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(15-4-8) NPTEL - Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems
(15-4-8) NPTEL - Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems
1
Earlier Lecture
• In the earlier lectures, we have seen an Ideal
Thermodynamic cycle, in which all the gas that is
compressed is liquefied.
2
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Earlier Lecture
• The Linde Dual – Pressure system is a
modification of the Simple Linde – Hampson
system in order to reduce the work requirement.
3
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Outline of the Lecture
Topic : Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration
Systems (contd)
• Liquid yield
• Work requirement
• Parametric study
4
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Introduction
• In order to achieve a better performance and to
approach ideality, the expansion process should
be a reversible process.
5
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
QR • The schematic of the Claude
f m
System is as shown.
m
1 2
Wc
( m − m )
f
• It consists of a compressor,
three 2 – fluid heat exchangers,
9 3
me We a J – T expansion device and a
make up gas connection.
8e 4 e
7
5
• The system also has an
expansion engine operating
g 6 across the second heat
f
f
m
exchanger as shown in the
figure.
6
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
QR • In this system, the energy
f m
content in the gas is removed
m
2
by allowing it to do some work
1
Wc
in an expansion device.
( m − m )
f
9 3
me We • As shown in the figure, a part
of the main stream of gas is
8e
7
4 e expanded from 3 e and is
reunited with the return
5 stream.
g 6
f
f
m
• This process of expansion is an
reversible adiabatic expansion.
7
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
QR
f m
m 2 1
1 2
Wc
( m ) 3 9
( m − m ) f
me We
9 3
4 7
8e 4 e
7
5 ( m − m e ) 5 h=const 8
( m − m f
e )
−m e
g 6 f 6 g
f
f
m s
8
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
QR • Consider a control volume as
f m
shown in the figure. Applying
m
2
1st Law, we have
1
Wc
( m − m )
f 2 = We + ( m − m f ) h1 + m f h f
mh
me
9 3 We
• The Expander work output is
given by
8e 4 e We m e h3 − m e he
=
7
9
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
QR • Rearranging the terms, we
f m
have
m
1 2
Wc h1 − h2 h3 − he
( m − m ) =y + x
h −h
h1 − h f
f
1 f
me We
9 3
m e
8e 4 x=
7
e m
5 • Where, the expander mass
flow ratio be denoted by x.
g 6
f
f
m
10
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
f m
m
QR h1 − h2 h3 − he
= y + x
1 2 h − h h − h
1 f 1 f
Wc
• The 1st term is the yield for a
( m − m )
f
simple L – H system.
me We
9 3
• The 2nd term is the change in
8e
7
4 e the yield occurring due to the
expansion engine in the cycle.
5
f
g 6 • For a given initial and final
f
m conditions of p, the yield y
depends on h3(T3) and x.
11
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
f m
m
QR h1 − h2 h3 − he
= y + x
1 2 h − h h − h
1 f 1 f
Wc
• However, if T3 is held
( m − m )
f
constant, the yield y is a
9 3
me We linear function of x.
8e
7
4 e • But for a case of x=1, the
yield y=0, which is not
5
governed by this equation.
g 6
f
f
m • For x=1, the gas in the return
stream (m – mf - me) is 0.
12
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
f m
m
QR h1 − h2 h3 − he
= y + x
1 2 h − h h − h
1 f 1 f
Wc
• It means that in order to have
( m − m )
f
a finite yield, (m – mf - me)
9 3
me We should always be >0.
8e
7
4 e • Dividing (m – mf - me)>0 by
m, we get x+y<1.
5
f
g 6 • Therefore, the above equation
f
m is valid only when x+y<1.
13
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
f m
m
QR h1 − h2 h3 − he
= y + x
1 2 h − h h − h
1 f 1 f
Wc
• The yield y of the system
( m − m )
f
increases with the increase in the
9 3
me We x for a constant value of T3.
8e
7
4 e • Based on y calculated from the
above equation, when the sum is
5
x+y>1, a limiting value of y may
g 6
be calculated using x+y=0.99.
f
f
m
• Rearranging, we have y=0.99-x.
14
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
f m
m
QR h1 − h2 h3 − he
= y + x
1 2 h − h h − h
1 f 1 f
Wc
• In summary, y is calculated using
( m − m )
f
the above equation until x+y<1
9 3
me We or =0.99 is valid.
8e
7
4 e • After which, a limiting value of y
is given by y=0.99-x.
5
f
g 6 • This value is the maximum y that
f
m is possible, but the actual value
may be less than this value.
15
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
QR • It is clear that the work
f m
m interaction of the system with
1 2
the surroundings is due to
Wc
• Compressor (inwards)
( m − m )
• Expander (outwards)
f
me We
9 3
Wnet (T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 ) )
me We
9 3 m e
− = x=
8e 4 e
m − x ( h3 − he ) m
7
18
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Claude System
Wnet (T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 ) )
QR
f m
m
− =
− x ( h3 − he )
1 2
m
Wc
( m − m )
f • The first term is the work
requirement for simple Linde
me
9 3 We
– Hampson system.
8e 4 e
7 • The second term is the
5 reduction in the work
requirement occurring due to
f
g 6 the modification.
f
m
19
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
A. Determine W/mf for a Claude Cycle with N2 as
working fluid. The system operates between
1.013 bar (1 atm) and 40.52 bar (40 atm). The
expander inlet T3 is at 225 K. The expander flow
ratio is varied between 0.1 and 0.9.
