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A Simple Equation For Rapid Estimation of H - BARTZ PDF
A Simple Equation For Rapid Estimation of H - BARTZ PDF
A Simple Equation for Rapid Esti- not negligible, effect. This suggests t h a t an equation of t h e
form
mation of Rocket Nozzle Convective
Heat Transfer Coefficients1 • wur [i]
m i g h t serve a s t h e desired rough approximation equation.
D. R. BARTZ2 E q u a t i o n [1] can account for m a s s flow rate variations b y
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
proper selection of m, while i t ignores t h e effect of b o u n d a r y
layer development. (This is n o t t o say t h a t a s s u m p t i o n of
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.
fully developed pipe flow h a s been made.) E q u a t i o n [1 ] can
be p u t into t h e more familiar nondimensional form
Although recent analyses of the heat transfer in con-
vergent-divergent nozzles based on considerations of the Nu = C(Re)m(Pr)n •[2]
turbulent boundary layer have appeared in the literature
which h a p p e n s to be t h e same form as t h e equation t h a t h a s
(References 1, 2), the methods require considerable com-
been used for correlation of fully developed t u r b u l e n t pipe
putational time for each new nozzle and have not as yet flowT h e a t transfer d a t a .
been confirmed (or denied) by reliable experimental data. F r o m t h e equation for hg in (2) t h e proper value for m can
This note was prepared because there still appears to be a be shown to be 0.8. (Note t h a t (1/0) 1 / 4 in E q u a t i o n [31 ] of (2)
need for a simple, yet reasonably accurate, approximation is proportional t o Re0-05.) T h e value for n is arbitrarily
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equation for making rapid preliminary estimates of the selected as t h a t frequently used for modifications of Reynolds
convective heat transfer coefficients in rocket nozzles. analogy for Pr near u n i t y 0.4. T h e problem of where t o
evaluate t h e physical properties m u s t be answered, since in
Nomenclature general large t e m p e r a t u r e differences are present in rocket
nozzles. Since t h e procedure of evaluating properties a t t h e
A = local c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of flow
Cp = specific h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e , B t u / l b , ° F arithmetic m e a n (am) between bulk t e m p e r a t u r e T a n d wall
C = c o n s t a n t coefficient, E q u a t i o n [6], d i m e n s i o n l e s s t e m p e r a t u r e Tw h a s been successful for low speed, high t e m -
C* = c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e l o c i t y , fps p e r a t u r e difference problems (3) a n d high speed, low t e m p e r a -
1) — d i a m e t e r , in. t u r e difference problems (4), i t is employed here. W i t h these
g = g r a v i t a t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t i o n , fps 2 assumptions, E q u a t i o n [2] can be solved for hg to give
hg = heat transfer coefficient, Btu/in. 2 sec, ° F
k = thermal conductivity = c /y-'fiA (PamUy*. [3]
m. — average molecular weight of combustion gases 2)0.2 ^ p r 0,6 Ja
M = Mach number
Nu = Nusselt number = hgD/k If i t is allowed t h a t Cp a n d Pr do n o t v a r y appreciably with
pc = chamber pressure, lb/in. 2 t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e y can be assumed constant a t stagnation tem-
Pr = Prandtl number = nCp/k p e r a t u r e values, while \xam a n d pam c a n b e evaluated in
q = heat flux terms of t h e stagnation a n d static t e m p e r a t u r e values, respec-
rc = throat radius of curvature tively. T h u s E q u a t i o n [3] can be written
Re = Reynolds number = p'UD/ix
T = static temperature, °R
Tc
TQ
x
= chamber or flame temperature, °R
= stagnation temperature, °R
= distance from inlet measured along wall
ha =
D°- feS>'^ [4]
JANUARY 1957 49
boundary layer analysis (see sample calculation, Reference 2, lb
- - ^ _ T tf/T0=°
case 2a) for the same values of mass flow and gas properties. y=\A
TURBULENT BOUNDARY
LAYER METHOD
OF REFERENCE 2
EQUATION
'r
"— -^ / i0 - u - _2-L2_
1/8
-——L/4
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__l/2
1.0
^__3/4
0.8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 4 0
CONTRACTION EXPANSION
x/x n (FRACTIONAL DISTANCE THROUGH NOZZLE) A/A*
Fig. 1 Distribution of heat transfer coefficient for nozzle of Fig. 2 Values of the properties variation parameter a
Fig. 2, Ref. 2
In writing the equation in its final form, a factor to account literature (8) operating with the combustion gases of the
for the effect of radius of curvature of the nozzle throat rc is RFNA-N2H4 system are also plotted in Fig. 1.
