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Russian: English Glossary of Permafrost Terms

Poppe, V.; Brown, R. J. E.

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http://doi.org/10.4224/20386605
Technical Memorandum (Associate Committee on Geotechnical Research), 1976-
04

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 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA
ASSOCIATE COMMITTEE ON GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH

RUSSIAN - ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF

PERMAFROST TERMS

ｐ ｙ ｃ ｃ ｋ ｯ Ｍ ｡ ｈ ｲ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｃ ｋ ｈ

ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｏ ｔ ｏ ｂ ･ ｾ ｾ ･ ｃ ｋ ｈ cnoBapb

,-\N .J-LYZED
Prepared by

V.N. Poppe
Canada Institute for Scientific
and Technical Information
National Research Council of Canada

and

R.J .E. Brown

Geotechnical Section
Division of Building Research
National Research Council of Canada

Technical Memorandum No. 117

Ottawa, April 1976

 PREFACE

Communication between Canada and the Soviet

Union on problems associated with permafrost has
developed significantly in recent years. This has
increased the volume of literature available in
Russian and created a need for a comprehensive
glossary of terms. The Associate Committee on Geo-
technical Research is now making the glossary avail-
able in an effort to improve the general understand-
ing of Soviet literature.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge gratefully

the assistance of Mr. Val Poppe and his associate
Mr. Greg Belkov in the Translation Services unit of
the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical
Information, NRC, in providing an invaluable trans-
lation and interpretation service for the dialogue
between Canadians and their Soviet colleagues.

Ottawa, C.B. Crawford

April 1976 Chairman
Associate Committee on
Geotechnical Research
 FOREWORD

Economic developments in Northern Canada and other reglons of the northern

hemisphere, especially Alaska and the Soviet Union, have increased the number of
scientific and engineering investigations of permafrost in these countries. The
increase in contacts and exchange of technical literature between North American
and Soviet workers has created an awareness of the marked differences between
English and Russian permafrost terminology. These differences and attendant
difficulties became particularly evident at the Second International Conference
on Permafrost held at Yakutsk, U.S.S.R. (Siberia) in July 1973 when a large
number of North American and Soviet scientists and engineers engaged in perma-
frost research met together. The need for a Russian-English glossary of perma-
frost terms has thus been apparent for some years and the forthcoming Third
International Conference on Permafrost to be held In Canada in 1978 has
emphasized the necessity of achieving some realistic standardization between
the two languages.

The limited standardization of permafrost terminology in English and

Russian has made the task of compiling such a glossary a difficult one. The
situation has been alleviated to some extent by the pUblication, in the U.S.S.R.,
" "
of the second edltlon " 1 Dlctlonary,
of the Geologlca .. (1) wh ilC h contalns
. many permafrost-
. . (2)
related terms, and, In Canada, of Permafrost Termlnology • These two
publications formed the basis of the present glossary. Additional assistance
was also obtained by consulting the Soviet papers presented at the Second
International Conference on Permafrost(3) and an unpublished manuscript of
"
Russlan perma f ros t terms (4) •

The glossary is intended primarily for use by translators of Russian

permafrost literature but it may be useful also to North American permafrost
nc i e rrt i.st.e and engineers in their appraisal of this material. For some Russian
i.('rrn[, e xp l.ana t.i ons are given in brackets after the English equivalent. Some
of these explanations may be useful as a guide for a translator, or as a
footnote.

In cases where a Russian term has no English equivalent, it was trans-

 (ii)

literated and placed between quotation marks (with an explanation glven In

brackets). This applies especially to terms like "cryogenesis", "cryodiagenesis",
"cryohypergenesis", etc., which are very common in the Russian permafrost
literature, but are not used by English authors. To add further to the
difficulties, these terms have no precise definition In Russian and are
often interpreted in different ways by different Soviet authors. The explanations
ｾ ｲ ｯ ｶ ｩ ､ ･
for these terms in the glossary are based on the definitions given in
. .. (1) .t ' . .
the Geologlcal Dlctlonary • But even there, l lS admltted that a certaln
amount of confusion still exists in the Soviet Union as to the exact meaning
of these terms. English translators, in the meantime, must be given some
guidance on how to handle these terms. It is suggested, therefore, that they
use the transliterated form given in the glossary, place it between quotation
marks and provide an explanation in the form of a footnote.
.
In compllance .
wlth rostt rl'ermi
Perma t'ros ermno 1 Ogy (2) , E nglls
. h equlvalents
. have
been provided for the Russian terms "bai dzharakh ", "nal.ed" and "pereletok",
although all of them have been widely used by English authors. On the other
hand, no English equivalents have been included for "s ug.l i nok " and "supes",
which are often translated as "clay loam" and "sandy loam", respectively. These
English terms are, however, not precise and have an agricultural rather than an
engineering connotation. The Russian definitions are more precise and quanti-
tative so the English transliteration is suggested. The Russian terms "poroda",
"gornaya poroda" and "grunt" are differentiated not by the material they refer
to but by the discipline in which they are used: in mining, "poro da" means
rock; In geology, "gornaya poroda" means the material comprising the earth's
crust, ranging from topsoil to bedrock; in construction engineering, "grunt"
refers to the aame range of material. The English term "earth materials" may
provide a convenient way out for the translator, if the exact meaning of the
Russian term is no t. clear. The Rusn ian words for the English term "ice wedge"
also cause difficulties. The Russian word for "vein" (in the geological sense)
is most commonly used in the ground ice context for the English word "wedge"
and less frequently for the English term "ice vein". The Russian word for
"wedge" is used much less commonly to refer to ice wedges. Sometimes the Russian
term "repeated vein ice" is used to refer to "wedge ice" indicating the year
by year accumulation of ice to form an ice wedge.
 (iii)

It is hoped that the glossary will prove helpful to readers and translators
of Russian permafrost literature, and that it will provide at least some
standardization of the terminology used in the two languages. Users of the
glossary are urged to submit comments and suggestions, in particular regarding
terms which may have been overlooked, to enable the authors to revise and
enlarge the glossary in time for the Third International Conference on Perma-
frost.

The authors are very grateful to the following persons, who have examined
the draft of the glossary, and have provided many useful comments:

T.W.H. Baker, Division of Building Research, National Research Council of

Canada; G. Belkov, Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information,
National Research Council of Canada; J. Brown, U.S. Army Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory; G.I. Dubikov, Industrial and Research
Institute for Engineering Investigations of Construction, Gosstroi, U.S.S.R.;
O.J. Ferrians, U.S. Geological Survey; N.A. Grave, Industrial and Research
Institute for Engineering Investigations of Construction, Gosstroi, U.S.S.R.;
R.A. Hemstock, Canadian Arctic Gas Study Limited; V.N. Konishchev, Faculty
of Geography, Moscow State University, U.S.S.R.; J.R. Mackay, Department of
Geography, University of British Columbia; F. Sanger, retired from U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory; R. Serre, Canada Institute
for Scientific and Technical Information, National Research Council of Canada;
G.K. Swinzow, u.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory;
A.L. Washburn, Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington.

