Jaydeep Patil et al.

Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 168-171 Indian Journal of Nematology December, 2013

Management of Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cowpea

by using Bio-agents and Plant Extracts
JAYDEEP PATIL, M.K. SHARMA, S. BHARGAVA AND A.S. SRIVASTAVA

Department of Nematology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur-313001, India

Corresponding authors, E-mail: jaydeeppatil9999@gmail.com

Received on 18-07-2013 and Accepted on 10-12-2013

ABSTRACT: A pot experiment was carried out under cage house condition for management of R. reniformis infecting Cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata L.) by using bio-agents T. viride, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens (@ 2 g/kg soil) as soil application and
plant extracts viz., Lantana (Lantana camara), Aak (Calotropis gigantea) and Ashwaganthan (Withania somnifera) as seed soaking
treatment along with chemical (carbofuran 3G @ 1kg a.i/ha) and untreated control. The experiment was laid out in completely
randomized design block (CRD). Stastical analysis showed that combined effect of T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil as soil application and
30 per cent concentration of Lantana (L. camara) as seed soaking proved better over other treatments in enhancing growth parameters
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of cowpea and minimizing infection of R. reniformis.

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Key words: Rotylenchulus reniformis, Vigna unguiculata, bio-agents, soil application, plant extracts, carbofuran
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is one of the
important kharif pulse crop grown in India. It is a warm
season crop, well adapted humid tropics and subtropical
zones. Cowpea is tolerant to heat and dry conditions, but
is intolerant to frost. Cowpea occupying the important
place in pulse crops mainly grown in Sikar, Jhunjhunu,
Nagaur, Ajmer, Churu, Pali, Sirohi, Dausa, Bhilwara and
Udaipur districts of Rajasthan and cultivated in 1.22 lakh
ha with production of 64.36 thousand tonnes and average
productivity being 529 kg/ha during 2010-11 (Anon,
2011).
The reniform nematode attacks over 140 species of
more than 115 plant genera in 46 families (Jatala, 1991).
It has been reported to cause 14.9, 8.1, 6.0, 13.2 and 8.7
per cent loss in yield of cotton, maize, finger millet,
cowpea, and black gram respectively (Jonathan, 2010)
and also cause losses in okra, tomato, lettuce, pointed
guard and brinjal (Palaniswamy & Balasubramaniam,
1981).
To manage the nematode, chemicals proved effective
but due to their hazardous effects and non judicious use
have enhanced the development of biological control
strategies for integrated management of plant parasitic
nematodes with various types of antagonistic organisms
(Jatala, 1986).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were carried out to test the
effectiveness of different bio-agents and plant extracts
on reniform nematode. Pot experiments were conducted
during kharif season at Department of Nematology,
Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, at 579.5 m
above the MSL, soil is clay to clay loam, the average soil
pH being 8.2 and minimum and maximum temperature
ranges between 20 to 22 o C. Treatments namely,
Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens (@
2 g/kg soil) as soil application treatment Aak (C.
gigantea), and Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera), Lantana
(L. camara) as seed soaking treatment along with
chemical (carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i/ha) and untreated
control (Table 1). The experiment was conducted in
completely randomized block design having four
replication in earthen clay pots of 6 inches size filled with
reniform nematode infested soil carried from the pure
culture field. Earthen pots were washed, cleaned and