added. This factor, (Z>*/rc)0J was suggested by the nozzle The vertical dashed lines about which the data are grouped
similarity considerations of (2) represent the center lines of the sections defined by the vertical
solid lines. Some points are plotted off the line to facilitate
ro.026 (n«-*cp\ /WY- 8 fD*Yxl fA*Y9 identification of individual data points. To achieve a com-
[7]
mon basis for comparison, these data were all adjusted to the
The particular nozzle contour for which the comparison be- values of mass flow and gas properties listed in the figure.
tween the simplified equation of this paper and the turbulent The adjustments were made according to the dependence on
boundary layer method was made was one with D*/rc equal gas flow properties indicated by Equation [7 ]. The maximum
to about unity and having contraction and expansion half adjustment was 11 per cent. The experimental values of hg
angles of 30 and 15 deg, respectively. Although nozzles with were computed from calorimetrically measured semilocal
different angles will probably not show the same agreement values of q, computing T0 from theoretical Tc values reduced
between methods, the simplified equation will probably be by the square of the ratio of experimental to theoretical C*.
sufficiently accurate for its intended purpose if the contraction Wall temperatures Tw were calculated from considerations of
and expansion angles are not changed by more than 50 per water-cooling conditions and temperature drop through the
cent and the value of D*/rc is not greater than about 3. wall.
As a step toward the goal of a rapid calculation method, These experimental data should not be construed as sup-
values of a have been computed for y of 1.2, 1.3, 1.4; for co of porting or denying the results of either the equation presented
0.6; and for various values of Tw/T0. These are plotted in or the turbulent boundary layer method. Additional reliable
Fig. 2 vs. A/A* on a log scale increasing on both sides of the local data must be obtained for proper experimental evalua-
minimum value of unity. tion of either method. Rather, it is significant (a) that the re-
If Pr and n data are not available for the particular com- sults of the simple correlation equation developed in this
bustion-gas mixture under consideration, kinetic theory (5) paper agree reasonably well with a particular set of calcula-
can be used to get the approximate result tions based on the turbulent boundary layer development in
the nozzle, and (b) that both methods show reasonable agree-
4y ment with the meager experimental data available from
Pr = [8] rocket motor tests. I t must be remembered that the agree-
9 T - 5
ment between the two methods near the entrance is strong^
The NBS (6) data for the viscosity of air at high tempera- dependent on the assumed entrance boundary layer condi-
tures can be used to get a correlation equation which should be tions, which in this calculation may or may not have been
reasonably accurate for most mixtures consisting principally typical of rocket-motor nozzles.
of diatomic gases. Less direct experimental verification of the equation pre-
fji = (46.6 X 10-10) (m)1/2 (T °R)«lb/in. sec [9] sented is offered by the excellent agreement between average
values of heat flux over a large contraction ratio nozzle com-
where co = 0.60. The average molecular weight factor is sug- puted using Equation [7] and average heat flux measurements
gested by the statistical mechanical transport property theory made over a wide range of chamber pressures with the
(7). The value of (Cp) is usually known from thermochemical RFNA-NH3 system (9). This equation was notably unsuc-
calculations for the combustion gases under consideration.
For comparison with experimental hg data, values meas-
ured 4 semilocally in a nozzle previously described in the 4
By of E. L. Wilson of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
50 J E T PROPULSION
cessful in predicting chamber h e a t fluxes for these tests, t h e
values being only 40-50 per cent of t h e measured values. This WHAT 'S NEW AT BRISTOL,
is not altogether surprising since convection related to t h e
• • *
average m a s s flow r a t e is n o t t h e only i m p o r t a n t mode of h e a t
transfer in a chamber. However, in a nozzle, a t least near t h e
t h r o a t and beyond, h e a t fluxes should be successfully predicted
by considering convection based on t h e average m a s s flow rate,
except when (a) a substantial fraction of t h e gases are strong
radiators, (b) there is substantial dissociation with subsequent
recombination near t h e wall, or (c) there are strong high fre-
q u e n c y flow instabilities, in which cases t h e predictions are
expected to be too low. Such predictions will be too high when S . \ 'ill
(a) the combustion gases deposit insulating solids on t h e walls jp»,,i§
TSIIL ' -r>< H
a n d (6) t h e combustion reactions are n o t completed in t h e
chamber. *"' •»% Hi. IBlL
400 cps
OPERATION
500 cps
.