REFERENCES

1. Geologicheskii Slovar (Geological Dictionary), "Nedra", Moscow, 1913, 2 vols.

2. Brown, R.J.E. and W.O. Kupsch, "Permafrost Terminology", Assoc. Cttee. on

Geotech. Res., Nat. Res. Council Canada, Tech. Mem. No. 111, Dec. 1914,
62p.
3. "Second International Conference on Permafrost - Papers and Reports", Yakutskoe
knizh. izd-vo, Yakutsk, U.S.S.R., 1973, 7 vols.

)1. Mackay, J.T<. and V.N. Konishchev, "Some Russian Permafrost Terms" (unpublished
manuscript) .
 A

｡ ｲ ｲ ｰ ｡ ｮ ｡ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｾ nen see nen, ｡ ｲ ｲ ｰ ｡ ｮ ｡ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｾ

arrpanaUHR ｍ ･ ｰ ｓ ｮ ｏ ｔ permafrost aggradation

｡ ｋ ｔ ｈ ｂ ｈ ｾ cnoA see

anac alas (depression with gentle slopes

and flat bottom, typical of some
permafrost regions; the bottom may
be covered with a meadow and/or a
lake; plural alasses)

6aA,rvt<apax cemetery mound

6mQnue see

see conH<pnWKUHR, 6onOTHaR

oyrop mound, hillock

6yrop, TOP<PRHOA peat mound, paIsa

6yrop ny'tleHHR frost mound

see TYHnpa, 6yrpHcTaR

Ｖ ｹ ｲ ｰ ｈ ｣ ｔ ｾ TOP<PRHHK see

6ynrYHHRX pingo

BepXHRR nOBepXHOCTb permafrost table

MepsnoA ｔ ｏ ｮ ｾ

BepXOBOnKa vadose water

permafrost
 -2-

permafrost

permafrost

see

intrapermafrost water

ｂ ｯ ｾ ｡ KpHOranHHHaH subpermafrost water in areas

previously covered by sea

intraperrnafrost water

suprapermafrost water

water on river ice or on an icing

(which on freezing increases the
overall thickness of ice)

ｂ ｯ ｾ ｡ He3aMep3alOruaH non-freezing water

ｂ ｏ ｾ ｡ He3aMep31IIaH unfrozen water

ｂ ｏ ｾ ｡ neruepHaH interstitial water

BO):{a, nneHO'IHaH pellicular water

ｂ ｏ ｾ ｡ nO):{Mep3nOTHaH subpermafrost water

ｂ ｯ ｾ ｡ nOpOBaH interstitial water, pore water

ｂ ｏ ｾ ｡ ｣ ｂ ｯ Ｖ ｯ ｾ ｈ ｡ free water

BO):{a, CBH3aHHaH bound water

ｂ ｏ ｾ ｡ TanaH melt water

BO):{a, TanHKOBaH talik water

Bo):{a, TperuHHHaH fissure water

karst-fissure water

liquid water

ice

BcnY'lHBaHHe heaving

BbIKnHHHBaHHe wedging out

BbIMOpa)l(HBaHHe freezing out (gradual pushing of

fragmentary material out of fine-
grained soils due to heaving forces,
 -3-

which results in formation of

sorted circles)

freezing out of water (expulsion of

water during freezing)

heaving

ice-rich soil

ｂ ｾ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｾ ｋ ｃ ｋ ｂ ｡ ｾ ｈ ｈ time of return of ground around a

borehole to. thermal equilibrium

geocryological survey (a special

program of field investigations in
permafrost regions including studies
of the development, structure and
properties of frozen ground and of
processes which take place in it.
In contrast to a geological survey,
this program invariably includes
studies of thermophysical conditions
and phase transformation of water)

reOKpHonorHH geocryology, permafrost studies

see

rHnponaKKonHT hydrolaccolith (a frost mound

formed in permafrost the core of
which consists of either solid ice
or alternating layers of frozen
ground and ice; may reach 25 to 40
m in height), pingo

hydrolaccolith formed at the place

of emergence of an underground
spring

ｲ ｈ ｮ ｰ ｯ ｮ ｡ ｋ ｋ ｯ ｮ ｈ ｔ Ｌ ｈ ｋ ｙ ｔ ｃ ｋ ｈ hydrolaccolith formed at the bottom

of a lake basin or a boggy
depression

rny6HHa 3aneraHHH ｂ ･ ｰ ｘ ｈ ･ depth of permafrost table

nOBepXHOCTH MHOrOneTHe-
ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｾ ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ

rny6HHa npOTaHBaHHH depth of thaw

rny6HHa Ce30HHOrO depth of seasonal freezing

npOMep3aHHH
 -4-

ice pocket

ropH30HT aKTHBHOrO the upper part of permafrost that

ｋ ｰ ｈ ｏ ｾ ｈ ｡ ｲ ･ ｈ ･ Ｓ is affected by seasonal temperature
changes

ropH30HT naCCHBHOrO the zone of permafrost unaffected

ｋ ｰ ｈ ｏ ｾ ｈ ｡ ｲ ･ ｈ ･ Ｓ by seasonal temperature changes

freezing boundary

rpaHHua paCnpOCTpaHeHHH permafrost boundary

ｍ ｈ ｏ ｲ ｏ ｮ ･ ｔ ｈ ･ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｾ ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ

rpYHT ground, soil, earth materials

rpYHTOBo:A: ｮ ･ see ｮ ･ ｾ rPYHToBo:A:

string bog

permafrost degradation

"deserptium" (surficial creep

deposit, which results from a
volume change, such as frost heave
and/or swelling; a zonal type of
deposit, not identical with either
solifluction or gelifluction)

ｾ ･ ｈ ｔ ･ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｾ Ｚ ａ cno:A: active layer

changes in permafrost with time

ｾ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ Ｚ ａ ｮ ･ see ｮ ･ ｾ ｾ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ Ｚ ａ

･ ｾ ｏ ｍ type of terrain. In Yakutiya:

eroded terraces, or ridges and low
mountains. In Kamchatka: low
ridges or hills up to 200 m in
height covered with Quaternary
deposits. In Arkhangel region:
dense forests without reindeer
pastures

epceH winding swampy channels between

peat mounds
 -5-

ice vein (may include ice wedges)

see

3a6oJla l U i B a H H e paludification (process of bog or

swamp formation)

3a6oJloQeHHOCTb swampyness, bogginess

ice dam

freezing

3aMop03KH night frost

see ｔ ｙ ｈ ｾ ｰ ｡ 3a03epeHHaH

Ｓ ｡ ｉ ｉ ｡ ｾ ｈ ｈ shallow depression (often of thermo-

karst origin), sink hole

Ｓ ｡ ｉ ｉ ｡ ｾ ｈ ｈ ｯ Ｍ Ｖ ｹ ｲ ｰ ｈ ｣ ｔ ｾ ｾ hillocky terrain (often of thermo-

peJlbe<p karst origin)

3aIIOJlHpbe the region north of the Arctic

circle (or south of the Antarctic
circle)

3aTOP<POBaHHOCTb ｉ ｉ ｏ ｐ ｏ peat content of soil

Ｓ ｡ ｔ ｏ ｐ ＼ ｐ ｏ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｉ ｉ ｏ ｐ ｏ peaty soils

Ｓ ･ ｍ ｊ ｬ ｈ ｈ ｾ KJlHHbH soil wedges

open fissure (wide enough for

accumulation of ice, snow, etc.)

