Crusading Warfare

Exploring the Military History of the Crusades

William James Hamblin
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Blue boxes contain references
to, or quotations from
primary sources

Gold boxes contain

references to secondary
sources.

White boxes are summaries

of primary sources.
Color coded
Green text boxes contain my
analysis, notes, commentary,
and explanations.
text boxes
Brown text boxes provide
place and location names, and
other geographical
information
 Boundaries
Major States
Secondary States
Minor Principalities
Tribal Confederations
Note: Boundaries lines are often hypothetical.
They also usually represent zones of influence
rather than boundaries as understood today.
 Sources on the Siege of Antioch
Primary Sources 1
Western
AA= Albert 3.36-4.26
CA= Chanson —
CC= Caffaro 109-112
EA= Ekkehard —
FC= Fulcher 1.15-17
→BN= Bartolf —
→WM= Malmesbury 4.358-363
GF= Gesta 5-8/12-20 (p 28-48)
→BB= Baldric 2
→OV= Orderic 9
→GN= Guibert 4.3-5.7
→PT= Peter 4a-6m (p 43-65)
→RM= Robert 3.29-4.14
GP= Gilo 5.1-7.292
LE= Letters §5-9
RC= Ralph 48-69
RA= Raymond 4-6 (p 30-50)
WT= William 4.9-5.23 ←Albert
Primary Sources 2 Secondary Studies
Eastern Christian General Surveys
AC=Anna (G) 9.6 Asbridge §5-6
HP=History of the Patriarchs Asbridge, Antioch 24-41
GC= Georgian Chronicles France §7-8
ME=Mathew (A) 2.113- Frankopan §9b-10a
MS=Michael (S) 15.7a-d Nicolle 49-58
→BH=Bar Hebraeus p 234-5 Rogers, Latin Siege 25-39
SC= Syriac 1234 (S) p70-71 Rubenstein §9-12
Muslim Runciman 1:213-264
IA= Ibn al-Athir 1:14-5 (10:274-5 =
AHC p 2-4) Technical Studies
IQ= Ibn al-Qalanisi {a490}
KD= Kamal al-Din 1:345-7 =R580-2
MQ= Maqrizi {a490}
AP= (Latiff, Poetry) §4
SJ= Sibt b al-Jawzi {a490} —
Anthologies
AHC 2-6 (Gabrielli)→IA
FCA §4 (Krey)
FCC §7 (Peters)
FCD §5 (Rubenstein)
CFC §5 (Tyerman)
 1/11/ Siege of Antioch
5b- Crusader Naval Intervention
1097/autumn - 1098/summer
0 50 100 150 k Varna
Route of the First Crusade 1097/05-11/
Ardas a
Preslav Sinope Kur
B Georgia
Adrianople (David IV)
{1089-1125}
Constantinople
Rodosto Trebizond
B
is
Nicomedia ps

ios
am

gar
Civetot Iris Saltuqids
Ac

San
h
(Saltuq) Aras
Yesil Coru
us Danishmendids irma {1090?-1102}
ani
c Cyzicus Nicaea Rum Seljuqs k Mengujekids
Theodosopolis
Abydos Gr (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek) Teleboas
Elkhan Sank (Qilich Arslan) {1090?-1118}

dacus
arya

u)
{1085?-1104}

S
{1092-1107} Sebastia

at
)
a Su

ur
Rhyn
Ankyra (Kar

(M
Byzantine Dorylaeum
Empire ak
Pergamum Amorium rm nias Akhlat
Alexios Ha li s a
iz lys izi Ar
{1081-1118} Chaka
He
r
II Ge
d K
mu
s Philomelium Melitene
Smyrna
Antioch Caesarea
Armenian
k
yu

Meander Iconium
Bu

Principalites Diyarbakr

han
Coxon
an

Sey
Tangipernes Laodicea y h

Ti
Cilician Gates Ce

g
ris
Heraclea Marash

s
Saru
Adana mus
ra Edessa
Py

Attalia
Goksu Cal Tarsis Belen Pass
Mosul
Rhodes yca
dnu
s ✝ Antioch
rb o u gh a
Ridwan Ke
Seleucia Euphr
St Simeon Aleppo ates

