Contents

Preface xi

Nomenclature xii

1 Introduction to the Best Workover and Completion Practices 1

1-1 Purpose of this Technical Information 1

1-2 Hole Preparation 1
1-2.1 Preliminary Checks 1
1-2.2 Well Clean Up Procedures 2
1-2.3 BOP Stack Configuration and Testing 2
1-2.4 Well Control 2
1-2.5 Oil Base Mud Displacement 2
1-2.6 Displacement Objectives 3
1-2.7 Logistical Considerations 3
1-2.8 Drilling Fluid Preparation 3
1-2.9 Surface Equipment Preparation 4
1-2.10 Well Clean Up, Pill Sequence 4
1-2.11 Pill Functions 5
1-2.12 Pit Requirements 5
1-2.13 Pumping Sequence 5
1-2.14 Displacement of Water Base Muds 5
1-2.15 Drilling Fluid Preparation 6
1-2.16 Well Clean Up Pill Sequence 6
1-2.17 Pill Functions 6
1-2.18 Pit Requirements 6
1-2.19 Pumping Sequence 7

2 Completion and Workover Fluids 8

2-1 Introduction 8
2-2 Completion and Workover Fluid Quality 8
2-2.1 Filtration Systems 8
2-2.2 Fluid Cleanliness 8
2-2.3 Lost Circulation 9
2-2.4 Viscous Pills 9
2-2.5 Sized Salt Pills 9
2-2.6 Calcium Carbonate Pills 10
2-3 Casing Gauge Control 10

3 Perforating Procedures 11

3-1 Introduction 11
3-1.1 Electrical Activation 11
3-1.2 Methods of Perforating 12
3-1.3 General Safety Procedures 12
3-2 Wireline Conveyed Perforating 13
3-2.1 Casing Guns Run In Overbalance 13
3-2.2 Perforating Procedures For Through Tubing Conveyed Guns 14
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3-2.3 Safe System 15
3-3 TCP Procedures 16
3-3.1 Well Preparation for TCP Operations 17
3-3.2 Ancillary TCP Equipment 17
3-3.3 Firing Systems for TCP Operations 18
3-3.4 General TCP Safety Precautions and Running Procedures 19
3-3.5 Firing Procedure for Tubing Installed Pressure Activated Head 20
3-3.6 Firing Procedure for Wireline Installed Pressure Activated Head 21
3-3.7 Firing Procedure for Mechanical Impact Activated Head 21
3-3.8 Firing Procedure for Electrically Activated TCP Guns 21
3-3.9 Procedure for TCP Anchor Running 22
3-3.10 TCP Anchor Firing Head Installation 23
3-4 Coiled Tubing Gun Deployment 26
3-4.1 Introduction 26
3-4.2 System functions 26
3-4.3 Gun Deployment 27
3-4.4 Job preparation 27
3-4.5 Running in Hole (General procedure) 27
3-4.6 Firing Systems for Coiled Tubing Gun Deployment 30
3-4.7 Pulling out of hole procedure 28
3-4.8 Misfire procedures 31
3-4.9 Coiled Tubing Perforating 33

4 Gravel Packing Procedures 34

4-1 Introduction 34
4-1.1 Gravel Placement Objectives 34
4-1.2 Screen Size 34
4-1.3 Gravel Calculations 34
4-1.4 Sand Volume Required 34
4-1.5 Carrier Fluid Volume 35
4-1.6 Well preparation for Case Hole G. P. 36
4-1.7 Open Hole G. P. Procedure 36
4-1.8 Case Hole G. P. Procedure 38

5 Packer Installation 43

5-1 Introduction 43
5-1.1 Hole Preparation 43
5-1.2 Wireline Packer Setting Procedure 43
5-1.3 Completion String Running Procedure 45