30Ha ｂ ･ ｋ ｏ ｂ ｾ KOJle6aHHR zone of long-term temperature

ｔ ･ ｍ ｉ ｉ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｙ ｐ fluctuations (over a period of at
least 100 years)

30Ha ｲ ｏ ｾ ｏ ｂ ｾ KOJle6aHHR zone of annual temperature

ｔ ･ ｍ ｉ ｉ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｙ ｐ fluctuations

30Ha ｍ ｈ ｏ ｲ ｏ ｊ ｬ ･ ｔ ｈ ･ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｊ ｬ ｾ ｉ ｉ ｏ ｐ ｏ permafrost zone

30Ha MHOrOJleTHHX KOJle6aHHR zone of long-term temperature

ｔ ･ ｍ ｉ ｉ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｙ ｐ fluctuations
 -6-

30Ha ｃ ･ Ｓ Ｐ ｈ ｈ ｏ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ zone of seasonal freezing

30Ha ｃ ･ Ｓ Ｐ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｋ ｯ ｮ ･ Ｖ ｡ ｈ ｋ zone of seasonal temperature

ｔ ･ ｍ ｮ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｙ ｐ fluctuations

30Ha 3nOXanbHHX ｋ ｯ ｮ ･ Ｖ ｡ ｈ ｋ zone of epochal temperature

ｔ ･ ｍ ｮ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｙ ｐ fluctuations

ｈ ｲ ｏ ｮ ｢ Ｇ ｉ Ｎ ｊ Ｚ ｡ ｔ ｾ ｾ ｮ ･ see

excess ice formation

H3MOP03b hoarfrost

HHTeHCHBHOCTb npOTaHBaHHH rate of thaw

ｈ ｈ ｔ ･ ｰ ｃ ｔ ｈ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ ｮ ･ see ne.Il, ｈ ｈ ｔ ･ ｰ ｃ ｔ ｈ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｈ

see TanHK, ｃ ｋ ｂ Ｐ Ｓ ｈ ｏ

see

ｈ ｃ ｋ ｯ ｮ ｡ ･ ｾ ｾ ne.Il see

see

scree or talus (may refer to other

types of loose rock deposits)

KaMeHHoe MOpe scree or talus

ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ BeHKH sorted circles

ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ Konbua sorted circles

ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ MHoroyronbHHKH sorted polygons

ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ nonHrOHH sorted polygons

ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｯ ｮ ｯ ｣ sorted stripes

ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ nonH stone fields

KaMeHHHe ceTH stone nets

see

ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ nOTOK rock glacier, rock stream

 -7-

KHrHJIHXH rock columns of irregular shape

located on summits and slopes and
formed mainly by frost weathering
of rocks, especially granites

ｋ ｏ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｈ ｔ ｙ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｾ ｊ ｉ ･ see ｊ ｉ ･ ｾ KOHCTHTYUHOHHbla

see

KO'ld:KH hummocks (less than 1 to 1.5 m in

height)

KO'ld:KH, 3eMJIHHble earth hummocks

KO'ld:KH, Top4!HHble peat hummocks

tussocks

Far North

KpHOraJIHHHaH ｂ ｏ ｾ see ｂ ｯ ｾ ｡ KpHOraJIHHHaH

KpHoreHe3 "cryogenesis" (combination of

thermophysical, physico-chemical
and physico-mechanical processes
occurring in freezing, frozen and
thawing earth materials. The most
common forms of cryogenesis are
regelation, ground heave, water
migration during freezing and
thawing, heat and mass exchange,
solifluction, etc.)

see ｋ ｰ ｈ ｯ ｾ ｡ ｲ ･ ｈ ･

KpaoreHHaH CTpyKTypa "cryogenic texture" (texture

characteristic of frozen fine-
grained and organic-mineral earth
materials cemented together with
ice; depending on the context, the
term "cryogenic" can often be
omitted in the English text)

"cryogenic structure" (structure

characteristic of frozen fine-
grained earth materials; depends on
the presence, size, shape and
arrangement of ice lenses; depending
on the context, the term "cryogenic"
can often be omitted in the English
text)
 -8-

"massive structure" (mineral

particles bonded together with
ice-cement)

KpHoreHHaH ｔ ･ ｋ ｣ ｔ ｹ ｰ ｡ Ｌ ｣ ･ ｔ ｾ ｡ ｔ ｡ reticulate structure

KpHoreHHaH TeKcTypa,cnoHCTaH layered structure

KpHoreHHoe ｂ ｾ ｂ ･ ｔ ｰ ｈ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｈ see Mopo3Hoe ｂ ｾ ｂ ･ ｔ ｰ ｈ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｈ

KpHoreHHoe CTpOeHHe see

ground movement due to freezing

(dislocations of non-tectonic
origin caused by freezing of earth
materials and of water contained
in them; lead to formation of frost
fissures, ice veins, and pingos)

ｋ ｰ ｈ ｯ ｲ ･ ｈ ｾ 06pa30BaHHH frozen ground features

ｋ ｰ ｈ ｯ ｲ ･ ｈ ｾ ｲ ｲ ｰ ｯ ｾ ･ ｣ ｣ "cryogenic processes" (physico-

geological processes resulting from
energy and mass exchanges in freezing,
frozen and thawing earth materials)

cryogenic

KpHorHrrepreHe3 "cryohypergenesis" (derived from

hypergenesis, a term introduced in
the U.S.S.R. some fifty years ago
for superficial alteration
(weathering) of sedimentary rocks.
"Cryohypergenesis" generally implies
the stage of formation of sedi-
mentary material, i.e., the stage
of weathering with active partici-
pation of seasonal freezing and
thawing. A term in dispute by
Soviet permafrost scientists)

KpHo,nHareHe3 "cryodiagenesis" (derived from

diagenesis, which in Soviet
literature is usually interpreted
as transformation of sediments to
sedimentary rock but excluding
metamorphism. "Cryodiagenesis" is
diagenesis accompanied by freezing
of sedimentary materials and for-
mation of ice. A term in dispute
by Soviet permafrost scientists)

KpHoKnaCTHT "cryoclastite" (fragmentary

material which is the initial
 -9-

product of frost weathering)

Kpl10KnaCTOnenl1T "cryoclastopelite" (intermediate

residual product of frost weathering)

