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Class Reg Number

Candidate Name .......................................................................

Chemistry H2 9746
Tutor Tutee
Revision Exercise 16: Integrated Questions

1 In 1756, Baron Cronstedt, a Swedish geologist, was examining one of his country’s rare
minerals. He heated it strongly and to his surprise it bubbled as if it were boiling and gave
off clouds of steam. He decided to call this strange mineral a zeolite, which is Greek for
‘boiling stone’. Later research showed how the chemical structure of a zeolite gives it
valuable catalytic properties.

About forty zeolites are known today, and the names and formulae of some of the
commonest are shown below in Box 1.

The atoms inside the square brackets form the aluminosilicate framework of the mineral
with the negatively charged oxygen. Cations are present to balance the negative charges.

Box 1 Some common natural zeolites

Analcime Na16[(AlO2)16(SiO2)32].16H2O
Chabazite Ca2[(AlO2)4(SiO2)8].13H2O
Clinoptilolite Na6[(AlO2)6(SiO2)30].24H2O
Stilbite NaCa4[(AlO2)9(SiO2)27].30H2O

(a) Examine Box 1 which shows the chemical formulae of five common zeolites.

(i) What is the relationship between the number of aluminium atoms and sodium ions as the
only metal ions in a zeolite?

1:1 ratio
.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Using this relationship, deduce the formula of natrolite which has an aluminosilicate
framework with the formula of [(AlO2)16(SiO2)24].16H2O.

Na16[(AlO2)16(SiO2)24].16H2O
.................................................................................................................................................

(b) Deduce the formula of the resulting zeolite formed if the sodium ions of clinoptilolite are
replaced with sufficient calcium ions to preserve overall electrical neutrality.

Ca3[(AlO2)6(SiO2)30].24H2O
.................................................................................................................................................

(c)(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding present in a silicate tetrahedron.

(ii) Show the ionic nature of the aluminate tetrahedron, assuming it contains aluminium and
 2

oxide ions.

AlO2- (Al3+ and O2-)

(iii) Hence, explain if it would be correct to describe a zeolite as consisting of a giant ionic
lattice.

No. ions are hydrated and only held in place by relatively weak electrostatic forces
involving the lone pair of the oxygen atom in the alumina-silicate framework.
.................................................................................................................................................

(d)(i) Aluminium oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide and water to form sodium aluminate,
NaAl(OH)4. This is how sodium aluminate is prepared for the laboratory synthesis of
zeolites.

Write an equation to describe this reaction.

Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O  2NaAl(OH)4

.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Sodium aluminate is also formed when aluminium is dissolved in sodium hydroxide
solution. Water is involved in the reaction and hydrogen as is produced.

Write an equation to describe this reaction.

Al + NaOH + 3H2O  NaAl(OH)4 + 3/2 H2

.................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Metals and their oxides generally react with dilute acids, but not with alkalis. Explain why it
is unusual for aluminium and its oxides to be able to react with acids and alkalis.

Aluminium and its oxides are amphoteric due to Al 3+ being small and highly charged
and hence having high charge density and is able to polarise / distort the large
anionic cloud on O2-, resulting in Al2O3 having ionic with some covalent character,
allowing it to react with both acids and alkalis.
.................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Draw the structural formula for the silicate anion and deduce its molecular shape. Assume
that the silicate ion is a simple ion.

Shape: trigonal planar

A Level Chemistry Notes and Questions Chapter 35

2 In the late 19th century the two pioneers of the study of reaction kinetics, Vernon Harcourt
 3

and William Esson, studied the rate of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and iodide
ions in acidic solution.

H2O2 + 2I– + 2H+  2H2O + I2

This reaction is considered to go by the following steps.

step 1 H2O2 + I–  IO– + H2O

step 2 IO– + H+  HOI

step 3 HOI + H+ + I–  I2 + H2O

The general form of the rate equation is as follows.

rate = k[H2O2]a[I–]b[H+]c

(a) Explain how the rate of reaction can be measured.

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

(b) Suggest values for the orders a, b and c in the rate equation for each of the following
cases.

A study was carried out in which both [H 2O2] and [H+] were kept constant at 0.05 mol dm -3,
and [I–] was plotted against time. The following curve was obtained.