6 Completion Installation 47

6-1 Introduction 47
6-1.1 Carbon Steel and Plastic Coated Tubing 47
6-1.2 Chrome Tubular 47
6-1.3 Transportation 47
6-1.4 Transport From The Mill 47
6-1.5 Road Transport 48
6-1.6 Marine Transport 48
6-1.7 Handling at Well Site 48
6-1.8 Thread Compounds 49
6-1.9 Running Chrome Tubular 50
6-1.10 Retrieving Chrome Tubular 51
6-2 Equipment Pre-Installation Procedures 51
6-2.1 Material Requisition Lists 51
6-2.2 Completion Sub Assemblies 52
6-2.3 Tubing Hanger 52
6-2.4 Landing Joint 52
6-2.5 Control Line 53
6-2.6 Xmas Tree 53
6-2.7 Flow line 53
6-3 Completion Sub-Assemblies 53
6-3.1 Workshop Make-Up and Test Procedures 53
6-4 Completion Running Procedures 55
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6-4.1 Recommendations 55
6-4.2 Running Procedure 56
6-5 Christmas Tree 59
6-5.1 Introduction 59
6-5.2 Christmas tree components 59
6-5.3 X Mas Tree Configuration 60
6-5.4 Gate Valve 61
6-5.5 Surface Safety Valve (Actuator) 64
6-5.6 Choke 66
6-5.7 Christmas Tree Installation 68
6-5.8 Post Completion Test Procedures 69

7 Gas lift Installation 71

7-.1 Introduction 71
7-1.1 Mandrel Installation 71
7-1.2 SPM Installation Procedure 71
7-1.3 Gas Lift Valve Installation Procedure 72
7-1.4 Unloading Procedure 73

8 Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) 74

8-1 Introduction 74
8-1.1 Handling 74
8-1.2 Installation 74
8-1.3 Well Preparation 79
8-1.4 Pulling Procedure 80

9 Rod Pumps 84

9-1 Introduction 84
9-1.1 Completion Installation 84
9-1.2 Tubing String Installation 84
9-1.3 Rod Installation 85

10 Hydraulic Pumps 87

10-1 Introduction 87
10-2 Jet Pump 87
10-3 Turbine Pump 91
10-4 Piston Pump 91

11 Subsea Completions 92

11-1 Introduction 92
11-1.1 Subsea Equipment Pre-Deployment Testing 92
11-1.2 DHPTT and sensor readings 99
11-1.3 Deployment Procedures 105
11-1.4 Workover and Production Controls System Pre-Deployment Testing 107
11-1.5 Production Controls Equipment 108
11-1.6 WOCS Pre-Deployment Testing 110
11-1.7 Production Controls Pre-Deployment Testing 112
11-1.8 Pressure Test Tree Valves 117
11-1.9 Running the Subsea Xmas Tree 120
11-1.10 Unplugging The Well 121
11-1.11 Perforating and Well Clean-Up 121
11-1.12 Pulling the LRP 122
11-1.13 Disconnect The LRP and Tree Running Tool 122
11-1.14 Deployment of the Tree Cap 122
11-1.15 Deployment after Commissioning Activities 123
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12 Well Unloading 124

12-1 Introduction 124

12-1.1 Unloading by Circulation 124
12-1.2 Unloading by Bullheading 125
12-1.3 Unloading by C. T. 126

13 Well Unloading by C. T. 127

13-1 Introduction 127

13-1.1 Safety Considerations 127
13-1.2 Tubing 128
13-1.3 Risers and BOP’s 128
13-1.4 H2S Considerations 129
13-1.5 Permit Requirements 129
13-1.6 Rig Up Procedures 129
13-2 Running Procedures 133
13-3 Operating Procedures 134
13-3.1 Gas Lifting 134
13-3.2 Well Treatment 135
13-3.3 Sand Cleanout 137

14 Nitrogen Procedures 139

14-1 Introduction 139

14-1.1 Preparation 139
14-1.2 Safety Considerations 139
14-1.3 Nitrogen Handling 140
14-2 Rig-up Procedures 141
14-2.1 Equipment Preparation and Siting 141
14-2.2 Equipment Rig-up 141
14-2.3 Pressure Testing 142
14-2.4 Treating Lines 142
14-2.5 Rigging Down 142
14-2.6 Nitrogen Treatment Procedures 142
14-2.7 Nitrogen Technical Information 144
14-2.8 Emergency Procedures (During Nitrogen Operations) 144

15 Formation Damage and Intervention Procedures 147

15-1 Introduction 147

15-2 Main Causes of Formation Damage 147
15-2.1 Damage Associated with Foreign Fluid Filtrate 147
15-2.2 Scale Deposition 148
15-2.3 Causes of Scale Deposition 149
15-2.4 Asphaltene Plugging 151
15-3 Diagnosis of Formation Damage 151
15-4 Formation Damage Reduction 151
15-4.1 Use of Surfactants for Well Treatments 151
15-4.2 Prevention of Plugging Associated with Solids 155
15-4.3 Scale Removal and Prevention 155
15-4.4 Acid Stimulation 156
15-5 Stimulation Procedures 170
15-5.1 Safety Considerations 170
15-5.2 Chemical Handling 171
15-5.3 Pressure 171
15-5.4 Permit Requirements 172
15-5.5 Rig up Procedures 172
15-6 Treatment Procedures 174
15-6.1 Matrix Acidizing 174
15-6.2 Fracture Acidizing 174
15-6.3 Acid Wash 175
15-6.4 Scale Dissolver 175
15-6.5 Bullhead 175
15-6.6 Coiled Tubing 175
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15-6.7 Asphaltene and Wax/Dissolvers 175

16 Snubbing (Completion/WO Unit) 176

16-1 Introduction 176

16-1.1 Pulling Unit 176
16-1.2 Workover Preparation 177
16-1.3 Safety Considerations 178
16-1.4 Permit Requirements 178
16-2 Permit Requirements 179
16-2.1 Equipment Preparation 186
16-2.2 Snubbing Unit Rig-Up 186
16-3 Operational Considerations for a Live Well 187
16-3.1 Introducing a working string inside the Xmas Tree 188
16-3.2 Pulling a Working String out of Xmas Tree 188
16-3.3 Emergency shut down (ESD) 189
16-3.4 Operations in gas wells 189
16-3.5 H2S Considerations 189
16-4 Pulling the Completion String out of Hole 189
16-4.1 Snubbing Unit Operation 190
16-4.2 Pullig Unit Operation 191

17 Workover Operation 192

17-1 Introduction 192

17-1.1 Condition Requiring a Workover 192
17-1.2 Workover Planning 193
17-1.3 Types of possible Workovers 193
17-1.4 Well Analysis 195
17-2 Well Operations Program Preparation 197
17-2.1 Well Killing 197
17-2.2 Killing Fluid Selection 197
17-2.3 Well Killing Procedures 198
17-2.4 Christmas Tree Removal (X-mas tree) 201
17-2.5 Completion Pull Out 202
17-2.6 Single Completion with Retrievable Packer 202
17-2.7 Single Completion with Permanent Packer 203
17-2.8 Dual Completion 203
17-2.9 Partialization 204
17-2.10 Level Change 205
17-3 Remedial Job Tools and Techniques 205
17-3.1 Trough Tubing Bridge Plug 205
17-3.2 Sand Plug 206
17-3.3 Casing Patch 206
17-3.4 Cement Squeeze 206
17-3.5 Fishing and Milling 206
17-3.6 Fishing 207
17-3.7 Milling 215

