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BASICS OF LAVA-LAMP CONVECTION PHYSICAL REVIEW E 80, 046307 共2009兲
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BALÁZS GYÜRE AND IMRE M. JÁNOSI PHYSICAL REVIEW E 80, 046307 共2009兲
FIG. 5. 共Color online兲 Temperature records determined with a FIG. 7. 共Color online兲 Reversible switch of oscillatory convec-
temporal resolution of 5 s with the sensors depicted in Fig. 1: Tc at tion by a slight tuning of the bottom control temperature. ra = 1.12,
the top and Tw at the bottom. Labels A–F identify the time moments rV = 0.22, and rT = 0.055.
when the snapshots in Fig. 4 were taken.
precise chemical composition is not entirely fixed. 共Fractions
pect ratio does not improve the picture partly because most of different polymer chain lengths have different densities,
of the experiments were performed in setups ra 苸 关1.0; 1.3兴.兲 which can contribute to the permanent oil layers both at the
The overlap of the different symbols demonstrates that the top and the bottom visible in Fig. 4.兲 On the other hand,
external parameters alone cannot guarantee a robust lava- when lava-lamp convection sets in at appropriate parameters
lamp convection. Most probably microscopic details are cru- 共heavy circles in Fig. 6兲, it remains stable and reversible.
cial such as contaminations in the fluids and on the surfaces
which are very difficult to control. Note also that the silicone
fluid itself represents an element of uncertainty because its C. Properties of the thermal oscillations
The reversible nature of the lava-lamp convection is dem-
(a) onstrated in Fig. 7. A moderate decrease 共⬃0.5 ° C兲 of the
bottom control temperature resulted in a break off for blob-
exchange processes; however, the return switched on the
1 original mode again. This reversibility is not restricted to
slight temperature changes; a setup tuned into the lava-lamp
regime remains stable and reproduces all aspects of convec-
rV
0.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Boil
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BASICS OF LAVA-LAMP CONVECTION PHYSICAL REVIEW E 80, 046307 共2009兲
0.015
tp
0.010
0.005
0.000
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100
rT
0.025
(b)
0.020
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BALÁZS GYÜRE AND IMRE M. JÁNOSI PHYSICAL REVIEW E 80, 046307 共2009兲
enize the temperature inside the volume. At the beginning, temperature curves cross each other 共Fig. 2兲 with ⌬ = 0.
the silicone oil has higher density than the salt water 关Fig. This entails that the interfacial tension is the determining
10共a兲兴. When a temperature difference builds up, the density factor at some stage of the dynamics of blob formation. For
difference diminishes 关Fig. 10共b兲兴 and it can change sign. example, it is possible that the apparently spontaneous
Large enough density drop inside the silicone oil allows the switches to the two-rising-blob mode 共see Fig. 8兲 are deter-
formation of a rising blob 关Fig. 10共c兲兴. The higher tempera- mined by the interfacial tension 共together with viscosity ef-
ture inside the blob results in the periodic “heat shocks” at fects兲.
the top clearly indicated by the time series in Figs. 5, 7, and Simple direct observations also support that the presence
8. When the oil blob layers at the top 关Fig. 10共d兲兴, the pro- of interfacial tension decisively affects the dynamics. One of
cess reverses. The cooling of the oil is slower than the warm- the standard procedures to estimate ␥ is the “breaking thread
ing of water; therefore, the temperature contrast changes sign method” 关43兴, where long liquid threads in a different fluid
again 关Fig. 10共e兲兴 until a sinking blob of large density forms exhibit sinusoidal distortions which cause them to break up
关Fig. 10共f兲兴. Note that the periodic temperature drop at the into a number of small droplets. During lava-lamp convec-
bottom is clearly visible in Fig. 5; the smaller amplitude is tion, such cylindrical threads periodically evolve in each
due to the fact that the bottom sensor is directly attached to blob-exchange cycle 关see Figs. 4共c兲 and 4共e兲兴 and small drop-
the heating block 共see Fig. 1兲. let formation regularly occurs. Such a secondary droplet is
clearly visible in Fig. 4 at the bottom-left corner. A quantita-
III. DISCUSSION: FAILURE OF THE MANTLE ANALOGY tive estimate for ␥ is not possible by measuring the size of
these blobs because the shear along the threads is far from
Although several details will be explored in subsequent being negligible 关43兴.