Per Cent H y d r o g e n Peroxide Aerosols." Coil voltage 6.3V sine, square, 6.3V sine, square,
I t should be pointed o u t t h a t t h e aerosol concentrations pulse wave pulse wave
used in t h e animal experiments reported are very high and Coil current 55 milliamperes 45 milliamperes
are likely to persist u n d e r accidental conditions where a Coil resistance 85 ohms 85 ohms
constant jet of material is fed into an enclosed space. T h e *Phase lag 55° ± 1 0 ° 65° ± 1 0 °
real hazard would exist when personnel were t r a p p e d in *Dissymmetry less than 4 % less than 4%
such a space without a d e q u a t e protective equipment. W h e r e Temperature -55°Ctol00°C -55°Ctol00°C
escape is possible it is likely t h a t t h e irritating effects to eyes 'Switching time 15° ±5° 15° ±5°
and nose would preclude prolonged exposures to high aerosol Mounting —Any position — fits 7-pin miniature socket
concentrations which m i g h t be lethal. I t is unlikely t h a t *These characteristics based on sine wave excitation
high aerosol or liquid airborne particle concentrations would
exist u n d e r normal handling conditions.
Received Dec. 3, 1956.
1
By Charles L. Punte, Leon Z. Saunders, and Eugene H.
Krackow. J E T PROPULSION, vol. 26, June 1956, p. 500.
JANUARY 1957
BRISTOL FINE PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
FOR OVER 60 YEARS
51
The tests, of course, were conducted
by the civil) an scientists. But establish-
ment and running of the over-all facility
was carried out by the Army, Navy and
Air Force under direction of a Defense
Department Interservice Coordinating
Group.
Trouble in the North: And, most
important, says John W. Townsend who
is in charge of the Naval Research Lab-
oratory field group at Churchill, these
firings proved it can be done. "We've
learned that we can get payloads up to
predicted altitudes under arctic condi-
tions." This was no mean feat in itself.
Air and water lines froze. Power
failures were frequent. Radar equip-
ment was beset with cold weather prob-
lems. Holes were blasted through the
specially designed, enclosed launching
tower and it became impossible to main-
tain temperatures.
And, unlike White Sands and Hollo-
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52 J E T PROPULSION
payload to an altitude of about 70 miles. RV-N-13B Aerobee-Hi instrumented
• October 23. An Air Force Aero- for ionosphere exploration. Carrying
bee, intermediate model, reached an al- a 180-lb payload, the rocket reached an
titude of about 90 miles with a 200-lb altitude of over 80 miles. Although
payload. This vehicle was also instru- this was considered underperformance,
mented for pressure, temperature, and it was adequate for the experiment.
density readings. Although considered • November 17. Another NRL RV-
a good firing, pressure from the booster N-13B Aerobee-Hi, instrumented for
blast started to spread the metal sheets pressure, temperature, and density read-
covering the launching tower. ings, achieved near-perfect perform-
• November 5. A full-blown RV-N- ance, reaching 130-mile altitude with
13B, Naval Research Laboratory Aero- 190-lb payload.
bee-Hi exploded while holding X-minus- • November 20. The last rocket in
15 min, tossed 700 lb of acid around in- the test program, a RV-N-13C Aerobee-
side the tower, and threw shrapnel Hi, actually hit peak performance—
through the sides. The rocket carried 160-lb payload to 157-mile altitude.
220 lb of auroral particle instrumenta- Unlike the other models, this Aerobee-
tion. Damage to the launching tower Hi was equipped with proper tankage
resulting from the explosion (and fire) for its thrust chamber; i.e., there was
was repaired. no fuel left over at the end of its run.
• November 11. Signal Corps En- The vehicle was instrumented with three
gineering Laboratory fired an old model mass spectrometers to measure compo-
Taxi calls meant night firings. Aerobee in a grenade experiment (see sition of air and ions at high altitudes.
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JANUABY 1957 53