Kpl10nl1T pure ice in the ground (not to be

confused with the mineral cryolite
Na 3AIF 6 )

Kpl10nl1Tl1T frozen earth material

KpI10nI1TI1T, ｃ ･ Ｓ Ｐ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ material of the frozen active layer

Kpl10nl1TOreHe3 "cryolithogenesis" (from litho-

genesis which in Soviet literature
usually includes all processes
directly related to formation of
sediments and their subsequent
transformation (diagenesis) to
sedimentary rocks excluding meta-
morphism. "Cryolithogenesis" is
lithogenesis accompanied by formation
and melting of ice. A term in dis-
pute by Soviet permafrost scientists)

Kpl10nl1TOreHHoe ｂ ｾ ｂ ･ ｔ ｰ ｉ Ｑ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｬ Ｑ see Mop03Hoe ｂ ｾ ｂ ･ ｔ ｰ ｉ Ｑ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｬ Ｑ

Kpl10nl1T030Ha see 30Ha ｍ ｈ ｯ ｲ ｏ ｮ ･ ｔ ｈ ･ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｾ ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ

Kpl10nl1TOnOrl1H sedimentology of permafrost regions,

cryolithology

Kpl10nOrl1H "cryology" (the science of the

cryosphere)

Kpl10nenl1T "cryopelite" (final residual product

of frost weathering)

Kpl10n3r body of liquid saline water below

O°C associated with permafrost, may
also imply ice-free permafrost with
saline pore water

KpI10COnl1¢mOKUI1H see COnl1<pmOKUI1H

Kpl10Cl1HreHe3 "cryosyngenesis" (from syngenesis,

a term introduced in the U.S.S.R.
some 50 years ago for the stage of
accumulation of unconsolidated
sediments in place. "Cryosyngenesis"
implies syngenesis accompanied by
freezing of unconsolidated earth
materials. A term in dispute by
 -10-

Soviet permafrost scientists)

KpHocepepa cryosphere

KpHoTyp6aU;H:H: cryoturbations

see Mop03Hoe ｂ ｾ ｂ ･ ｔ ｰ ｈ Ｚ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｈ Ｚ

KPH:03nIOBH::tl: material produced by frost weathering

KpH:0311H:reHe3 "cryoepigenesis" (from epigenesis,

i.e., changes and transformations
which affect sedimentary rocks
subsequent to their compaction,
excluding weathering and metamor-
phism. "Cryoepigenesis" implies
epigenesis under conditions of
severe climate. A term in dispute
by Soviet permafrost scientists)

KpH:ll creep

ｋ ｐ ｙ ｬ ｬ ｈ ｯ Ｖ ｹ ｲ ｰ ｈ Ｚ ｃ ｔ ｾ Ｚ ｴ ｬ pen beep hillocky terrain

KypyM see ｋ ｡ ｍ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ IlOTOK

KycTapHH:KOBaH ｔ ｙ ｈ ｾ ｰ see ｔ ｙ ｈ ｾ ｰ ｡ KycTapHH:KOBaH

see 6yrop, TOpepHHO:tl:

"laida" (low-lying coastal areas

bordering the northern seas in the
U.S.S.R.; usually swampy with hummocky
relief, permafrost often close to
the surface; flooded during high
tides)

ｮ ･ ｾ ｡ ｲ ｲ ｰ ｡ ｾ ｡ ｕ ［ ｈ Ｚ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ Ｚ ｴ ｬ aggradational ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｂ ｈ ｙ ｔ ｐ ｈ Ｚ ｂ ｏ ｾ ｈ ｾ Ｚ ｴ ｬ frazi1 ice

ｮ ･ ｾ rpYHToBo:tl: ground ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｾ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ Ｚ ｴ ｬ anchor or bottom ice

ｮ ･ ｾ Ｉ Ｑ ＼ ｈ Ｚ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｾ Ｚ ｴ ｬ vein ice (may refer to wedge ice)

ｮ ･ ｾ ｈ Ｚ ｲ ｏ ｮ ｢ Ｑ Ｎ ｉ ｡ ｔ ｾ Ｚ ｴ ｬ needle ice, pipkrake

 -11-

ｮ ･ ｾ ｈ ｈ ｔ ･ ｰ ｃ ｔ ｈ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ interstitial ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｈ ｈ ｢ ･ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ injected ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｈ ｃ ｋ ｏ ｮ ｡ ･ ｍ ｢ ｉ fossil ice
"constitutional" ice (a variety of
ｮ ･ ｾ ｋ ｏ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｈ ｔ ｙ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ
ground ice formed from water con-
tained in fine-grained earth mate-
rials; on the basis of its genesis,
texture and properties is subdivided
into ice-cement, segregated ice and
injected ice)

migration ice (ice which moves

through earth materials by plastic
deformation or by recrystallization)

ｮ ･ ｾ ｈ ｡ Ｓ ･ ｍ ｈ ｾ ｾ surface ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｈ ｡ ｮ ･ ｾ ｈ ｾ ｾ ice comprising an icing

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ･ ｾ ･ ｰ ｈ ｏ Ｍ Ｉ ｦ Ｈ ｈ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｾ ｾ cave ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ･ ｾ ･ ｰ ｈ ｾ ｾ cave ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｮ ｡ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｂ ｏ sheet ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｏ ｂ ･ ｰ ｘ ｈ ｏ ｃ ｔ ｾ ｾ surface ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｏ ｂ ｔ ｏ ｰ ｈ ｏ Ｍ Ｉ ｦ Ｈ ｈ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｾ ｦ wedge ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｏ ｲ ｰ ･ Ｖ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｦ buried ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｏ ｾ Ｓ ･ ｍ ｈ ｾ ｾ ground ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｏ ｮ ｈ ｲ ･ ｈ ･ ｔ ｈ ｾ ･ ｃ ｋ ｈ po1ygenetic ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｏ ｮ ｈ ｲ ｏ ｈ ｡ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｏ Ｍ Ｉ ｦ Ｈ ｈ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｾ ｾ polygonal wedge ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｮ ｏ ｰ ｏ ｂ ｾ ｾ pore ice

ｊ Ｑ ･ ｾ ｮ ｙ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｔ ｈ ｾ ｾ closed-cavity ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｣ ･ ｲ ｰ ･ ｲ ｡ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ segregated ice

syngenetic ice

ｊ Ｑ ･ ｾ ｔ ･ ｋ ｣ ｔ ｹ ｰ ｯ ｯ Ｖ ｰ ｡ Ｓ ｙ ｾ ｾ ｾ ground ice

ｮ ･ ｾ ｔ ･ ｰ ｍ ｏ ｋ ｡ ｰ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｂ ｏ Ｍ ｮ ･ ｾ ･ ｰ ｈ ｾ ｾ cave ice (ice in a cave of thermo-

karst origin)

epigenetic ice
 -12-

JIe,U-ueMeHT ice-cement (ice formed by water

freezing in the pores and at the
contact of mineral particles)

