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Market Segment at I On Book Chapter 8
Market Segment at I On Book Chapter 8
The first major step in modern crime detection took place in Great Britain. In 1829 the
Metropolitan Police Act established the basis for the world-famous Scotland Yard detective
department, which investigated crimes in London and, occasionally, throughout the British
Empire. The British example influenced the development of criminal investigation in the
United State, where large cities patterned their police efforts after the successful model in
England.
Criminal investigations are now conducted in Kenya in accordance with the dictates of the
law. The conduct of an investigation is governed by information obtained from people,
records, and physical evidence. Victims or witnesses still provide the bulk of facts as to when,
where, how, why, and by whom the crime was committed.
The detective generally begins an investigation upon receipt of an incident report (complaint
report) prepared by the officer who conducted the initial interview with the victim. The
incident report contains identifying information regarding the victim details of the crime.
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Identifying information regarding the perpetrator(s) or a description and identifying
information regarding any property taken.
As the detective begins the investigation, he or she maintains a file on the case using follow-
up reports for each stage of the investigation. The incident report and the follow-up reports are
generally placed in a case folder and serve as the official history of the crime and its
investigation. The case folder is then used by the prosecutor to prosecute the case in court. (To
prosecute means to conduct criminal procedures in a court of law against a person accused of
committing a criminal offence. The people performing this duty are generally called
prosecutors).
5.4 Surveillance
One of the oldest ways of detecting criminal activity is through surveillance. This method is
used when it is likely that a crime will take place at a specific location or when certain persons
are suspected of criminal activity. The first situation usually is handled by fixed police
observation known as a stakeout; the second circumstance may require mobile observation as
well, perhaps on foot or by automobile. Some situations may call for aerial observation (using
aircraft) or electronic procedures (using surveillance equipment that monitors electronic
communication).
The observation method must be legal. Surveillance techniques, for example, may include
placing personnel in strategic locations and equipping them with optical aids, such as
binoculars or scopes with the capacity to detect an object illuminated only by moonlight, or
with electronic devices, sensitive to a conversation taking place at a considerable distance.
Where a possibility exists of invasion of privacy, a court order is required to make the police
action and the information obtained acceptable at a trial.
Allied to surveillance are covert or undercover observations, which usually are confined to
activities such as gambling, dealing in narcotics, and other major organised crimes. Informants
are the source of much useful information in investigations; they may be citizens motivated by
civic duty or sometimes, criminals motivated by self-interest.
5.5 Interrogation
The information needed to further an investigation must be obtained from people who have
some significant knowledge concerning the crime. Witnesses or victims are interviewed, and
suspects are interrogated. Eyewitnesses to a crime are often asked to identify the perpetrators,
although identification errors have prompted psychologists to explore the processes and
pitfalls of memory, recall, and recognition. Experiments under controlled conditions indicate
that jurors will convict four times as often if eyewitness testimony is offered, even when the
visual acuity of the witness is discredited. Eyewitness identifications, therefore, must be
considered carefully, and the credibility of the identification must be tested to ensure that error
is unlikely.
Interrogation is used when the information sought is not readily forthcoming, perhaps because
of hostility or guilt. Often some key to the solution of a crime, such as the location of the
weapon in a murder case, is known only to the perpetrator. Without information provided by
the suspect, a crime may go unsolved. Legal safeguards against abuse now surround this
process. Before using any information obtained from an interrogation, the court must be
assured that the suspect was advised of his or her rights. If proper legal procedures are not
followed, any evidence obtained is inadmissible in a trail.
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5.6 Records
Criminal records represent an important data base of police activities throughout the world.
The successful investigation, prosecution and conviction of the suspects would not have been
achieved without an efficient and painstaking forensic investigation through which vital leads
were discovered and confirmed. There are also seasoned investigators in the Kenya Police
Service today who, if given the prerequisite forensic scientific tools available to the British
police officers, will break the ice in some unresolved murders and assassinations in the
country. However, it must also be borne in mind that even in Europe and America,
assassination still take place that remain unsolved.
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case. These procedures include examining firearms, serological and toxicological tests,
examining hairs and fibers, mineralogical and metallurgical tests, and document examination.
5.9.3 Toxicology
Toxicology may be defined as the science of poisons. Special methods of analytical chemistry
have been developed for use in toxicological examinations. The problem of separating poison
from order materials and of identifying them recurs constantly in a crime laboratory. The
specimens ordinarily examined in cases of suspected poisoning are tissue samples from vital
organs, blood or urine, food, drink, and suspected poison itself.