18 Well Test Procedures 217

18-1 Introduction 217

18-2 Objectives 217
18-3 Drilling Installations 218
18-4 Types of Production Test 218
18-4.1 Drawdown 218
18-4.2 Multi-Rate Drawdown 218
18-4.3 Build Up 218
18-4.4 Deliverability 219
18-4.5 Flow on Flow 219
18-4.6 Isochronal 219
18-4.7 Reservoir Limit 219
18-4.8 Interference 220
18-4.9 Injectivity 220
18-5 General Roles and Responsibilities 220
18-5.1 Responsibilities and Duties 220
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18-5.2 Responsibilities and Duties on Short Duration Tests 223
18-6 Well Testing Programme 223
18-6.1 Contents 224
18-7 Safety Barriers 224
18-7.1 Well Test Fluid 224
18-7.2 Mechanical Barriers (annulus side) 225
18-7.3 Mechanical Barriers (production side) 228
18-8 Test String Equipment 229
18-9 Common Test Tools Description 234
18-9.1 Beveled Mule Shoe 234
18-9.2 Perforated Joint/Ported Sub 234
18-9.3 Gauge Case (Bundle Carrier) 234
18-9.4 Pipe Tester Valve 234
18-9.5 Retrievable Test Packer 234
18-9.6 Circulating Valve (Bypass Valve) 234
18-9.7 Safety Joint 234
18-9.8 Hydraulic Jar 234
18-9.9 Downhole Tester Valve 235
18-9.10 Single Operation Reversing Sub 235
18-9.11 Multiple Operation Circulating Valve 235
18-9.12 Drill Collar 235
18-9.13 Slip Joint 235
18-9.14 Crossovers 235
18-10 High Pressure Wells 235
18-11 Sub-Sea Test Tools used on Semi-Submersibles 235
18-11.1 Fluted Hanger 236
18-11.2 Slick Joint (Polished Joint) 236
18-11.3 Sub-Sea Test Tree 236
18-11.4 Lubricator Valve 236
18-12 Deep Sea Tools 236
18-12.1 Retainer Valve 236
18-12.2 Deep Water Sub Sea Test Tree 236
18-13 Surface Equipment 237
18-13.1 Test Package 237
18-14 Emergency Shut Down System 242
18-15 Auxiliary Equipment 242
18-15.1 Chemical Injection Pump 242
18-15.2 Sand Detectors 242
18-15.3 Crossovers 242
18-16 Rig Equipment 243
18-17 Data Gathering Instrumentation 243
18-17.1 Offshore Laboratory and Instrument Manifold Equipment 243
18-18 BHP Data Acquisition 244
18-18.1 Quartz Crystal Gauge 244
18-18.2 Capacitance Gauge 245
18-18.3 Strain Gauge 245
18-18.4 Bourdon Tube Gauge 245
18-18.5 Gauge Installation 245
18-18.6 Tubing Conveyed Gauges 245
18-18.7 Gauge Carriers 245
18-18.8 SRO Combination Gauges 246
18-18.9 Wireline Conveyed Gauges 246
18-18.10 Memory Gauges Run on Slickline 246
18-18.11 Electronic Gauges Run on Electric Line 246
18-19 Perforating Systems 246
18-19.1 Tubing Conveyed Perforating 247
18-19.2 Wireline Conveyed Perforating 247
18-19.3 Procedures for Perforating 247
18-20 Preparing the Well for Testing 248
18-20.1 Guidelines for Testing 7 in Liner Lap 248
18-20.2 Guidelines For Testing 9 5/8” Liner Lap 249
18-20.3 General Technical Preparations 249
18-21 Brine Preparation 249
18-21.1 Onshore Brine Preparation 249
18-21.2 Transportation and Transfer of Fluids 249
18-21.3 Recommendations 249
18-21.4 Rig Site Preparations 250
18-21.5 Well and Surface System Displacement To Brine 252
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18-21.6 Displacement Procedure 252
18-21.7 Filtration and Maintenance of Brine (On-Location) 252
18-22 Downhole Equipment Preparation 253
18-22.1 Test Tools 253
18-23 Tubing Preparation 254
18-23.1 Tubing Connections 254
18-23.2 Tubing Grade 255
18-23.3 Material 255
18-23.4 Weight 255
18-23.5 Drift 255
18-23.6 Capacity 255
18-23.7 Displacement 255
18-23.8 Torque 255
18-23.9 Inspection 255
18-23.10 After Testing/Prior to Re-Use 256
18-23.11 Tubing Movement 256
18-24 Landing String & Space-Out 256
18-24.1 Landing String and Space-Out Procedure 259
18-25 General Well Test Preparation 259
18-25.1 Crew Arrival on Location 259
18-25.2 Inventory of Equipment Onsite 259
18-25.3 Preliminary Inspections 260
18-26 Pre Test Equipment Checks 261
18-27 Pressure Testing Equipment 262
18-27.1 Surface Test Tree 263
18-28 Test String Installation 265
18-28.1 General Recommendations 265
18-28.2 Tubing Handling 265
18-28.3 Running and Pulling 266
18-28.4 Packer and Test String Running Procedure 267
18-29 Well Test Procedures 270
18-29.1 Annulus Control and Pressure Monitoring 270
18-29.2 Test Execution 270
18-29.3 Well Test Data Requirements 271
18-29.4 Metering Requirements 272
18-29.5 Data Reporting 273
18-29.6 Pre-Test Preparation 273
18-29.7 Data Reporting During the Test 274
18-29.8 Communications 274
18-30 Sampling 275
18-30.1 Conditioning the Well 275
18-30.2 Down Hole Sampling 275
18-30.3 Surface Sampling 275
18-30.4 Sample Quantities 277
18-30.5 Sampling Points 277
18-30.6 Sampling Points 277
18-30.7 Surface Oil sample Sampling 278
18-30.8 Sample Transfer and Handling 279
18-30.9 Safety 281
18-30.10 Bottom-hole Sampling Preparations 281
18-30.11 Rigging Up Samplers to Wireline 281
18-30.12 Rigging Down Samplers from Wireline 281
18-30.13 Bottomhole Sample Transfer and Validations 281
18-30.14 Separator/Wellhead Sampling 281
18-30.15 Sample Storage 282
18-31 Wireline Operations 282
18-31.1 Hydrate Prevention 283
18-31.2 Nitrogen Operations 283
18-31.3 Offshore Coiled Tubing Operations 283
18-31.4 Well Killing 284
18-32 Handling of Heavy Water Brine 287