JIe,UHHKOBaH BaJIyHHaH rJIHHa glacial till

JIe,Uo6peK'IHH ice breccia

JIe,UorpyHT ice-soil

ice vein (may be ice wedge depending

on context)

ice crust

JIe,UHHaH JIHH3a ice lens

JIe,UHHaH COJIh "ice salt" (a term used in Yakutiya

to describe saline icings consisting
of hydrohalite and sodium chloride
and formed in winter around saline
springs)

needle ice

JIe,UHHoe rHe3,UO ice pocket

JIe,UHHo11 KJIHH ice wedge

ice crust

JIe,UHHo11 CJIo11 ice layer

JIe,UHHOH ueMeHT see JIe'u-ueMeHT

ice inclusions

ｊ ｉ ･ Ｌ ｕ ｈ ｈ ｾ npOCJIOHKH ice layers

ｊ ｉ ･ Ｌ ｕ ｈ ｈ ｾ cTe6eJIhKH needle ice

perennial icing

ｊ ｉ ｈ ｈ Ｓ Ｐ ｂ ｈ Ｌ ｕ ｈ ｾ Ｑ Ｑ JIe,U see JIe,UHHaH JIHH3a

JIyHKa BO JIh,Uy hole in the ice

JIh,UHCTOCTh ice content

JIh,UHCTOCTh, 06beMHaH volumetric ice content

ｊ ｉ ｨ Ｌ ｕ ｏ ｂ ｾ Ｌ ｕ ･ ｊ ｉ ･ ｈ ｈ ice formation

ｊ ｉ ｨ Ｌ ｕ ｏ ｂ ｾ ･ ｊ ｉ ･ ｈ ｈ ･ ｈ Ｓ Ｖ ｾ ｔ ｏ Ｇ ｉ ｈ ｏ excess ice formation

 -13-

nb.QO HaCblI:UeHHbl:A: ice saturated

ManOBO.QonpOHRuaeMble rpyHTbl soils of low permeability

"mari" (swampy sparse larch forests

interrupted by hummocky bogs)

see

Me)f(anaCbe terrain between the a1asses

see

MenKo6yrpRcTbl:A: ｰ ･ ｮ ｢ ･ hillocky (or hummocky) terrain

Mep3naH 30Ha ｮ ｒ ｔ ｏ ｃ ｾ ･ ｰ ｢ permafrost region

permafrost

Mep3nOTa physical state of frozen earth

materials, a term which is often
synonymous with permafrost

Mep3nOTa, penRKTOBaH relic permafrost

Mep3nOTa, Ce30HHaH seasonally frozen ground

Mep3nOTHaH CbeMKa see

Mep3nOTHO-TeMnepaTypHaH permafrost-temperature zonation

30HanbHOCTb

"permafrost facies analysis" (the

analysis of the composition, struc-
ture, etc., of frozen sedimentary
materials with the aim of identifying
facies, i.e., the sediments which
accumulated and froze under specific
environmental conditions. The facies
are then traced throughout the cross
section, which helps to recreate
the overall picture of formation and
freezing of sediments in former
geological epochs)

Mep3nOTHoe KapTRpOBaHRe permafrost mapping

 -14-

Mep3JIOTHOe rryqeHHe frost heaving

Mep3JIOTHOe panOHHpOBaHHe permafrost regionalization

Mep3JIOTHble KJIHHbH see 3eMJIHHble KJIHHbH

Mep3JIOTHble rrpou,eCCbl see KpHoreHHble rrpOu,eccbl

Mep3JIOTHble yCJIOBHH permafrost conditions

Mep3JIOTHbln KapCT see TepMOKapCT

Mep3JIOTHbln pe)l(HM temperature regime of permafrost

Mep3JIOTHbln peJIbe<l> permafrost terrain

ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｊ ｉ ｏ ｔ ｏ ｂ ･ ｾ ･ ｈ ｈ permafrost studies, geocryology

Mep3JIble rpyHTbl frozen ground (may imply permafrost)

Mep3JIble ｲ ｲ ｯ ｰ ｏ ｾ ｢ see Mep3JIble rpYHTbl

Mep3JIble ｲ ｲ ｯ ｰ ｏ ｾ ｢ B HepaBHOBeCHoM disequilibrium permafrost

ｔ ･ ｰ ｍ ｯ ｾ ｈ ｈ ｡ ｍ ｈ ｱ ･ ｃ ｋ ｏ COCTOHHHH

Mep3JIble ｲ ｲ ｯ ｰ ｯ B paBHoBecHOM equilibrium permafrost

ｔ ･ ｰ ｍ ｯ ｾ ｈ ｈ ｡ ｍ ｈ ｱ ･ ｃ ｋ ｏ COCTOHHHH

MHrpau,HOHHbln ｊ ｉ ･
see ｊ ｉ ･ ｾ MHrpau,HoHHbln

MHOrOJIeTHee rrpOMep3aHHe perennial freezing

MHOrOJIeTHeMep3JIble rpyHTbl permafrost

MHOrOJIeTHeMep3JIble ｲ ｲ ｯ ｰ ｯ see MHOrOJIeTHeMep3JIble rpyHTbl

MHOrOJIeTHHn 6yrop rryqeHHH perennial frost mound

MHOrOJIeTHHH KpHOJIHT030Ha permafrost region

MHOrOJIeTHHH Mep3JIOTa permafrost

MOHOJIHTHaH Mep3JIaH ｔ ｏ ｊ ｉ ｾ homogeneous permafrost without

segregated ice

Mop03HaH COpTHpOBKa frost sorting

Mop03Hoe BblBeTpHBaHHe frost weathering

Mop03HbIn 3a6on area of intensified frost weathering

Mop03Hbln ｃ ｾ ｂ ｈ displacement of earth materials due

to freezing of ground water
 -15-

MOP0306oHHaH ｔ ｰ ･ ｾ ｈ ｈ frost fissure

MOP03050HHoe paCTpeCKHBaHHe frost fracturing

ｍ ｏ ｐ Ｐ Ｓ Ｐ ｙ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｈ ｱ ｈ ｂ ｾ ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ non-frost-susceptib1e earth materials

ｍ ｏ ｘ ｏ ｂ ｯ Ｍ ｮ ｈ ｷ ｡ ｈ ｈ ｈ ｋ ｏ ｂ ｾ nOKpOB moss-lichen cover

ｍ ｏ ｾ ｈ ｏ ｃ ｔ Mep3nOH ｔ ｏ ｮ ｾ permafrost thickness

HaropHaH TeppaCa a1tip1anation terrace

see

see

see

site of annual appearance of an

icing

see ｲ ｡ ｾ ｰ ｏ ｊ ｬ ｡ ｋ ｋ ｏ ｊ ｉ ｈ

see

ｈ ｡ ｮ ･ ｾ ｯ ｯ Ｖ ｰ ｡ Ｓ Ｐ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｈ formation of an icing

a arre rrs icing

icing on the ground surface

natural spring icing

river icing

ｈ ｡ ｮ ｯ ｰ ｈ ｏ Ｍ ｾ ｈ ｮ ｢ ｔ ｰ ｡ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ see TaJIHK, CKB03HOH