(c) Calculate the initial rate of this reaction, indicating its units.
 4

rate = 6.5–7.5 × 10–6 mol dm–3 s–1

(d) Use half-life data calculated from the graph to show that the reaction is first order with
respect to [I–].

half-life measured and quoted as ≅ 90–94 s

evidence of two half-lives measured

(e) Use the following data to deduce the orders with respect to [H 2O2] and [H+], explaining your
reasoning.

lines 1 and 2: as [H2O2] increases by 0.07/0.05 = 1.4, so does rate

so order w.r.t. [H2O2] = 1

lines 1 and 3: increase in rate (1.8) is also the increase in [H2O2],

so rate is independent of [H+] (or zero order)

(f) From your results, deduce which of the three steps is the slowest (rate determining) step.

the first step/or the relevant equation

.................................................................................................................................................

9701_w08_qp4 Q2
3(a) (4-aminophenyl)ethanoic acid (4-APEA) and its derivatives are being investigated as
possible drugs to treat chronic inflammation of the intestines. The synthesis of 4-APEA
from methylbenzene is shown in the following scheme.
 5

(i) Draw the structures of the compounds G and H in the boxes above.

G is 4-nitromethylbenzene
H is 4-nitrophenylethanoic acid

(ii) Suggest reagents and conditions for the following steps.

step II: Cl2, uv light

step III: KCN (in ethanol) + heat / reflux

step V: Sn or Fe + HCl (+ heat)

(b) Silk from silkworms, used as a fabric shows a different secondary structure to that
produced by spiders.

(i) What sort of bonding would you expect to occur between adjacent parts of the protein
chains in each form of silk?

silkworm – hydrogen bonds

spider – van der Waals’ OR hydrogen bonds
 6

(ii) Suggest two differences in properties that these forms of silk could have. Explain your
answer.

Spider silk is more elastic/flexible/less rigid than silkworm silk/has a lower density

Silkworm silk absorbs water more easily

.................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Spider dragline silk contains large amounts of the amino acid glycine. How does this affect
the properties of the silk?

This increases the elasticity/hydrophobic nature of the silk

.................................................................................................................................................

9701_w08_qp4 Q5, 10
4(a) Explain why most compounds containing transition metals are coloured, whereas
compounds of non-transition metals are usually colourless.

Colour is due to the absorption of visible light

Atom needs vacancy(ies) in the d-orbitals
The d-orbitals are split into two energy levels by ligands (d-d splitting)
Energy is used to promote electrons from lower to upper d-orbitals (d-d transition)
OR Energy gap in non-transition metals does not lie in visible range
.................................................................................................................................................

(b) When the neutral V(II) complex V(H2O)4Cl2 is added to water, the green complex dissolves
to form a violet solution. Explain why this change of colour takes place.

Ligand exchange between chloride and water occurs

d-orbital energy gap with Cl– ligands is different to that with H2O ligands
.................................................................................................................................................

(c) State the colour and formulae of the aqueous ions of vanadium in oxidation states III and
IV.

V(III) is V3+ (or [V(H2O)6]3+) and is green

V(IV) is VO2+(aq) and is blue NOT V4+
.................................................................................................................................................

(d) Titration of a sample containing 0.0010 mol of an oxychloride of vanadium, VOClx, required
20.0 cm3 of 0.020 mol dm–3 KMnO4(aq) for its complete oxidation in acidic solution.

(i) Use E data from the Data Booklet to predict the final oxidation state of the vanadium after
the titration.

MnO4–/Mn2+ is +1,52V, higher than VO2+/VO2+ so final state is 5

.................................................................................................................................................
 7

(ii) Use the titration data given above to calculate the change in oxidation number undergone
by the vanadium during the titration.

moles of e– = 0.02 x 5 x 20/1000 = 0.002

Hence 2 moles of electrons are used per mole of vanadium
Change is from V(III) to V(V)
.................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Hence deduce a value for x in VOClx.

x is 1, hence VOCl
.................................................................................................................................................

9701_w03_qp6 Q9
5 Suggest explanations for the following observations, writing relevant equations where
possible.

(a) Adding aqueous barium chloride to an orange solution of sodium dichromate(VI) causes a
yellow solid to be precipitated, and an acidic solution to remain.

Equilibrium shifts to the right as CrO42– ions are removed and hence the solution becomes
more acidic
.................................................................................................................................................

(b) Adding aqueous ammonia to a solution of copper(II) sulphate produces first a pale blue
precipitate, then a deep blue solution.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH– (i.e. ammonia solution contains OH– ions)
Cu + 2OH  Cu(OH)2 (pale blue ppt)
2+ –

Then 4NH3 + Cu2+(aq) = [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (deep blue solution)

NH3 is a stronger ligand than H2O and displaces it.
Reference to IP < K sp due to equilibrium position shifting right as [Cu 2+] decreases to favour
dissolution of Cu(OH)2 due to formation of deep blue solution.
Reference to LCP.
.................................................................................................................................................

(c) Chromium(III) chloride crystallises in three forms, all having the formula CrCl3(H2O)6. One
form is violet, and another is green.
Adding aqueous silver nitrate to a solution of the violet form precipitates all the chloride it
contains, but only two thirds of the chloride from the green form is precipitated.

violet – [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 3Cl–

green – [Cr(H2O)5Cl–]2+ 2Cl–.H2O
.................................................................................................................................................

9701_w03_qp6 Q10
6 The diagram shows a laboratory illustration of a simple hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
 8

(a) Write the half equation for the reaction occurring at the left hand (oxygen) electrode when
the cell operates.

O2 + 4H+ + 4e-  2H2O

.................................................................................................................................................

(b) State the polarity (+ or –) of the left hand (oxygen) electrode. ⊕

(c) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the voltage produced by this cell.

Ecell = +1.23 V
.................................................................................................................................................

(d) Only a very small current can be drawn from this laboratory cell. Suggest one way in which
it could be modified to enable a larger current to be drawn from it.

a better/larger salt bridge or a diaphragm or larger (area of) electrodes or increase

concentrations/pressure
.................................................................................................................................................

(e) A fuel cell in an orbiting satellite is required to produce a current of 0.010 A for 400 days.
Calculate the mass of hydrogen that will be needed.

time = 400 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 34 560 000 seconds

charge = current x time = 0.01 x 34 560 000 = 345 600 C
moles of H = 345 600/96 500 = 3.6 mol ∴ mass of H = 3.6 g

(f) State one advantage, and one disadvantage of using fuel cells to power road vehicles
compared to hydrocarbon fuels such as petrol.

advantages: less pollution/CO2/NOx etc. or cleaner by-products

less dependence on fossil fuels/finite resources any one

disadvantages: more expensive (to develop or to run)

takes up more space
poor power-to-volume ratio
hydrogen is difficult to store or to transport any one
NOT hydrogen is explosive/flammable
.................................................................................................................................................
 9

9701_w04_qp4 Q2
7 The water which runs from waste heaps associated with copper mines contains low
concentrations of dissolved copper ions. Companies have begun removing Cu 2+ ions from
the water by the process of ligand exchange solvent extraction.

A compound which is a good ligand for copper ions is dissolved in an organic solvent that
is immiscible with water. When this solution is shaken with the water containing the copper
ions, the following reaction takes place:

Cu2+(aq) + 2LH(organic) CuL2(organic) + 2H+(aq) Equation 7.1

(where L represents the ligand).

(a) Explain why the process represented in Equation 7.1 is classed as a ligand exchange
reaction.

Initially, Cu2+(aq) exists as Cu(H2O)62+, where the 6 water molecules are ligands. From
equation 7.1, L- molecules now replace the water molecules in Cu(H2O)62+, forming
CuL2, thereby constituting a ligand-exchange reaction.
.................................................................................................................................................

(b) The effect of the process is to remove a low concentration of copper ions from water and to
transfer them, at much higher concentration, to the organic solvent. The process can be
reversed by then shaking the organic solution with moderately concentrated acid. This
pushes Cu2+ ions back into aqueous solution and, again, an increase in concentration can
be achieved.

(i) Use Equation 7.1 to explain why extraction of Cu2+ ions into the organic solvent and then
their reversal back into the aqueous phase is pH dependent.

From Equation 7.1, H+ is the product of the forward reaction and the reaction is pH
dependent since by LCP, a high pH (i.e. low [H +]) will cause equilibrium to shift right
to favour the forward reaction to counteract the decrease in [H+].
.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest how an increase in concentration of copper ions is achieved at each stage of the
extraction.

Small volume of extracting solvent used

.................................................................................................................................................

(c) Research chemists have carried out experiments to find equilibrium constant, K c, values for
reactions like the one in Equation 7.1. Aqueous solutions of Cu 2+ ions were shaken with
solutions of a ligand in an organic solvent and allowed to reach equilibrium. In one
experiment, which was maintained at pH = 2 (i.e. [H +] = 1.0 x 10–2 mol dm–3) and 298 K
throughout, the equilibrium mixture was analysed and found to correspond to the following
concentrations:

[Cu2+(aq)] = 0.0020 mol dm–3

[CuL2(organic)] = 0.045 mol dm–3
[LH(organic)] = 0.10 mol dm–3
 10

(i) Write an expression, in terms of concentrations, for Kc for the reaction in Equation 7.1.

(ii) Calculate the ratio of the concentration of Cu 2+ in the organic phase to the concentration of
Cu2+ in the aqueous phase, and hence the percentage of copper extracted in the
experiment.

(iii) Calculate a value for Kc at 298 K from the results of this experiment.

Kc = 0.223

OCR L_A_Level Chemistry Salters SAM

8 It has recently been reported that an incident occurred at the Dounreay fast-reactor nuclear
plant in Scotland in May 1977 in which about 2 kg of sodium were dumped down a shaft
which had earlier been used for the disposal of radioactive waste. (Liquid sodium is used
as a coolant in this type of reactor.) The shaft was partially flooded with seawater, and the
violent reaction between sodium and water led to an explosion which scattered radioactive
material over the nearby area.

(a) A number of highly exothermic reactions occur when sodium comes into contact with water.
The principal reaction is

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Equation 8.1

(i) Suggest why the reaction of sodium with water, in the restricted situation of the old mine
shaft, gave rise to an explosion.

The reaction of Na with water produces H2 gas, which upon accumulation in a

sealed vessel causes the build up of pressure giving rise to an explosion.
.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction in Equation 8.1 using the standard
enthalpy change of formation values which follow.

Hf /kJ mol–1: H2O(l) = –286, NaOH(aq) = –470

 11

(b) Sodium and magnesium are neighbours in the Periodic Table. Sodium hydroxide is
considerably more soluble in water than magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2. In part, solubility
is controlled by the enthalpy change of solution (Hsoln). This is itself determined by other
enthalpy changes: for example, the enthalpies of hydration (Hhyd) of the cations and
anions. Some data for the cations, Na+ and Mg2+, are given in the table below.

(i) Explain why water molecules are able to interact with both cations and anions.

.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain, in terms of the three quantities: charge, ionic radius and extent of hydration, why
Hhyd for Mg2+ is more negative than Hhyd for Na+.

.................................................................................................................................................

(c) Solubility is also controlled by the entropy change (S) which accompanies solution.

(i) In terms of the number of ions per mole of each compound, explain why this entropy
change would be expected to be more positive for Mg(OH)2 than for NaOH.

.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) In terms of the arrangement of water molecules, explain why this entropy change would be
 12

expected to be more negative for Mg(OH)2 than for NaOH.

.................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Name another entropy change which contributes to the total entropy change accompanying
solution, and explain how it arises.

.................................................................................................................................................

OCR L A Level Salters SAM

9 New Zealand has no oilfields of its own and until recently relied completely on imported oil
to meet its need for liquid fuels. The country does, however, have large reserves of natural
gas (which is largely methane) and, since 1985, much of the petrol needed in New Zealand
has been produced by chemical conversion of methane into liquid, hydrocarbon fuel.

The first stage in this process involves production of methanol from methane using the
reactions in Equations 3.1 and 3.2. Data about these reactions are shown in the table
below.

CH4(g) + H2O(l) CO(g) + 3H2(g) Equation 3.1

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) Equation 3.2

(a) Catalysts play a key role in increasing the rates of Reactions 3.1 and 3.2.

Briefly describe two other ways in which the conditions above are chosen to increase the
rates of Reactions 3.1 and 3.2.

.................................................................................................................................................
 13

(b) The conditions used for Reactions 3.1 and 3.2 are chosen to give optimum yields at
equilibrium from these reactions. For each reaction, explain why the conditions of
temperature and pressure chosen give an optimum yield of products.

.................................................................................................................................................

(c) In the second stage of the process, methanol is converted into a mixture of hydrocarbons
by Reactions 3.3 and 3.4. (In Equation 3.4, the mixture of hydrocarbons (petrol) is
represented by octene, C8H16.) The reactions take place at 600 K in the presence of a
zeolite catalyst.

2CH3OH(g) CH3OCH3(g) + H2O(g) Equation 3.3

4CH3OCH3(g) C8H16(g) + 4H2O(g) Equation 3.4

(i) In the space below, write an expression for Kp for the equilibrium in Equation 3.3 in terms of
the partial pressures of the gases involved.

(ii) Under the conditions used in the industrial process, Reaction 3.3 reaches equilibrium.
Calculate the equilibrium partial pressure of methoxymethane (CH 3OCH3) when the partial
pressure of methanol at equilibrium is 0.142 atm. (Kp = 9.00)
 14

(d) Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicate materials with structures containing a network of
linked channels through which molecules can pass. The channels restrict the size of the
hydrocarbon molecules produced and their passage out of the zeolite.

In the zeolite used as a catalyst for Reactions 3.3 and 3.4, only molecules with up to 12
carbons atoms can be formed and pass through the channels. Despite this, up to 200
hydrocarbon compounds are present in the reaction product. This large number is due to
the fact that, for most hydrocarbons, there are several ways in which the carbon and
hydrogen atoms can be arranged for any given formula.

(i) Give three ways in which the arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms can give rise to
different molecules of the same formula.

.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe another industrial use for zeolites.

.................................................................................................................................................

OCR SAM Salters

10 This question is regarding transition metal chemistry.

(a) What do you understand by the term ligand?

An atom, ion or molecule that has a lone pair of electrons that can form a dative
bond to the metal ion.
.................................................................................................................................................

(b) Choose two neutral molecules and one ion that can act as ligands. Draw a diagram to
show clearly how one of these ligands combines with a metal ion such as Cr3+.

.................................................................................................................................................

(c) The salt tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetra-acetate, EDTA, is a polydentate ligand that

forms six bonds to a metal.
 15

With many metal ions EDTA forms strong complexes that are usually very soluble;
consequently it has been used to counteract the effects of poisoning by heavy metals such
as cadmium. The complexed cadmium can then be excreted in urine.

One disadvantage of its therapeutic use is that it also forms soluble complexes with cations
such as Ca2+ and Zn2+ that occur naturally in the body and which are essential for health.

(i) On the above formula of EDTA, circle six atoms that can form bonds to a metal ion.

(ii) Use the following data to explain how EDTA alleviates cadmium poisoning. Explain
whether calcium or zinc ions might also be complexed at similar concentrations and
suggest how these problems could be overcome.

Ca2+ + edta4-  [Ca(edta)]2- Kc = 5 x 1010dm3mol-1

Cd2+ + edta4-  [Cd(edta)]2- Kc = 4 x 1016dm3mol-1
Zn2+ + edta4-  [Zn(edta)]2- Kc = 3 x 1016dm3mol-1

.................................................................................................................................................

(d) The ‘crown ether’ A and the ‘crown thioether’ B are polydentate ligands that are used to
remove harmful metals from the environment.
 16

(i) Explain Compound

what is meant A complexes
by a polydentate with ions
ligand. of
Compound B complexes well
metals on the left of the Periodic
with ions of metals that are
Polydentate Table, – can andform can morebethan used oneto(dative)
extract bond per molecule of ligand
towards the right of the
radioactive strontium ions from
.................................................................................................................................................
Periodic Table, and can be
groundwater. (Complexes formed by
used to extract nickel, copper
(ii) the ionsofof
What features bothGroup II metals
compound are compound
A and similar B make and them
lead ionssuitable
fromtosolutions
act as ligands?
of
to the complexes formed by transition
industrial waste.
They containmetallone ions.)pairs of electrons on oxygen and sulphur.
.................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest the co-ordination number in, and the shape of, the complex formed between A and
Sr2+ ions.

6, octahedral
.................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Suggest the co-ordination number in, and the shape of, the complex formed between B and
Ni2+ ions.

4, square planar or tetrahedral

.................................................................................................................................................

9701_s04_qp6 Q9, 9701_w06_qp6 Q10

11 This question is about the properties and reactions of the oxides of some elements in their
+4 oxidation state.
(a) Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, is an important industrial chemical, used to bleach wood pulp for
making paper, and to kill bacteria in water supplies. However, it is unstable and
decomposes into its elements as follows.

2ClO2(g)  Cl2(g) + 2O2(g)

(i) The chlorine atom is in the middle of the ClO 2 molecule. Using the chlorine-oxygen bond
energy as 278 kJ mol–1, and other values from the Data Booklet, calculate H for the above
reaction.

ΔH = 4 × 278 – 244 – 2 × 496 = –124 kJ mol–1

(ii) Assuming the Cl–O bonds in chlorine dioxide are double bonds, predict the shape of the
ClO2 molecule. Explain your answer.

shape is bent/V-shaped/non-linear (or diagram)

 17

due to (one) lone pair and/or (1) odd/unpaired electron (or shown on diag)
(assume electrons are on chlorine unless explicitly stated otherwise, in which case
award no mark)

(iii) Cl O2 can be made in the laboratory by reacting KClO3 with concentrated H2SO4. Other
products are K2SO4, KClO4 and H2O.

Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

3KClO3 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + KClO4 + H2O + 2ClO2

.................................................................................................................................................

(b) All the oxides of the elements in Group IV in their +4 oxidation state are high melting point
solids except CO2.

(i) Explain this observation by describing the bonding in CO2, SiO2 and SnO2.

CO2: simple + molecular/covalent or weak intermolecular forces

SiO2: giant/macro + molecular/covalent
SnO2: ionic/electrovalent (ignore “giant”)
.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) State the difference in the thermal stabilities of SnO 2 and PbO2. Illustrate your answer with
an equation.

SnO2 is stable, PbO2 is not or SnO2 is the more stable

PbO2  PbO + ½ O2
.................................................................................................................................................

CO2 dissolves in water to form a weakly acidic solution containing the hydrogencarbonate
ion.

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction of CO2 with water, and write an expression for the
equilibrium constant, Kc.

H2O + CO2 (⇌) H+ + HCO3¯

Kc = [H+][HCO3¯]/[H2O][CO2] or = [H+][HCO3¯]/[CO2]

(iv) Explain the role of the hydrogencarbonate ion in controlling the pH of blood, illustrating your
answer with relevant equations.

HCO3¯ + H+  H2CO3 or H2O + CO2 (or equation with H3O+)

HCO3¯ + OH¯  CO32- + H2O (NB NOT H2CO3 + OH¯ )
.................................................................................................................................................

9701_s08_qp4
12 The following account describes the preparation of Péligot’s salt, named after the 19th
century French chemist who first made it.

Place 6.0 g of potassium dichromate(VI) in a 100 cm 3 beaker and add 8.0 g of concentrated
 18

hydrochloric acid and 1.0 cm3 water. Warm the mixture gently; if carefully done the dichromate(VI)
will dissolve without the evolution of chlorine. On cooling the beaker in an ice bath the solution will
deposit long orange-red crystals of Péligotʼs salt.

An analysis of Péligot’s salt showed that it contained the following percentages by mass:

K, 22.4%; Cr, 29.8%; Cl, 20.3%; O, 27.5%.

(a) Calculate the empirical formula of Péligot’s salt.

(b) Suggest a balanced equation for the formation of Péligot’s salt.

K2Cr2O7 + 2HCl  2KCrClO3 + H2O

.................................................................................................................................................

(c) The instructions suggest that strong heating might cause chlorine to be evolved.

(i) What type of reaction would produce chlorine in this system?

oxidation
.................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use the Data Booklet to identify relevant half equations and E values for the production of
chlorine from the reaction between K2Cr2O7 and HCl.

.................................................................................................................................................

Use these equations to write the overall full ionic equation for this reaction.

.................................................................................................................................................

(iii) The use of dilute HCl (aq) does not result in the production of chlorine. Suggest why this is
so.

(dilution will) lower Eo for Cr2O72–/Cr3+ or raise Eo for Cl2/Cl–

or lower [Cl–] or [H+] will shift equilibrium in eqn to the left hand side
.................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Use the Data Booklet to suggest a reason why it is not possible to prepare the bromine
analogue of Péligot’s salt by using HBr(aq) instead of HCl (aq).

Br2/Br– = +1.07 V, so Cr(VI) would oxidise Br– (easily)

 19

.................................................................................................................................................

9701_w07_qp4 Q3
End of Paper