20
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
Given
Cycle : Claude System
Working Pressure : 1 atm 40 atm
Working Fluid : Nitrogen
T3 : 300 K, 275 K, 250 K, 225 K
Mass flow ratio : x = 0.1 0.9
For above System, Calculate
1 Work/unit mass of gas liquefied
N2 Point 3
I 300 K
II 275 K
III 250 K
IV 225 K
21
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Methodology
• In the part A, the expander inlet condition under
study is 225 K at 40.52 bar.
22
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
QR 1 2 3
f m
m
2
p (bar) 1.013 40.52 40.52
1
T (K) 300 300 225
Wc
h (J/g) 462 453 369
( m − m )
f
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.3 3.0
e f
me We
9 3
p (bar) 1.013 1.013
8e
7
4 e T (K) 80* 77
h (J/g) 228 29
5
s (J/gK) 3.0 .25
g 6 * The point e is located on
f
p=1bar isobar by drawing a
f
m
vertical line from point 3.
23
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• The T – s diagram for
2 1
a Claude System is as
shown. 225 3 9
24
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• Liquid yield
h1 − h2 h3 − he x Point 3
= + x
y
h1 − h f h −h 0.2 225 K, 40 atm
1 f
1 2 3 e f
p (bar) 1.013 40.52 40.52 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 225 80 77
h (J/g) 462 453 369 228 29
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0
( 462 − 453) + 0.2 ( 369 − 228)
y = 0.021 + 0.065 = 0.086
( 462 − 29 ) ( 462 − 29 )
25
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• Work/unit mass of N2 compressed
Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 ) − x ( h3 − he )
m
1 2 3 e f
p (bar) 1.013 40.52 40.52 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 225 80 77
h (J/g) 462 453 369 228 29
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0
W
− c = 300 ( 4.42 − 3.3) − ( 462 − 453) − 0.2 ( 369 − 228 )
m
= 299 J / g
26
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• Work/unit mass of N2 liquefied
Wc y = 0.086
− =
299
m
Wc Wc 299
− =
− = = 3476.7 J / g
mf
ym 0.086
27
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• Extending the
calculations for all 225
other values of x and x y W/mf
tabulating the results, 0.10 0.05 5865.2
we have 0.20 0.09 3478.0
0.30 0.12 2403.0
• In the adjacent table, 0.40 0.15 1791.6
the equation for y is 0.50 0.18 1397.0
used from x=0.1 to 0.60 0.22 1121.4
0.73. Thereafter, 0.70 0.25 917.9
y=0.99-x is used. 0.73 0.26 866.8
0.80 0.19 1127.4
• Actual y may be less 0.90 0.09 2223.3
than this value.
28
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• Liquid yield v/s. x 225 K x y
I 0.1 0.05
Claude System
II 0.6 0.22
III 0.73 0.26
IV 0.8 0.19
y V 0.9 0.09
225 K
• From the plot, it is clear
that y crosses a maxima
with the increasing x.
31
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• All the
calculations 300 275 250
pertaining to x W/mf x W/mf x W/mf
part B are 0.10 4671.8 0.10 4955.4 0.10 5505.3
left as an 0.20 2598.0 0.20 2800.1 0.20 3204.2
exercise. 0.30 1722.4 0.30 1876.3 0.30 2188.4
0.40 1239.3 0.40 1363.1 0.40 1616.1
0.50 933.1 0.50 1036.6 0.50 1248.9
• The results
0.60 721.7 0.60 810.5 0.60 993.4
for these
0.67 608.8 0.69 659.3 0.70 805.2
calculations
0.70 656.9 0.70 693.1 0.72 773.4
are as
shown. 0.80 900.0 0.80 963.2 0.80 1068.4
0.90 1683.3 0.90 1833.3 0.90 2083.3
32
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• Liquid yield v/s. x • The plot for y versus x for
all other values of T3 is as
Claude System
shown.
300 K
275 K • As mentioned earlier, y
250 K
y crosses a maxima with the
225 K
increase in the value of x
for each of the T3.
35
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial
• W/mf v/s. x • The plot for W/mf versus
x for all other values of
Claude System
T3 is as shown.
300 K
275 K • As stated earlier, the
W 250 K
W/mf crosses a minima
m f 225 K
with the increase in the
x, for each of the T3.
x
37
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Summary
• The J – T expansion is an irreversible isenthalpic
expansion and an expansion by an expansion
engine is an reversible isentropic process.
38
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Summary
• If T1, T2, T3 of the system are held constant, the
yield y of the system is a linear function of
expander mass flow ratio x.
40
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Assignment
A. Determine W/mf for a Claude Cycle with N2 as
working fluid. The system operates between
1.013 bar (1 atm) and 50.56 bar (50 atm). The
expander inlet T3 is at 250 K. The expander flow
ratio is varied between 0.1 and 0.9.
41
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Assignment
• Answers
300 275 250
x y x y x y
0.10 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.06
0.20 0.12 0.20 0.11 0.20 0.10
0.30 0.16 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.14
0.40 0.21 0.40 0.19 0.40 0.17
0.50 0.26 0.50 0.23 0.50 0.21
0.60 0.31 0.60 0.27 0.60 0.25
0.66 0.33 0.68 0.31 0.70 0.29
0.70 0.29 0.70 0.29 0.72 0.27
0.80 0.19 0.80 0.19 0.80 0.19
0.90 0.09 0.90 0.09 0.90 0.09
42
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Assignment
• Answers
44
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay