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-Because of the homogeneity requirement, it may be difficult to use this design for field
experiments.
-The CRD is best suited for experiments with a small number of treatments.
Randomization Procedure
-Every experimental unit has the same probability of receiving any treatment.
Example of Randomization
-Given you have 4 treatments (A, B, C, and D) and 5 replicates, how many experimental
units would you have?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D B C D C A A B D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C B A B C B C D A A
-Note that there is no “blocking” of experimental units into replicates.
-Every experimental unit has the same probability of receiving any treatment.
Advantages of a CRD
1. Very flexible design (i.e. number of treatments and replicates is only limited by
the available number of experimental units).
3. Loss of information due to missing data is small compared to other designs due to
the larger number of degrees of freedom for the error source of variation.
Disadvantages
1. If experimental units are not homogeneous and you fail to minimize this variation
using blocking, there may be a loss of precision.
2. Usually the least efficient design unless experimental units are homogeneous.
Notation
Statistical notation can be confusing, but use of the Y-dot notation can help simplify
things.
The dot in the Y-dot notation implies summation across over the subscript it replaces.
For example,
n
yi. yij Treatment total, where n number of observations in a treatment
j 1
y.. y.. N Experiment mean, where N total number of observations in the experiment .
Y ij i ij
-Using this model we can estimate i or ij for any observation if we are given Yij and .
Example
-We can now write the linear model for each observation ( Y ij ).
-Question: If you are given just the treatment totals ( Yi. ’s), how would you fill in the
values for each of the observations such that the Error SS = 0.
Example
Given the following information, fill in the values for all Y ij ’s such that the Experimental
Error SS = 0.
Yi. 15 30 27 Y.. = 72
Y i. 5 10 9 Y .. = 8
Answer
Note in the previous two examples that i 0. This is true for all situations.
Given
H 0 : 1 2 ... t
H A : i i ' for at least one pair of treatments (i, i' )
t
i
i 1
(i.e., the sum of the treatment means divided by thenumber of treatments
t
equals the experiment mean).
t
This definition implies that i 0 (Yi. Y.. ).
i 1
The hypothesis written above can be rewritten in terms of the treatment effects τ i as:
H 0 : 1 2 ... a 0
H A : i 0 for at least i.
Thus, when we are testing the null hypothesis that all treatments means are the same,
we are testing at the same time the null hypothesis that all treatment effects, τi, are
zero.
Treatment
Replicate A B C
1 23 42 47
2 36 26 43
3 31 47 43
4 33 34 39
Yi. 123 149 172 Y...=444
Y 2
ij
3,875 5,805 7,428
Step 1. Write the hypotheses to be tested.
H o : 1 2 3
H A : 1 2 3 Ho: All three means are equal.
or
HA: At least one of the means is different from
1 2 3 the other means.
or
1 2 3
Y..2 444 2
CF 16,428.0
rt 4*3
TotalSS Yij2 CF
17,108 16,428
680.0
Yi.2
TRTSS CF
r
16728.5 16428.0
300.5
Step 5. Calculate the Error SS
= 680 – 300.5
= 379.5
Sources of variation Df SS MS F
Treatment t-1 = 2 300.5 150.25 3.563NS
Error t(r-1) = 9 379.5 42.167
Total rt-1 = 11 680.0
F0.05;2,9 = 4.26
F0.01;2,9 = 8.02
s
%CV *100
Y
42.167
%CV *100
444
4*3
6.494 / 37 *100
17.6%
options pagenot=1;
data crd;
input Trt $ yield;
datalines;
a 23
a 36
a 31
a 33
b 42
b 26
b 47
b 34
c 47
c 43
c 43
c 39
;;
ods rtf file='crd.rtf';
proc anova;
class trt;
model yield=trt;
means trt/lsd;
title 'ANOVA for a CRD with no Sampling';
run;
ods rtf close;
ANOVA for a CRD with no Sampling
Class Level
Information
Class Levels Values
Trt 3 abc
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Model 2 300.5000000 150.2500000 3.56 0.0725
Error 9 379.5000000 42.1666667
Corrected Total 11 680.0000000
Note This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the
: experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.05
Error Degrees of Freedom 9
Error Mean Square 42.1666
7
Critical Value of t 2.26216
Least Significant Difference 10.387
Treatment
Replicate A B C D
1 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.1
2 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.2
3 1.8 1.5 2.7 2.2
4 2.3 2.5 1.9
5 1.7 2.4
Yi. 10 5.1 12 8.4 Y..=35.5
Y 2
ij
20.26 8.75 29.06 17.7
H o : 1 2 3 4
HA: At least one of the means is different from one of the other means.
Y..2 35.52
CF 74.132
ri 17
Step 3. Calculate the Total SS
TotalSS Yij2 CF
75.77 74.132
1.638
10 2 5.12 12 2 8.4 2
74.132
5 3 5 4
75.110 74.132
0.978
= 1.638 – 0.978
= 0.660
Sources of variation Df SS MS F
Treatment t-1 = 3 0.978 0.326 6.392**
Error By subtraction = 13 0.660 0.051
Total Total number of observations -1 = 16 1.638
Step 7. Look up Table F-values.
F0.05;3,13 = 3.41
F0.01;3,13 = 5.74
s
%CV *100
Y
0.051
%CV *100
35.5
17
10.82%
ANOVA with Sampling (Equal Number of Samples Per Experimental Unit)
Where: Yijk is the kth sample of the jth observation of the ith treatment,
is the population mean,
i is the treatment effect of the ith treatment,
ij is the random error, and
ijk is the sampling error.
ANOVA table
SOV Df F
Treatment t-1 Treatment MS/Experimental Error MS
Experimental error (tr-1) - (t-1)
Sampling Error (trs-1) - (tr-1)
Total trs-1
There are two sources of variation that contribute to the variance appropriate to
comparisons among treatment means.
The Experimental Error MS is expected to be larger than the Sampling Error MS.
If the Experimental Error variance component is not important, the Sampling Error
MS and the Experimental Error MS will be of the same order of magnitude.
Temperature
o
8 12o 16o
Pot number Pot number Pot number
Plant 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 3.5 2.5 3.0 5.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5
2 4.0 4.5 3.0 5.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 6.0 4.5
3 3.0 5.5 2.5 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.5
4 4.5 5.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Yij. 15.0 17.5 11.5 18.0 14.0 17.5 19.0 21.5 22.0
Yi.. 44.0 49.5 62.5
Y…=156.0
Note i = treatment, j = replicate, and k = sample.
Y...2 156 2
676
rts 3(3)(4)
TotalSS Yijk2 CF
3.5 2 4.0 2 3.0 2 ... 5.5 2 CF
712.5 676.0
36.5
Yi..2
TreatmentSS CF
rs
44 2 49.5 2 62.5 2
676.0
3( 4) (3( 4) 3( 4 )
691.04 676.0
15.042
Step 4. Calculate the SS Among Experimental Units Total (SSAEUT)
Yij2.
SSAEUT CF
s
699.25 676.0
23.25
= 23.25 – 15.042
= 8.208
= 36.5 – 23.25
= 13.25
SOV Df SS MS F
Treatment t-1 = 2 15.042 7.521 5.498*
Experimental Error (tr-1) - (t-1) = 6 8.208 1.368
Sampling Error (trs-1) - (tr-1) = 27 13.25
Total trs-1 = 35 36.5
0 5.14 10.92
5.498
OPTIONAL MATERIAL: ANOVA of CRD With Sampling (Use of the Pooled Error
MS)
We will use the data from the previous example for performing the F-test on
treatments using a Pooled Error Mean Square.
The advantage of using the Pooled Error Mean Square as the denominator of the
F-test is that you will have more degrees of freedom associated with denominator.
This may allow you to detect smaller significant differences between treatment
means than you may have by using the Experimental Error Mean Square.
Example
Steps 1-6 are the same as in the previous example.
SOV Df SS MS F
Treatment t-1 = 2 15.042 7.521
Experimental Error (tr-1) - (t-1) = 6 8.208 1.368
Sampling Error (trs-1) - (tr-1) = 27 13.25 0.491
Total trs-1 = 35 36.5
Pooled Error 33 21.458 0.65
Step 7.2 Test the homogeneity of the Sampling and Experimental Error Mean Square
using the folded F-test. If they are homogeneous a Pooled Error MS can be
calculated and used as the denominator of the F-test on treatments.
We need to remember that the expected mean square for the Sampling Error = s2
and the expected mean square for the Experimental Error = s2 r E2 . Thus the
Experimental Error MS is expected to be > the Sampling Error MS.
Remember from the t-test that the Folded F-test involves the larger MS/smaller MS.
Thus, in our case the Folded F = Experimental Error MS / Sampling Error MS.
If the variances are similar, the component of r E2 in the Experimental Error Mean
Square will approach the value zero.
1.368
F
0.491
2.786
Thus, if you are testing = 0.01, then you need to use the F-table for α = 0.01.
F 0.01,( ExptErrdf )( SampErrdf) = F 0.01;6, 27 3.558
Step 7.5: Calculate the Pooled Error df and the Pooled Error MS
13.25 8.208
= 0.650
26 7
Step 8. Complete the ANOVA by calculating the F-value using the Pooled Error MS as
the denominator of the F-test.
SOV Df SS MS F
Treatment t-1 = 2 15.042 7.521 11.57**
Experimental Error (tr-1) - (t-1) = 6 8.208 1.368
Sampling Error (trs-1) - (tr-1) = 27 13.25 0.491
Total trs-1 = 35 36.5
Pooled Error 33 21.458 0.65
0 3.30 5.37
11.57
Y...2
TotalSS Yijk2 df = #observations – 1
total # ofobservations
Yi..2 Y...2
TreatmentSS df = # treatments –1
r j sk total # ofobs.
Yij2. Y...2
SSAEUT df = # Experimental units – 1
sk total # ofobs.
SS Experimental Error = SSAEUT – SS TRT df = SSAEUT df – TRT df
CRD with Sampling (Using the Experimental Error and Pooled Error MS as the
denominator of the F-tests)
options pageno=1;
data crdsamp;
input trt rep sample kwt;
datalines;
8 1 1 3.5
8 1 2 4
8 1 3 3
8 1 4 4.5
8 2 1 2.5
8 2 2 4.5
8 2 3 5.5
8 2 4 5
8 3 1 3
8 3 2 3
8 3 3 2.5
8 3 4 3
12 1 1 5
12 1 2 5.5
12 1 3 4
12 1 4 3.5
12 2 1 3.5
12 2 2 3.5
12 2 3 3
12 2 4 4
12 3 1 4.5
12 3 2 4
12 3 3 4
12 3 4 5
16 1 1 5
16 1 2 4.5
16 1 3 5
16 1 4 4.5
16 2 1 5.5
16 2 2 6
16 2 3 5
16 2 4 5
16 3 1 5.5
16 3 2 4.5
16 3 3 6.5
16 3 4 5.5
;;
ods rtf file='example.rtf';
run;
proc anova;
class trt rep sample;
model kwt=trt rep*trt;
*Comment The rep*trt commmand = the experimental error;
test h=trt e=rep*trt;
*The previous statement tells SAS to use the Experimental Error MS as
the denominator of the F-test;
means trt;
title 'CRD with Sampling - Using Experimental Error as the
Denominator';
run;
proc anova;
class trt rep sample;
model kwt=trt;
*The previous statement does not have the rep*trt statement, which is
equivalent to the Expt. Error MS;
means trt;
title 'CRD with Sampling - Using Pooled Error as the Denominator';
run;
ods rtf close;
CRD with Sampling - Using Experimental Error as the
Denominator
kwt
Level of
trt N Mean Std Dev
8 12 3.66666667 1.00754728
12 12 4.12500000 0.74238559
16 12 5.20833333 0.62005620
CRD with Sampling - Using Pooled Error as the Denominator
Pooled Error MS
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE kwt Mean
0.412100 18.60882 0.806382 4.333333
kwt
Level of
trt N Mean Std Dev
8 12 3.66666667 1.00754728
12 12 4.12500000 0.74238559
16 12 5.20833333 0.62005620