‘The Basmalahin the form of a chanticlee first appeared in 1972 in my book on Islam in the history and calture of the Malays ‘The chanticleer ea bird of dawn whose clarion cal heralds the antval of day, Iti a symbol of the sun that casts ight on things hidden in darkness by means of which the seeing eye knows their proper places Itis an emblem of wakefulness of vigilance and activity tending towards awareness of affairs ofthe spircin the sense of illumination. HISTORICAL FACT AND FICTION, by ‘Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Atias @urM= SemperFt Pushed Wy Unter Teaco) Malabar theme pine the Cee for Adan Sto am, Sneed Cito CASTS, es Uanpar Malaya 201 ‘OSYED MURLANDAAD NAQLI ALATA ant All ighis reserved. No part of iis publication may be reproduced or anand in ay form or by any mets, eects ee mec! elaine phocpyng, ‘erg or ay ifostionrge sd tol em, wit pmo ‘ting oe he opi wee Pepuan Neg yi Coonan Pb Dts ‘Avtar, Spe Marca Nag 931~ Tsoi act nt eso Syed Mara Naga a Ana ISBN orbs Szram [baer Hisory Sums 2. ane Hiten- Nola {ber Banya Try Se 5 ber Hnory Brad 6 ir Hisy Mndaao me ne Di: ye Mahan Nou sse sotto Ne af enn Ba ‘navensrn THRNOLOGHALarsA TRESS Sehr me MANTA one mot sw 125 nn tan Pee, S880 Seopa, us ap CONTENTS Acknowledgements Intreduetion TA new interpretion of the story of Merah Silau; historical evidence to prove that the Great Ants fact and not fetion; the identity of the frst Muslim king ‘of Samuda-Pasai; che original Malay derivation of the name Swnatu; the Malay custom of royal succession in che mideI4th century; other historical IL New light on che Parameswara; when and why hhe acquired the Javanese title Paameswara, what hiis Malay royal ttle was when he rebelled against ‘Majapabit; and the meaning of that te; when his ‘conversion to Islam took place and where, and the name of the great missionary who converted hire; his original Muslim name; his decisive role, rather than Adiyawarman’s, in establishing the bass for the development of a new Malay kingdom; the founding of Malacca and her original name and its meaning; the fictitious story of the mela tree in the Tounding of Malacca; the meaning of sgarah and the ‘great man idea of history. Tl On Arab identity being based on genealogy and not ‘on ethnicity the pioneers who brought and spread Ialam in the Malay Archipelago in the eaty a8 well a the later centuries were Arabs of noble origin chiefly from the descendents of ‘AK bin Abi Talib through his son -Hlusayn, the grandson ofthe Holy Prophet; their names and genealogies in Malay, 48EE Javancte, Sulu, Moro and Arab (adrara) sources solutions to unrolved problems in th history of Sulu and Mindanao: the true ident of Tuan Masha‘ika and Tuhan Maghaly and the date of Kabungsuan’s arrival in Mindanao; eleevident and other historical facts that demonstrate South Arabian (Hagramaht) provenance of Islam in the Archipelago; the great ‘misionaries of Islam in the Archipelago in the 12d 16th centuries; the creation of the Malayo-Arabie alphabet and the Jawi script based on the Arab (Gadeams) sound (eal ater. Appendices 1. The Palembang Silas From the Jakarta photocopy ofthe original made by Sayyid ‘Abin Jafar al Saga (esaly 20th cencuy). TL The Girebon Sibi From the manuscript of Sayyid Salim b. Ahmad b, Jandin copied from the original of Sultan ‘Muhammad Shams al-Din Kesepuhan in early 20dh century AMT The Gresk Salah From the Hiab Alar al-Nazir by Sayyid Zayn b. ‘AbdAllzh al-Kaf, ee the Khidmat a-Actirah (op. cit p. 70) on the genealogy of the disseminators of Islam in India, Cambodia, Siam, Annam, the Malay Acchipelago. IV The Gresik Sitsilat (App. IM) reproduced in the Roman script and reconstructed by me to include the Magindanao Sitslak of Data Mastura on the sencalogy of Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan, 6 185 137 167 169 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS "The ideas formulated inthis essay could not have been set forth in ts present form without the support and encouragement of | those to whom my sincere appreciation and acknowledgements are due. My special thanks and appreciation are due to Dr ‘Tatiana Denisove, Associate Professor at the Academy of Islamic Studies, the University of Malaya, who haspersistentiy ‘encouraged me to set my ideas in writing, She gave much of hher time in obtaining books and articles I requested which are not available to me under the present circumstances from the National Library and the libraries of the University of ‘Malaya and the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. It also gives ‘me great pleasure :o acknowledge my learned friend of ‘many decades, Professor Dr Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud of the Centre for Advanced Studies on Islam, Science and Givilizaion (CASIS), Universiti Technologi Malaysia, for his centhutiatic support of my work throughout many eventful years of our academic venture. His constancy has been for me a source of encouragement in times fraught with trials of endurance. In certain parts of this estay he provided from his personal library some important books I needed to consult. ‘To my former students, Professor Dr Muhammad Zainiy Uthman of CASIS and Dr Adi Seta, Assistant Professor at the International Ilamic University Malaysia, for providing ‘copies of maps of ancient India I requested in order to identify, the precise locations of certain places mentioned inthis essay; to Dr Zaidi Ismail, Dr Sani Badron, Dr Wan Azhar Wan ‘Abmad, Dr Nik Roskiman, Me Md, Asham Ahmad, all from the Ineciute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (KIM), for providing the Arabic books I needed for my research; to Dato’ Dr Syed Ali Tawfik al-Attas, then Director-General of that Institute (IKIM), for his kind permission to obtain the Arabic ‘books from the ibrary of the Institue; to Mr Roslan Jelani of CASIS for his help in obtaining some books from the library