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Lecture No 02 PDF
Lecture No 02 PDF
LECTURE – 02
Course Instructor:
Engr. Hizb Ullah Sajid
Content
Data Models
Vector Data Model
Raster Data Model
Web Resources for GIS Data
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Data Models
Data Model
A data model is a method used to represent real world object in a
computer.
Two most common data models in GIS are:
1. Vector Data Model
2. Raster Data Model
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Point Feature
Choice of Using Point Feature is usually depends upon:
Scale (how far away are you from the feature),
Convenience (it takes less time and effort to create point features than
polygon features), and
the type of feature (some things like telephone poles just don’t make sense
to be stored as polygons)
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Polyline Feature
A polyline is used to show the geometry of linear features such as
roads, rivers, contours, footpaths, flight paths, etc.
Sometimes we have special rules for polylines in addition to their basic
geometry.
For example contour lines should never cross over each other.
Similarly, polylines used to store a road network should be connected at
intersections.
In some GIS applications you can set these special rules for a feature type
(e.g. roads) and the GIS will ensure that these polylines always comply to
these rules.
Polygon Feature
Polygon features are enclosed areas like dams, islands, country
boundaries and so on.
Like polyline features, polygons are created from a series of vertices
that are connected with a continuous line.
However because a polygon always describes an enclosed area, the first and
last vertices should always be at the same place!
Polygons often have shared geometry - boundaries that are in
common with a neighboring polygon. Many GIS applications have the
capability to ensure that the boundaries of neighboring polygons
exactly coincide.
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Attributes
It describes the additional information or characteristics of vector data
model.
For example a road polyline may have attributes that describe whether it is
surfaced with gravel or tar, how many lanes it has, whether it is a one way
street, and so on.
For a polygon, such as dam, the attributes may include depth and water
quality, etc.
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Geometry Attributes
(Shape File)
+
(Attribute table)
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Spatial Resolution
Every raster layer in a GIS has pixels (cells) of a fixed size that
determine its spatial resolution.
Spatial Resolution
SPOT5 satellites: 10m x 10m
MODIS satellites: 500m x 500m
Aerial Photography: 60cm x 60cm
In raster data that is computed by spatial analysis (such as the
rainfall map), the spatial density of information used to create
the raster will usually determine the spatial resolution.
For example if you want to create a high resolution average rainfall
map, you would ideally need many weather stations in close proximity
to each other.
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Spectral Resolution
The number of bands (RGB) in a raster image is called spectral
resolution.
Grayscale images have only one band type.
Common Data Formats
.jpeg
.tif
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References
ESRI
QGIS Training Manual
Harvard Mapping Division
A Gentle Introduction to GIS
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