168

disinfected before use, by rinsing them through four
percent formalin solution. Talc-based formulation T.
viride, T. harzianum and P. fluorescens (@ 2g kg soil)
added to soil and seed soaking with plant extracts at 30%
conc. of each plant i.e. Lantana (L. camara), Aak (C.
gigantea) and Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera). T. viride
Talc formulation 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan (W.
somnifera) 30%, T. viride Talc-formulation 2 g/kg soil
+ Lantana (L. camara) 30%, T. viride Talc-formulation
2 g/kg soil + Aak (C. gigantea) 30%, T. harzianum Talc
formulation 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera)
30%, T. harzianum Talc formulation 2g/kg soil + Lantana
(L. camara) 30%, T. harzianum Talc formulation 2 g/
kg soil + Aak (C. gigantea) 30%, P. fluorescens Talc
formulation 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera)
30%, P. fluorescens Talc formulation 2 g/kg soil +
Lantana (L. camara) 30%, P. fluorescens Talc
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formulation 2 g/kg soil + Aak (C. gigantea) 30%, as seed
soaking treatment of cowpea seeds were sown in each
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pot. Each treatment was replicated four times. Three
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seeds were sowing in each pot. Untreated and chemical
check (carbofuran 3G 1 kg a.i. / ha.) was also maintained
for comparison. After 10 days of germination one
healthy plant in each pot was maintained and others were
uprooted carefully. The pots were watered regularly as
and when required. Untreated and chemical check
(carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i. / ha) was also maintained for
comparison. Plants were harvested after 45 days of
sowing.
Observations on shoot length shoot weight, root
length and root weight were recorded at harvest. Then
the root were washed carefully in tap water and stained
with 0.1 per cent acid fuchsin and after wash kept in
clear lacto phenol for 24 hrs. Thereafter, the roots were
examined thoroughly under a stereoscopic binocular
microscope for counting number of female /plant, number
of egg mass /plant, number of eggs and larvae /egg mass.
After removing the plant from the pot, soil was thoroughly
mixed and 200cc soil from each pot were taken and
processed by Cobb´s sieving and decanting technique
Cobb, (1981) followed by Baermann´s funnel technique
for estimation of nematode population in soil. (Christie &
Perry, 1951) for estimation of nematode population in
soil. The data were subjected to statistical analysis.
169
Management of reniform nematode on cowpea
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
An experiment was conducted to study the combined
effect of bio-agents and plant extracts as soil application
and seed soaking treatment on both plant growth
characters and reproduction of R. reniformis on cowpea.
For this purpose one most effective dose i.e. 2.0g/ kg soil
of all the three bio-agents viz., T. viride, T. harzianum
and P. fluorescens and 30 per cent concentration of
extracts of lantana (L. camara), aak (C. gigantea) and
ashwagandha (W. somnifera) were taken as soil
application and seed soaking treatment respectively and
their various combinations were tested against reniform
nematode on cowpea. Observation on plant growth
characters and reproduction of R. reniformis on cowpea
are presented in Table-1.
Results indicated that application of bio-agents and
plant extracts significantly enhanced the growth
parameters of plant and reduce the reproduction of
nematode on cowpea over untreated check (nematode
alone). Further it is also reported that combination of
fungal bio-agents and plant extracts significantly reduced
nematode reproduction over untreated control. The
combination of T. harzianum @ 2g/ kg soil and Lantana
leaves extract at 30 per cent concentration was found
most effective treatment as compared to other
combinations like T. harzianum @ 2g/ kg soil and aak
(C. gigantea) leaves extract at 30 per cent concentration
and T. harzianum @ 2g/ kg soil and ashwaganthan (W.
somnifera) leaves extract at 30 per cent concentration.
However, maximum reduction in nematode population
was recorded with the application of carbofuran @ 1.0
kg a.i./ha.
These findings are in agreement with the work
Goswami and Satyendra singh (2004) the fungal agents
Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus niger, Paecilomyces
lilacinus and Trichoderma viride, alone or in combination
and their culture filtrates were tested for larvicidal and
ovicidal action against M. incognita. Kumar et al.
(2011) reported that application of bio-agents and
botanicals reduced the nematode population and increased
the plant growth. Organic cakes and bio-agents were
found to suppress the nematode population and enhance
plant growth (Kumar et al., 2010; Joshi et al., 2012;
Meena et al., 2013).
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Table 1. Effect of bio-agents and plant extracts in various combinations against reniform nematode, R. reniformis infecting cowpea. (Average of four
replication)

Treatments Plant Growth Characters Nematode Reproduction Rf

T Shoot Root Shoot Root No. of No. of No. of Larval Total FNP
Jaydeep Patil et al.

length length weight weight females egg masses eggs and population nematode INP
(cm) (cm) (g) (g) plant plant larvae in 200 cc population
egg mass soil
Trichoderma viride @ 2 g/kg soil T1 38.6 20.7 17.3 3.0 13.7 12.2 128.0 262.0 2239 0.74
Trichoderma harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil T2 39.3 22.7 18.7 4.0 13.0 11.0 124.0 260.0 2030 0.67
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil T3 36.8 19.6 15.3 3.3 14.2 13.0 130.0 264.0 2370 0.79
Ashwaganthan leaves (Withania somnifera) T4 31.4 16.0 13.3 2.7 19.0 15.0 140.0 268.5 2790. 0.93
at 30% conc.
Lantana leaves (Lantana camara) at 30% conc. T5 35.7 19.8 16.2 3.2 15.0 13.7 132.0 266.0 2499 0.83
Aak leaves (Calotropis gigantea) at 30% conc. T6 33.7 17.9 14.4 2.8 17.0 15.0 136.0 272.0 2737 0.91
T. viride @ 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan leaves T7 40.8 23.4 19.6 3.1 10.0 7.0 116.0 248.0 1438 0.47
at 30% conc.
T. viride @ 2 g/kg soil + Lantana leaves T8 45.9 29.2 24.3 4.2 8.7 5.0 110.0 240.0 1156 0.38

170
at 30% conc.
T. viride @ 2 g/kg soil + Aak leaves at 30% conc. T9 42.9 26.2 22.2 3.3 9.0 6.0 112.0 244.0 1296 0.43
T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan T 10 40.6 24.7 20.3 3.1 7.7 4.5 108.0 238.0 1088 0.36
leaves at 30% conc.
T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil + Lantana leaves T 11 46.1 30.6 25.6 4.6 5.0 3.7 98.0 224.0 937 0.31
at 30% conc.
T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil + Aak leaves T 12 42.9 27.4 22.5 3.9 6.2 4.2 102.0 230.0 1024 0.34
at 30% conc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil + T 13 39.7 23.1 19.1 3.1 12.0 10.0 122.0 258.0 1873 0.62
Ashwaganthan leaves at 30% conc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil + T 14 44.6 28.4 23.6 4.0 10.7 8.0 118.0 252.0 1590 0.53
Lantana leaves at 30% conc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil + Aak T 15 41.2 25.0 21.6 3.4 11.0 9.0 120.0 256.0 1734 0.57
leaves at 30% conc.
Chemical check (Carbofuran 3G @ 1kg a.i. /ha) T 16 47.3 32.4 27.0 4.9 2.7 1.2 18.0 46.0 141 0.04
Untreated check T 17 28.3 15.0 11.4 2.0 44.0 28.0 168.0 714.0 6537 2.17
CD (P=0.05) 2.59 2.23 2.10 0.91 4.56 3.81 7.94 6.41 500.5
Note: Initial inoculums level: 3 larvae /g soil.

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