19 Slick Line Operations 288

19-1 Introduction 288

19-2 Tool String Selection 288
19-2.1 Assembly Selection 289
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19-3 Surface Equipment Selection 293
19-3.1 Lifting Equipment 294
19-3.2 Adapter Flange 295
19-3.3 BOPs 296
19-3.4 Lubricator Riser 297
19-3.5 Stuffing Box 298
19-3.6 Injection Nipple 299
19-3.7 Safety Union 300
19-3.8 Swab Valve 301
19-4 Wire Selection 301
19-4.1 Wire Diameters 301
19-4.2 Materials 302
19-4.3 Associated Equipment 302
19-4.4 Other Sheaves 303
19-4.5 Coated Wire 303
19-5 Slick Line Unit Selection 303
19-5.1 Heavy Duty Land Truck 303
19-5.2 Light Duty Land Truck 305
19-5.3 Heavy Duty Offshore Skid 306
19-5.4 Light Duty Offshore Skid 308
19-6 Documentation 309
19-6.1 Preliminary Information 309
19-6.2 Wellsite Reports 310
19-7 S/L Rig up/down Operations 310
19-7.1 Toolstring Weight Determination 310
19-7.2 Rig Operations 311
19-7.3 Rigless Operations 327
19-8 General Slick Line Procedures 341
19-8.1 Summary of General Operation 341
19-8.2 Tubing Gauging 341
19-8.3 Pressure and Temperature Gradient Survey 345
19-8.4 Bailing 347
19-8.5 Tubing Perforating 357
19-8.6 Sub Surface Controlled Safety Valve Operation 365
19-8.7 Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve Operation 371
19-8.8 Plugs 379
19-8.9 Sliding Sleeve Operation 388
19-8.10 Packer Setting 400
19-8.11 Scratching 410
19-8.12 Impression Block Taking 413
19-8.13 Hydrate Removal 416
19-9 Specific Flow Control Procedures 419
19-9.1 Otis “W” Lock mandrel 419
19-9.2 Otis “D” Collar Lock Mandrel 421
19-9.3 Otis Type “X” & “XN” Lock Mandrel 424
19-9.4 Otis Type “R” & “RN” Lock Mandrel 429
19-9.5 OTIS “X” &”R” Plug Chokes 434
19-9.6 Baker “W” & “Z” Lock Mandrels 436
19-9.7 Camco Lock Mandrels 438
19-9.8 Baker Type “B” & “B1” Lock Mandrel 441
19-9.9 Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve 442
19-10 Slick Line Problems 443
19-10.1 Wire Breaks 443
19-10.2 Slick Line Toolstring Sticking 446
19-10.3 Tool String Problems 448
19-10.4 Fishing 449
19-10.5 Slick Line Fishing Procedures 453
19-10.6 Lost Tool Fishing Procedure 469
19-10.7 Wire Recovery 474
19-10.8 Tool Recovery 476
19-10.9 Fishing For Known/Unidentified Objects 476
19-11 Toolstring Weight for Flowing Wells 476
19-11.1 Piston Effect 477
19-11.2 Force on Tool String Section 482
19-11.3 Force due to Friction of the Tool String at Surface 484
19-12 Slick Line Testing 489
19-12.1 Torsin Test 489
19-12.2 Eddy Current NDT 493
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19-13 Wireline Angle and Stretch Correction Factors 493
19-13.1 Line Stretch Calculations on Weight Indicator 493
19-13.2 Calculation of Line Stretch 496
19-14 Wireline Equipment – NDT Procedures 496
19-14.1 Surface Equipment Test Schedules 497
19-14.2 Equipment NDT Procedures 498
19-14.3 Field Tests 500
19-14.4 Inspection of Slick Line & Cable 501
19-15 Safety 501
19-15.1 Policy 501
19-15.2 Safety Audit 501
19-15.3 Risk Assessment 501
19-15.4 Safety Training 501
19-15.5 Personnel Safety Equipment 502
19-15.6 Slick line Unit safety Equipment 502
19-15.7 Operational Safety 502
19-15.8 Site Safety 503
19-15.9 H2S Procedures 503
19-15.10 Corrosive & hazardous Substances 505
19-15.11 Safety Incidents Reports 505

