Bipolar neuron

A bipolar neuron or bipolar cell, is a type of neuron which has two extensions
Bipolar neuron
(one axon and one dendrite). Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for
the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory
pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.

Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina, the ganglia of the
vestibulocochlear nerve,[1] and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit
efferent (motor) signals to control muscles.

Contents
In retina
In vestibular nerve
In spinal ganglia
See also
Images
References

In retina
Bipolar nerve cell from the spinal
Oftentimes found in the retina, bipolar cells are crucial as they serve as both
ganglion of the pike.
direct and indirect cell pathways. The specific location of the bipolar cells allow
them to facilitate the pathway of signals both where they start in the receptors as Details
well as where they arrive at the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells in the retina are also Identifiers
unique as they do not fire impulses like the other cells found within the retina. Latin neuron bipolare
Rather, bipolar cells have a receptive-field that surrounds them. Therefore,
TH H2.00.06.1.00050
bipolar cells may exist as off-center or on-center. The off-center bipolar cells
possess excitatory relationships with the synapses and are hyperpolarized by Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
light. On-center bipolar cells have inhibitory synapses and therefore are
suppressed in the dark.[2]

In vestibular nerve
Bipolar neurons exist within the vestibular nerve as it is responsible for special sensory sensations including hearing, equilibrium and
motion detection. The majority of the bipolar neurons belonging to the vestibular nerve exist within the vestibular ganglion with
semicircular canals.[3]
axons extending into the maculae of utricle and saccule as well as into the ampullae of the

In spinal ganglia
Bipolar cells are also found in thespinal ganglia, when the cells are in anembryonic condition.

Sometimes the extensions, also called processes, come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle shape;
in other cells both processes emerge at the same point.
In some cases where two fibers are apparently connected with a cell, one of the fibers is really derived from an adjoining nerve cell
and is passing to end in a ramification around the ganglion cell, or, again, it may be coiled helically around the nerve process which is
issuing from the cell.

See also
Bipolar cell of the retina
Interneuron
Multipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron

Images
Diagram at howstuffworks.com

Retinal Bipolar Cell

References
This article incorporates text in thepublic domain from page 722 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

1. Bipolar+cell (http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/srchcont_dict.asp?src=Bipolar+cell)at eMedicine

Dictionary
2. David Hubel's Eye, Brain and, Vision (http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/b12.htm)
3. Clinically Oriented Anatomy(https://www.inkling.com/read/clinically-oriented-anatomy-moore-agur-dalley-7th/chapter
-9/vestibulocochlear-nerve-cn-viii)

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