TanHK
ｈ ｡ ｔ ･ ｱ ｈ ｾ o5pa30BaHHH rpyHTa soil flow

see

see ｂ ｯ ｾ ｡ He3aMep3waH

unfrozen layer

non-frost-susceptib1e soil

HepaBHOMepHaH ｏ ｃ ｡ ｾ ｋ differential settlement

 -16-

HeCKB03 HOM TaJUiK see TaJIHK, HeCKB03HOH

HeCIlJlOIUHOe paCrrpOCTpaHeHHe discontinuous permafrost

Mep3JIbIX rpyHToB

disequilibrium permafrost

nivation

HH*HHH rrOBepXHOCTb Mep3JIOM permafrost base

TOJIIUH

zero curtain

06JIaCTb MHOrOJIeTHeMep3JIbIX permafrost region

ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ

06beMHaH ｊ ｉ ｢ ｾ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｃ ｔ see ｊ ｉ ｢ ｾ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｃ ｔ ｢ 06beMHaH

OnJIbIBaHHe rpyHTa mud flow

opeOJI rrpOTaHBaHHH thaw area

thaw settlement

OCTaTOQHO-rrOJIHrOHaJIbHbIM see
peJIbe¢

OCTpOBHoe paCrrpOCTpaHeHHe permafrost islands

Mep3JIOM TOJIIUH

OTOP¢OBaHHe process of peat formation

OTTaHBaHHe thawing

II

naJIeOMep3JIOTHbIe yCJIOBHH paleological permafrost conditions

rrepeJIeTOK short-term permafrost

periglacial zone

see

nemepHbIPl: ｊ ｉ ･ see ｊ ｉ ･ ｾ rreIUepHbIH:

nJIaCTHQHOMep3JIbIPl: plastic frozen

 -17-

nJlaCTOBOH Jle.u see rrerr , nJlaCTOBOH

nJleHOqHaH BO.ua

ｮ ｊ ｬ ｯ ｣ ｋ ｯ Ｖ ｹ ｲ ｰ ｈ ｣ ｔ ｾ ｔ ｏ ｐ ｾ ｈ ｈ ｈ see ｔ ｏ ｐ ｾ ｈ ｈ ｈ ｋ ｮ ｊ ｬ ｯ ｣ ｋ ｯ Ｖ ｹ ｲ ｰ ｈ ｣ ｔ ｾ

nOBepXHOCTHHH Jle.u see rrezt , nOB epx HOCT ｈ ｾ

see Jle.u, ｮ ｏ ｂ ｔ ｯ ｰ ｈ ｏ Ｍ ｾ ｈ ｊ ｬ ｢ ｈ ｾ

ｮ ｯ ｲ ｰ ･ Ｖ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｦ ｉ Jle.u see rren , ｮ ｯ ｲ ｰ ･ Ｖ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ

ｮ ｯ Ｎ ｵ ｡ ｊ ｬ ｡ ｃ ｈ ｾ TaJlHK see TaJlHK, ｮ ｯ Ｎ ｵ ｡ ｊ ｬ ｡ ｃ ｈ ｾ

no.u3eMHOe OJle.ueHeHHe permafrost

ｮ ｯ Ｎ ｵ Ｓ ･ ｍ ｈ ｾ Jle.u see rren , ｮ ｏ ｾ ･ ｍ ｈ ｾ

nO,D;Mep3JlOTHaH BO.ua see ｂ ｯ ｾ ｡ nO,D;Mep3JlOTHaH

ｮ ｏ Ｎ ｵ Ｐ Ｓ ･ ｰ ｈ ｾ TaJlHK see TaJlHK, ｮ ｯ Ｎ ｵ Ｐ Ｓ ･ ｰ ｈ ｾ

ｊ Ｑ Ｐ ｾ ｏ ｉ ｬ ｬ ｂ CJlOH BeqHOH ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｊ ｬ ｏ ｔ permafrost base

no.uOIllBa CJlOH C ｲ ｏ Ｎ ｵ ｏ ｂ ｾ ｍ base of layer with annual tempera-

KOJle6aHHHMH ｔ ･ ｍ ｮ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｙ ｐ ture fluctuations

nOJlHreHeTHqeCKHe ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｊ ｬ ｾ polygene tic permafrost

TOJIIlm
nOJlHrOHaJlbHO-BaJlHKOBOe 60JlOTO bog with low centre polygons

ｮ ｏ ｊ ｬ ｈ ｲ ｏ ｈ ｡ ｊ ｬ ｢ ｈ ｾ ｲ ｰ ｙ ｈ ｔ polygonal ground

ｮ ｏ ｊ ｬ ｈ ｲ ｏ ｈ ｡ ｊ ｬ ｢ ｈ ｾ nOBepXHOCTH polygonal ground

polygonal ground

ｮ ｏ ｊ ｬ ｈ ｲ ｏ ｈ polygons

nOJlOca nyqeHHH area of frost heaving

ｮ ｏ ｊ ｬ ｾ ｈ ｢ pool of open water in ice

nOJlHpHaH ｮ ｙ ｃ ｔ ｾ ｈ ｈ polar desert

see Bo,ua, nopoBaH

ｮ ｯ ｰ ｏ ｂ ｾ Jle.u see Jle,u, ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ ｂ ｾ

nOCTKpHoreHHaH TeKcTypa "postcryogenic structure" (structure

 -18-

acquired by thawed earth materials

as a result of melting of ice in
pores and voids)

nOHCKH nb,IJ;a small ice layers in the ground

ｮ ｰ ･ ｰ ｾ ｂ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｡ Mep3naH ｔ ｏ ｮ ｾ
discontinuous permafrost

npOBanbHaH OCa,IJ;Ka rpyHTa cave-in

npOBanbHoe 03epO cave-in lake, thaw lake

npOMep3aHHe freezing

npOMep3WHe ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ frozen soils (or earth materials)

freezing

npOCa,IJ;Ka rpyHTa ground subsidence

npOCa,IJ;Ka rpyHTa npH npOTaHBaHHH thaw subsidence

npOCa,IJ;OQHOCTb ｲ ｏ ｰ ｈ ｾ nOpO,IJ; thaw consolidation

npocno'A:Ka nb,IJ;a small ice layer

thawing

ｮ ｙ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｔ ｈ ｾ Ｇ ａ ne,IJ; see ne,IJ;, ｮ ｙ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｔ ｈ ｾ Ｇ ａ

nyQeHHe rpyHTa ground heaving (or heave)

frost boil (may be on highways and

railroads)

frost-susceptible soil

nonsorted circles, spot medallions

nHTHHCTaH TYH,IJ;pa see TyH,IJ;pa, nHTHHCTaH

ｮ ｢ ｈ ｈ ｾ Ｇ ａ nec drunken forest

pa3pyweHHe rpyHTa soil failure

ｰ ｡ ｣ ｮ ｙ ｑ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｲ ｰ ｙ ｈ ｔ heaving ground

pe,IJ;KOOCTpOBHoe pa3BHTHe sporadic permafrost

ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｾ nopo,IJ;
pe:>KenHll,HH regelation
 -19-

penHKTOBaH Mep3nOTa see Mep3nOTa, penHKTOBaH

｣ ｡ Ｖ ｮ ･ ｂ ｈ ｾ ｈ ｾ ｾ ･ ｰ ･ ｂ ｢ crooked tree trunks (due to down-

slope soil creep)

