utah
66°F below zero 61°F below zero
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1954 Rogers Pass, Montana 1971 Prospect Creek Camp, Alaska

70°F below zero 80°F below zero
Issue 15 • 93
Who Has Seen the
Wind? by Christina Rossetti
Who has seen the wind?

Neither I nor you.
But when the leaves hang trembling,
The wind is passing through.
Who has seen the wind?
Neither you nor I.
But when the trees bow down their heads,
The wind is passing by.
Red Hansen
94

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Acknowledgments

Book Cover: (c) Blend Images/Alamy; (tr) Mark Bolton/Corbis

Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,

Printed in The United States of America

Issue 2.......................................................11 Issue 10.................................................... 59

Issue 3...................................................... 17 Issue 11.................................................... 65

Issue 4...................................................... 23 Issue 12.................................................... 71

Issue 5...................................................... 29 Issue 13.................................................... 77

Issue 6...................................................... 35 Issue 14.................................................... 83

Issue 7...................................................... 41 Issue 15.................................................... 89

• Photos and Captions

How can you avoid getting hurt and

Sports Championships CHARTS ....................... 10

A2TFK_TXNA_I1FP_RD11.indd 5 1/20/09 3:18:40 PM

A Hero’s Life ................................................... 12

A2TFK_TXNA_I2FP_RD11.indd 11 1/23/09 12:42:44 PM

Giant Hearts POETRY ...................................... 22

A2TFK_TXNA_I3FP_RD11.indd 17 1/23/09 12:46:12 PM

A2TFK_TXNA_I4FP_RD11.indd 23 1/23/09 12:48:12 PM

• Photos and Captions

Scientists use more

A2TFK_TXNA_I5FP_RD11.indd 29 1/22/09 2:41:12 PM

A New Deal on School Meals ....................... 36

A2TFK_TXNA_I6FP_RD11.indd 35 1/23/09 1:06:51 PM

A2TFK_TXNA_I7FP_RD11.indd 41 1/26/09 10:31:04 AM

ALL ABOUT CHINA

A2TFK_TXNA_I8FP_RD11.indd 47 1/23/09 1:09:30 PM

These Robots are Wild .................................. 54

Scientists are studying

Who Has a Backbone? CHARTS ...................... 58

A2TFK_TXNA_I9FP_RD11.indd 53 1/30/09 12:28:20 PM

On the Beach ................................................. 60

Losing the Lynx ............................................. 66

A2TFK_TXNA_I11FP_RD11.indd 65 1/28/09 5:13:15 PM

• Photos and Captions

Scientists fight to save

The Tortoise POETRY ...................................... 76

A2TFK_TXNA_I12FP_RD11.indd 71 1/28/09 1:43:31 PM

It’s Getting Crowded Around Here! ............. 78

A2TFK_TXNA_I13FP_RD11.indd 77 2/5/09 4:48:37 PM

• Photos and Captions

Wind Solid as a Rock............................................... 86

You can fly a kite

Raindrops on the Willow Tree POETRY ......... 88

A2TFK_TXNA_I14FP_RD11.indd 83 2/11/09 1:56:15 PM

A Story Collector ........................................... 90

The Blowing Winds ....................................... 92

A2TFK_TXNA_I15FP_RD11.indd 89 2/5/09 4:49:32 PM

How can you avoid getting hurt and

President appointed her to it. ↑ Rice is a big football fan.

Before she was secretary of

Travel and Tough Talk

↑ Baseball injuries send

L izzie Singer plays basketball for a school in New York

Lizzie needed help for her leg. She had to do

More than 30 million kids in the United States take

In one year, about 250,000 kids were injured

8• Time For Kids

← 200,000 kids go to the

hospital with football

First, follow the rules. It’s also Tips from a Pro

Most professional sports hold a championship

Professional Sport Name of Championship