experiments with more advanced measuring methods, we Finally, it is worth to have a closer look at the thermal
can discuss where the analogy with mantle convection prob- oscillations discussed in Sec. II C. Periodic time evolution of
ably holds or fails. The first obvious departure from the temperature signals close to both horizontal boundaries is a
widely accepted picture of mantle convection is the opposing prevalent behavior in similar systems. It appears in chemi-
viscosity ratio between the hot rising blobs and surrounding cally homogeneous fluids of temperature-dependent viscosi-
fluid. The initial viscosity of the silicone fluid 共 ⬇ 0.5 Pa s ties 关44兴 or in two-layer miscible liquids 关20,24兴 and it is
at 25 ° C; see Table I兲 drops almost exponentially predicted by several numerical simulations 关45–47兴. Seis-
共 ⬇ 0.05 Pa s at 80 ° C 关31,32兴兲, still its value remains two mology provides a snapshot of the Earth’s structure with
orders of magnitude higher than that is for the salt solution clear evidence for stratification in the mantle; however, a
关33兴. Contrarily, model studies suggest a factor of 100 reduc- strict layering at 660 km depth can be ruled out based on
tion in viscosity inside a rising mantle plume 关34兴. On the dynamical considerations alone and the preferred form re-
other hand, neutrally buoyant isolated blobs of higher inter- mains a moderated whole mantle convection 关6,16,48兴. This
nal viscosities have been proposed to explain long-lived entails that the relative temperature contrast can be estimated
chemical heterogeneities in the mantle 关35,36兴 because an around rT ⬇ 0.8– 0.9, far beyond the accessible range of labo-
increased blob viscosity may prevent from mixing with the ratory experiments. The thermal diffusion time across the
surrounding material. This hypothesis has been questioned in mantle is on the order of ⬇ 1.2⫻ 1011 yr 共note that the age
recent studies 关37,38兴; nevertheless, the lava-lamp setup is of the Earth is around 4.54⫻ 109 yr兲. Just to toy with the
certainly a model system for hot blobs of high viscosity. idea that the time period of regular oscillations shown in Fig.
The second essential difference from the convecting 9 remains constant at very high temperature contrasts, this
mantle is the immiscibility of the fluids in the model. Al- would give an estimated value t p ⬇ 3 – 4 ⫻ 108 yr for whole-
though recent works report on a high degree of upper-mantle mantle convection. The same approximation gives t p ⬇ 20
chemical heterogeneity 关39–41兴, its extent is far less than for million years for the assumption that hot blobs originate
an oil-water system. Obviously the laboratory model is set from a depth of the 660 km discontinuity. Rather surpris-
for investigating dynamical aspects of two-fluid thermal con- ingly, Mjelde and Faleide have recently found a clear peri-
vection and not for mixing. odicity in the variation of Icelandic and Hawaiian magma-
The most serious problem is an unavoidable side effect of tism with a characteristic time of ca. 15 million years 关49兴.
chemical incompatibility: the emergence of interfacial ten- Their results indicate also a “copulsation” of mantle plumes
sion. Measured values for the polysiloxane-water systems are at the two regions, which they interpret as a sign of periodic
around ␥ ⬇ 40 mN/ m at 20 ° C 关42兴. Its dynamical impor- heating of the earth’s core and a periodic increase in global
tance is usually estimated by the Bond number 关15兴, plume activity. Our experiments suggest that a periodic heat
release in heterogeneous thermal convection does not neces-
⌬gL2 sarily require a periodic heating mechanism.
Bo = ,
␥
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
where L is a characteristic length scale of the problem 共usu-
ally a layer depth兲. Irrespective of the magnitude of ␥, it is This work was supported by the Hungarian Science Foun-
obvious the Bo can be arbitrarily small, since the density- dation 共OTKA兲 under Grant No. NK72037.
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BASICS OF LAVA-LAMP CONVECTION PHYSICAL REVIEW E 80, 046307 共2009兲
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