20 HSE Topics

20-1 Introduction 506

20-2 General Matters 506
20-2.1 Medical 506
20-2.2 Communications 507
20-2.3 Personal Protective Equipment 508
20-2.4 Clothing 508
20-2.5 Respiratory protection 509
20-2.6 Hydrogen Sulfide Safety 513
20-2.7 Housekeeping 520
20-2.8 Rig camps: Kitchens and Accommodations 520
20-2.9 Fire Extinguishing Equipment 521
20-2.10 Truck Loading and Unloading 522
20-2.11 Fuel Tanks 523
20-2.12 Bulk Storage Tanks 523
20-2.13 Control of Static Electricity 524
20-2.14 Handling and Storage of Compressed Gas Cylinders 524
20-2.15 Electrical Wiring and Equipment 524
20-2.16 Illumination 525
20-2.17 Tools Hand and Power 525
20-2.18 Abrasive Wheel Machinery 526
20-2.19 Welding and Cutting 527
20-2.20 Air Compressors 529
20-2.21 Hot Work 529
20-2.22 Lockouts, Tagging and Work Permits 530
20-2.23 Confined Spaces 530
20-2.24 Use of Potentially Hazardous Chemicals 531
20-3 Rig Equipment and Procedures 532
20-3.1 Spudding in 532
20-3.2 Derricks and Masts 532
20-3.3 Anchoring-Alterations 533
20-3.4 Crown Blocks 533
20-3.5 Traveling Blocks 533
20-3.6 Auxiliary Escape 533
20-3.7 Guards 534
20-3.8 Derrick exits, Ladders, Stairways, Floors and Platforms 534
20-3.9 Pipe Racks 536
20-3.10 Pipe Handling 536
20-3.11 Drawworks Controls 537
20-3.12 Brakes 538
20-3.13 Rotary Table 538
20-3.14 Cathead Lines and Spinning Chains 538
20-3.15 Hoisting and Rotary Operations 538
20-3.16 Slips 539
20-3.17 Hoisting Lines 539
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20-3.18 Riding Hoisting Equipment 540
20-3.19 Elevators 541
20-3.20 Manual Tongs 541
20-3.21 Tong Counterweights 542
20-3.22 Making up and Breaking Joints 542
20-3.23 Mud Bucket or Saver 542
20-3.24 Power Tongs 543
20-3.25 Racking Pipe in Derricks 543
20-3.26 Finger Boards 543
20-3.27 Stabbing Platforms and Boards 543
20-3.28 Safety Belts and Harnesses 544
20-3.29 Blowout Preventers 545
20-3.30 Safety Valves 546
20-3.31 Weight Indicators 546
20-3.32 Test Plugs 546
20-3.33 Rig Tanks or Pit Enclosures 546
20-3.34 Pressure Relief Devices, Rig Mud Pumps, Piping & Hoses 547
20-3.35 Cellars 547
20-4 Special Operations 548
20-4.1 Crane Operations 548
20-4.2 Rigging, Material Handling & Slings 549
20-4.3 Drill Stem Testing 550
20-4.4 Swabbing 551
20-4.5 Cementing 551
20-4.6 Well Servicing and Well Stimulation 551
20-4.7 Stripping and Snubbing 552
20-4.8 Flare Pits and Flare Lines 552
20-5 Offshore 553
20-5.1 Off Shore Operations 553
20-5.2 Life Saving Equipment--Offshore Rigs 554
20-5.3 Heliports and Helicopter Operations 556
20-5.4 Personnel Transfer: Boat and Rig 558