ANTIDOTE/TREATMENT

Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius)

Symptomatic treatment of PTX 251D poisoning include reducing the convulsions

using carbamazepine. This drug targets the affected VGSCs. Phenobarbital also shows
positive effects by interacting with the affected Ca2+ channels. Ineffective drugs
include diazepamand dizocilpine. (Toxinology, WC, 2018)

The Cane Toad (Rhinella Marina)

A specific antidote for toad toxins is not available. Therapy is directed at

minimizing toxin absorption and controlling associated clinical signs. Minimal treatment
may be required after exposure to toxins in areas where less toxic toads are found. The
mouth should be immediately and thoroughly flushed with copious amounts of water.
Affected animals should be prevented from inhaling aerosols of saliva or water that
contain toad toxin. Atropine may reduce the volume of saliva and the risk of aspiration
but should not be used until cardiovascular status is assessed. More severely affected
animals require more extensive therapy. Cardiac arrhythmias should be identified and
controlled using standard treatment protocols (also see Arrhythmias). If
bradyarrhythmias exist, atropine or dopamine should be considered; tachyarrhythmias
should be treated with lidocaine, phenytoin, propranolol, or procainamide hydrochloride.
(MSD and the MSD Veterinary Manual, 2018)

The Red-backed Poison Frog (Ranitomeya reticulate

Symptomatic treatment of PTX 251D poisoning include reducing the convulsions

using carbamazepine. This drug targets the affected VGSCs. Phenobarbital also shows
positive effects by interacting with the affected Ca2+ channels. Ineffective drugs
include diazepamand dizocilpine. (Toxinology, WC, 2018)

The Golden Poison Frog (Phyllobates terribilis)

There is no known antidote for batrachotoxin poisoning. Because of the similar

mechanisms of action and chemical properties, it is possible that the same antidotes
used for digitalis poisoning may work for people who have been exposed to
batrachotoxin. A suitable treatment could be exposure to tetrodotoxin, which has the
opposite effect but works on the same binding site on the voltage-gated sodium channel
as batrachotoxin. (Dendroworks, 2011).
Strawberry Poison Frog (Oophaga pumilio)

Symptomatic treatment of PTX 251D poisoning include reducing the convulsions

using carbamazepine. This drug targets the affected VGSCs. Phenobarbital also shows
positive effects by interacting with the affected Ca2+ channels. Ineffective drugs
include diazepamand dizocilpine. (Toxinology, WC, 2018)

First Aid

Skin contact: Wash skin with water

Oral ingestion: Irrigate mouth with copious amounts of water (do not swallow water).
Providing there is no conscious state or other impairment that might render vomiting
hazardous, through inhalation of vomitus, induction of vomiting may be useful.
Alternatively, consider absorption using activated charcoal.

The major risk from poisoning by frog skin secretions is systemic toxicity, particularly
cardiac toxicity, resulting in cardiac arrhythmias, altered blood pressure, cardiac failure
or other related effects, or neurotoxicity, generally a flaccid (or possibly spastic)
paralysis, which may extend to respiratory paralysis. Carefully observe for altered pulse
rate or rhythm or signs of cardiac failure and support cardiac function, if possible.
Specifically, if there is cardiac arrest, apply full external cardiorespiratory resuscitation.
If there is flaccid or spastic paralysis, protect the airway. If there is respiratory paralysis,
support respiration with expired air resuscitation. (Toxinology, WC, 2018)