｣ ｂ ｯ ｢ ｯ ｾ ｈ ｯ npOMep3aHHe unrestricted freezing

see ｂ ｏ ｾ ｡ CBH3aHHaH

｣ ･ ｲ ｰ ･ ｲ ｡ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｮ ･ see ｮ ･ ｾ ｣ ･ ｲ ｰ ･ ｲ ｡ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｾ

ice segregation

ce30HHaH rny6HHa npOTaHBaHHH depth of seasonal thaw

see Mep3nOTa, Ce30HHaH

ce30HHoe npOMep3aHHe rpyHToB seasonal freezing of soils

｣ ･ Ｓ Ｐ ｈ ｈ ｏ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｾ cnOH seasonally frozen layer

seasonally thawing layer

｣ ･ Ｓ Ｐ ｈ ｈ ｏ ｔ ｡ ｮ ｾ cnOH seasonally thawed layer

｣ ･ Ｓ Ｐ ｈ ｈ ｾ KpHonHTHT see KpHonHTHT, ｣ ･ Ｓ Ｐ ｈ ｈ ｾ

CHna ｂ ｾ ｮ ｹ ｴ ｩ ｈ ｂ ｡ ｈ ｈ ｈ force of heaving

adfreezing strength

ｃ ｈ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｯ ｮ ｢ ｾ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｾ rpyHT ice-rich ground

CHHreHeTHtieCKH nporae p stuae syngenetic permafrost

nopo,ubl
CHHreHeTHtieCKHH ｮ ･ see ｮ ･ ｾ CHHreHeTHtieCKHH

CHHreHeTH'leCKHH THn ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｾ syngenetic permafrost

ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ

CKB03HOH TanHK see TanHK, CKB03HOH

｣ ｮ ｡ Ｖ Ｐ ｮ ｢ ｾ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｾ rpyHT ground with a low ice content

cnOH ｲ ｏ ｾ ｏ ｂ ｾ Kone6aHHH layer of annual temperature

ｔ ･ ｍ ｮ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｙ ｐ fluctuations

cnOH ｮ ｰ ･ ｰ ｾ ｂ ｈ ｣ ｔ ｯ ｲ see cnOH ce30HHoro npOTaHBaHHH

KpHorHnepreHe3a
 -20-

cnOH C HyneBNMH ｲ ｏ ｾ ｏ ｂ ｎ ｍ layer of zero annual temperature

Kone6aHHHMH TeMnepaTypN fluctuations

cnoH Ce30HHOrO npOMep3aHHH layer of seasonal freezing

cnOH Ce30HHOrO npOTaHBaHHH layer of seasonal thawing

cnOH Ce30HHNX Kone6aHHH layer of seasonal temperature

TeMnepaTypN fluctuations

cnOH CyTOQHNX Kone6aHHH layer of daily temperature fluc-

TCMnepaTypN tuations

cMcp3aHHe adfreezing

CHe)f(HHK snow patch remaining throughout

the summer

snow cover

COBpeMeHHaH ｔ ｏ ｮ ｾ Mep3nNX contemporary permafrost

ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ

ｃ ｏ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｾ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｡ TeppaCa solifluction terrace

solifluction deposits

｣ ｯ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｾ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｎ ｾ ｏ ｐ ｍ solifluction features

｣ ｯ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｾ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｎ Ban solifluction lobe

｣ ｯ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｾ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｎ KOHyC solifluction lobe

｣ ｯ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｗ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｎ HaTeK solifluction lobe

｣ ｯ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｗ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｏ ｈ ｈ ｎ nOKpOB solifluction sheet

solifluction

｣ ｯ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｮ ｗ ｋ ｕ ｈ ｈ 60nOTHaH flow of thawed peat on inclined

peatland

conpOTHBneHHe ｣ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｡ ｈ ｈ adfreezing strength

cnnOWHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe continuous permafrost

MHoroneTHeMep3nNX ｮ ｯ ｰ ｯ

equilibrium permafrost

cTpyKTypa ｮ ｢ ｾ ice texture

cTpyKTYPHNe rpyHTN patterned ground

cyrnHHoK suglinok (clayey silt with some

 -21-

sand, clayey silty loam; contains

10 to 30% clay size by weight with
particles less than 0.005 rom in size,
0.005 being the dividing line
between clay size and silt size in
the Soviet soil classification)

cyMMa neTHHX TeMrrepaTyp air thawing index

B03,Uyxa
cyMMa ｏ ｔ ｰ ｈ ｾ ｡ ｔ ･ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｾ TeMrre- air freezing index
paTyp B03,Uyxa

cyrrecb supes (silty sand with some clay,

sandy silty loam; contains 3 to 10%
clay size by weight with particles
less than 0.005 rom in size, 0.005
being the dividing line between clay
size and silt size in the Soviet
soil classification)

cyxaff Mep3nOTa dry permafrost

loosely frozen

Tanaff BO,Ila see Bo,Ua, Tanaff

TanHK talik (unfrozen ground within per-

mafrost)

TanHK, ｲ ｈ Ｌ ｕ ｰ ｏ ｲ ･ ｈ ｈ ｾ ｾ underwater talik

TanHK, Ｓ ｡ ｍ ｋ ｈ ｙ ｔ ｾ ｾ CHH3Y see TanHK, ｈ ･ ｣ ｋ ｂ ｯ Ｓ ｈ ｏ

TanHK, ｈ ･ ｃ ｋ ｂ Ｐ Ｓ ｈ ｏ closed talik

TanHK, ｲ ｲ ｏ Ｌ ｕ ｡ ｮ ｡ ｃ ｈ ｾ ｾ talik below an alas

TanHK, ｲ ｲ ｏ Ｌ ｕ Ｐ Ｓ ･ ｰ ｈ ｾ ｾ talik below a lake

TanHK, ｲ ｲ ｯ Ｌ ｕ ｰ ｹ ｣ ｮ ｯ ｂ ｾ ｾ talik below a river bed

TanHK, ｃ ｋ ｂ Ｐ Ｓ ｈ ｏ open talik

TanHK, ｣ ｹ ｸ ｯ dry talik (talik containing no

water)

TanHK, ｔ ｰ ｹ Ｖ ｱ ｡ ｔ ｾ ｾ pipe-like talik

ｔ ｡ ｮ ｈ ｋ ｏ ｂ ｾ ｂ ｏ Ｌ ｕ see BO)J;a, TanHKOBaff

ｔ ｡ ｮ ｈ ｋ ｏ ｂ ｾ Tpy5b1 see TanHKOBble ｾ ･ ｮ

 -22-

TaJlHKOBble meJlH thawed fissures in permafrost

TaJlblH rpyHT unfrozen ground

TapblH very large icing (usually in a river

valley; does not melt completely in
the summer and is connected to
springs)

ｔ ｂ ･ ｰ ｾ ｏ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｊ ｬ ｢ ｬ solidly frozen

ｔ ･ ｋ ｣ ｔ ｹ ｰ ｯ ｯ Ｖ ｰ ｡ Ｓ ｙ ｾ ｭ ｈ ｈ ｊ ｬ ･ see ｊ ｬ ･ ｾ ｔ ･ ｋ ｣ ｔ ｹ ｰ ｯ ｯ Ｖ ｰ ｡ Ｓ ｙ ｾ ｭ ｈ ｈ

ｔ ･ ｍ ｲ ｲ ･ ｰ ｡ ｔ ｹ ｰ ｯ ｲ ｲ ｰ ｯ ｂ ｏ ｾ ｈ ｏ ｃ ｔ ｢ Ａ ｲ ｰ ｙ ｈ ｔ ｡ thermal diffusivity

TerrJlOBaR ｯ ｣ ｡ ｾ ｋ !rpYHTa! thaw settlement

TerrJlOBOH OaJlaHC !rpYHTa! heat balance

TerrJlOBOH pe)f(HM thermal regime

TerrJlOOOOpOTbl B rpYHTe ground heat storage

ｔ ･ ｲ ｲ ｊ ｬ ｏ ｲ ｲ ｰ ｏ ｂ ｏ ｾ ｈ ｏ ｃ ｔ !rpYHTa/ thermal conductivity

downslope movement of thawed earth

materials

see TepMOKapcT

TepMoa6pa3HH thermal abrasion

TepMOKapCT thermokarst

TepMOKapCTOBaH BopOHKa thermokarst pit

thermokarst depression

TepMOKapCTOBaR KOTJlOBHHa see TepMoKapCTOBaR ｂ ｲ ｲ ｡ ｾ ｈ ｈ

TepMOKapCTOBo-rremepHbln ｊ ｬ ･ see ｊ ｬ ･ ｾ TepMoKapcToBo-rremepHblH

TepMOKapCTOBoe 03epo thermokarst lake

TepMOKapCTOBble ｾ ｏ ｐ ｍ ｢ ｰ ･ ｊ ｬ ｢ ･ ｾ therrnokarst topography

thaw unstable ground

TepM03p03HH thermal erosion

TeTparOHaJlbHble rpYHTbl tetragonal ground, polygonal ground

TOJlma Mep3JlblX ｲ ｲ ｯ ｰ ｯ permafrost

 -23-

TOHKO,1J.HcrrepcHbl:i1 very fine-grained

TOP¢ peat

peat deposit

TOP¢RHHK peatland, muskeg

TOP¢RHHK, 6yrpHcTbl:i1 hillocky peatland

peatland formed in an interglacial

period

TOP¢RHHK, rrnocKo6yrpHcTbl:i1 hillocky peatland

TOP¢RHHK, rrorpe6eHHbl:i1 buried peatland

TOP¢RHO-MOXOBO:i1 cno:i1 peat-moss layer

TOP¢RHO:i1 6yrop see 6yrop, TOp¢RHo:i1

TOP¢RHOI1 rroKpoB peat cover

desiccation fissure

see BO,1J.a, TpemHHHo-KapcTOBaR

TpemHHHble BO,1J.bl see BO,1J.a, TpemHHHaR

Tpy6traTbll1 TanHK see TanHK, Tpy6y:aTbll1

TYH,1J.pa, 6yrpHcTaR hillocky tundra

TyH,1J.pa, BeHKOBaR tundra with non-sorted circles

TYH,1J.pa, ropHaR alpine tundra

TYH,1J.pa, 3ao3epeHHaR lake-studded tundra

TyH,1J.pa, KotrKapHaH hummocky tundra

TyH,1J.pd, KycTapHHKOBaR shrub-covered tundra

'r y nrip a , MC,1J.anbOHHaH tundra with non-sorted circles

TYH,1J.pa, MoxoBo-nHwa:i1HHKoBaR moss and lichen tundra

TYH,1J.pa, rronHrOHanbHaR polygonal tundra

TYH,1J.pa, rrRTHHCTaR tundra with non-sorted circles

TyH,1J.pa, Ry:eHCTaR tundra with non-sorted circles

 -24-

ｔ ｙ ｈ ｾ ｏ ｂ ｏ ｍ ｈ ｋ ｰ ｏ ｰ ･ ｮ ｢ ･ tundra microrelief

TY<PYPbl hummocks, thufurs

ypoBeHb HyneBblx ｡ ｍ ｮ ｮ ｈ ｔ ｙ depth of zero amplitude

ｹ ｣ ｡ ｾ ｋ rpyHTa soil shrinkage

<pa30BaH 3aBeCa zero curtain

seepage water

<pPOHT ITpOMep3aHHH freezing front

y:awa ITpOTaHBaHHH thaw basin

III

wnHpOBblH streaky

ice streaks

wyra frazil ice

3K30TepM030Ha 3eMnH exothermal zone of the Earth

Ｓ ｋ ｣ ｔ ｰ ｡ ｲ ｮ ｈ ｾ ｈ ｡ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｡ 30Ha periglacial zone

,:JJIlDBHanbHbIH eluvial, residual

JITHrCHCTHy:ecKH ITpOMep3WHe epigenetic permafrost

ｉ ｔ ｏ ｐ ｏ

:JITHreHeTHY:eCKHe ｮ ｢ see

"IITHreHCTHY:CCKHH THIT Mep3nblX epigenetic permafrost

ITOpO,n
 -25-

10

ｾ ｾ ｈ ｡ rpaHHua paCnpOCTpa- southern limit of permafrost

HeHHH ｍ ｈ ｏ ｲ ｏ ｮ ･ ｔ ｈ ･ ｍ ･ ｰ Ｓ ｮ ｏ ｔ

see ｔ ｙ ｈ ｾ ｰ ｡ Ht.IeHCTaH

ｈ Ｂ ｴ ｉ ･ ｈ ｃ ｔ ｾ ｲ ｐ ｙ ｈ ｔ see ｮ ｏ ｮ ｈ ｲ ｏ ｈ ｡ ｮ ｢ ｈ ｾ ｲ ｰ ｙ ｈ ｔ