Zab
ater
Raqqa

Gre
Latakia Rahba
Seljuq empire
Nicosia
t i ne Barkiyaruq
y zan Hama
B {1092-1105}
Paphos Homs
Janah al-
Tripoli
Dawla
Mamistra
Strategic Situation: Siege of Antioch 1097/11/early
Jerablus

s
Mt
s
aeu
Am
Ayas
Cyrrhus

E up
hra
te s

Azaz
Alexandretta ♜

Darbsak Manbij ♜

asu
♜ Qalat al-Najm

Kar
Syrian
Gates

♜
Baghras rin
Af

Lake
Antioch
Artah
♜
Aleppo
✝ Onr
ante
s
♜
Harim Ri Aleppo (Ridwan)
Antioch YS Iron
♜Bridge
{1095-1113}
Atharib
s
te
an
nr

St Simeon
O

♜
Antioch
(Yaghi-Siyan) Qinnasrin Eu
{1086-1098} ph
ra
te
s

Balis

Jisr
al-Shughur
tes
Onran
 Cilician Gates

Naval Situation: Major Ports Armenian Principalities Aintab

1097/mid
Adana

Mamistra
2
Tarsus
Ayas

Rum Seljuqs
Alexandretta 3
Corycus
Belen Pass

1
Seleucia
✝
Ri
YS Antioch
Aleppo
St Simeon 4
Major Ports
Aleppo
Antioch (All within 1-2 days sailing from
each other)
1- Seleucia (Rum Seljuq Turks)
2- Tarsus, access by river from delta;
Apamea Armenian Prince Oshin, lord of
Kh Lampron Banū
Latakia 5 Shayzar Kilāb
3- Alexandretta (Crusader)
♜
Na
4- St Simeon (Turks of Antioch)
Jabala 5- Latakia (Laodicea): unknown
Muslim lord; possibly tributary to
Byzantine Antioch
Famagusta 6- Tortosa: unknown Muslim lord;
Hamah
Cyprus 7
possibly tributary to Banu Ammar of
Tripoli
Tortosa 6 7- Famagusta: Byzantine naval base
 Cilician Gates

Crusader Naval Intervention 2: Byzantine Armenian Principalities Aintab

1090-1097
Adana

Mamistra

Tarsus
Ayas

Rum Seljuqs
Alexandretta
Corycus
Belen Pass

Seleucia

Ri
YS Antioch
Aleppo
1- Byzantine’s suppress Cyprus Rebellion
{1092-1093} St Simeon
Fleet from Constantinople to suppress rebellion
Antioch Aleppo
and reestablish imperial authority on Cyprus

Apamea
Kh Banū
Latakia🔥 Shayzar Kilāb
♜
Na

Jabala
3 3- Latakia (Laodikea) raid
{1097/08/19} Byzantine fleet of 22 vessels
Byzantine 2
from Cyprus pillaged the port of Latakia.
[KD 1:345d = KDr 578] Hamah
Famagusta
Cyprus EP
2- Byzantine Military Preparations
{1094-1096} [AC 10.2]
Studies
Fortifications in Cyprus are improved.
Savvides, Byzantine Cyprus, 3-5
Byzantine army and fleet under Eumathios Tortosa ?? Hill, Cyprus, 1:297-303
Philocales prepares for military intervention.
 Cilician Gates

Crusader Naval Intervention 1: Winemer’s Pirates Armenian Principalities Aintab

1097/09-11
Adana

Mamistra

Tarsus
Ayas
2

Rum Seljuqs Wi
Alexandretta
Corycus 3- {10/21+}After Tancred
Belen Pass
departs Alexandretta for Wi
Antioch the future activities of
Winemar’s fleet are uncertain.
Seleucia
3
Ri
YS Antioch
Aleppo
?? St Simeon

Antioch Aleppo

Apamea
Winemer’s Pirate Expedition Kh Banū
1- Winemer commanded a multi-national pirate band. They had left Europe
heard??of it.
Latakia
four years before the call to the crusades, and had not
Shayzar Kilāb
♜
Na
2- Albert calls Winemer a “piratas” = pirate. They were sailing the eastern
Mediterranean, probably plundering Greek, Italian and Muslim shipping. When
it suited their interests they would also act as merchants,Jabala
usually to sell their
booty and slaves. Captured ships would also be added to their fleet.
3- It is clear there were small Frankish fleets operating along the Levant
Byzantine during the First Crusade. We don’t have any detailed narratives of these fleets,
but they are mentioned occasionally in the main narratives of the First Crusade. Hamah
Famagusta
Cyprus EP As we shall see, they were important to the success of the crusaders.

Tortosa ??
 Crusading Warfare
Next = 1/11/6
Battle at the Bridge
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 Crusading Warfare
Next = 1/11/5b: Crusader Naval Power

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