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Used in Structural Layer of Bituminous Mix Using Rolling Compactor Cum Rut Analyzer
Abstract
Today in India rapid urbanization and Industrial growth has led to produce large quantum of waste products, of which predominate
waste are waste plastics and tyres. The rubber from waste tyres and waste plastics from carry bags are blend with neat bitumen
to produce modified bituminous binders called Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen-55 (CRMB-55) and Waste Plastic Modified
Bitumen (WPMB) respectively. These bitumen’s were used in structural layer of pavement and its performance was studied.
CRMB has played a pivotal role in improving the rutting characteristics of Dense Bituminous Macadam as it carries 2000 passes
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at 60 C whereas WPMB carried 1500 passes at 60 C. In fatigue test both CRMB and WPMB carries 1.5 times more repetition
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than plain 60/70 binders. It was observed that 60/70 grade binder exhibited lower indirect tensile strength of 1.87 Kg/cm at 60 C
when compared to other binders.
Keywords:
Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB); Waste Plastic Modified Bitumen (WPMB)
1.1 History of Binder Evaluation in India As the study was taken to evaluate the suitability of the
binders for Indian climatic condition it was very necessary for
The Bureau of Indian Standard (IS) published the standard the authors to finalize the pavement temperatures which are
specifications for penetration graded bitumen in 1978. The experienced across the country, currently this data was not
penetration grading system was created to establish different available as it was not recorded till date, hence the pavement
bitumen grades for varying climates and applications. The temperature in current study were calculated by using the
primary test for penetration grading is the penetration test. equation given by superpave [8]. The maximum and minimum
The penetration test is an empirical consistency test that pavement temperature at a depth of 20 mm below pavement
measures the penetration of a standard needle into a sample surface and at pavement surface were calculated using
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of original bitumen at 25 C under a standard load and equation Tmax = ((Tair – 0.00618 Lat + 0.2289 Lat +
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duration. A retained penetration test is also performed on the 42.2)(0.9545) – 17.78), Tmin = 0.859 Tair + 1.7 C respectively
bituminous binder following short-term aging (hardening) in a [8]. The data such as latitude position and ambient
thin-film oven. Additional tests are conducted to evaluate the temperature across country were collected from Indian
binder’s flash point, purity, and ductility. The penetration test Institution of Metrological Department, Pune and pavement
is purely empirical. It fails to measure the consistency of the temperature were calculated. According to the data provided
binder in fundamental scientific units. In addition, the by the department India was divided into five zones viz.,
o Peninsular India zone, West Central India Zone, North West
performance of the binder during testing at 25 C, which is India Zone, Central North East India Zone and North East
close to the average pavement service temperature, may not India Zone. The pavement maximum and minimum
be applicable to the performance of the binder at lower or temperature when calculated across the country expect for
few places in zones like North West India Zone, Central North the asphalt sample is compressed between two parallel
East India Zone and North East India Zone all other places plates, one is fixed and the other one oscillates, as shown in
showed a higher and intermediate pavement temperature. the Figure 2.0 below. The DSR test measures the complex
Based on calculated temperature values it was decided to shear modulus, G* and phase angle δ of the binder. The
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evaluate the binder for higher temperatures like 70 C, 64 C complex shear modulus is a measure of total resistance of a
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and 58 C. Has most of India falls in tropical climatic zone the material to deform when exposed to repeated pulses of shear
effect higher pavement temperature plays vital role rather stress. The phase angle is an indicator of the relative
than lower pavement temperature, hence the studies on amounts of the recoverable and non-recoverable deformation
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binder were performed at 70 C and 64 C and 58 C [7].
temperatures. Here tests for low temperatures such as
Bending Beam Rheometer or Direct Tension Test were not
performed.
Table 2.0: Shows the Test Results of the Binders at various Temperatures.
Flash Point in deg C Min 230 deg C IS: 1209-1978 175 246 210
Properties of Short Term Aged Binders (Using Thin Film Oven Test Samples)
4.0 PREPARATION OF DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM Shows the Combined Grading for DBM. A Job Mix Formula
MIX (DBM) (JMF) was prepared in which three trail blends were tried,
Tests on aggregate were conducted and physical properties and trail blend -1 was finally selected. Figure 4.0 shows
are show in Table 4.0 below. *Combined F & E index test for combined aggregate structure. Compaction for mix design
stone dust is not conducted. was done using a Rolling Compactor cum Rut Analyzer
(RC&RA). The Optimum Binder Content (OBC) of three
Aggregate gradation adopted for the current study was binder’s viz., CRMB-55, WPMB and 60/70 were 4.8, 4.8 and
superpave specifications for DBM grading-1. Table 5.0 4.9% respectively by weight of aggregate.
Result
Sl. No. Test Description Test Method
20 mm 10 mm Stone Dust
4.0 8.5
1. Combined F&E Index (%) IS:2386 (Pt I-1963) *
12.5
2. Specific Gravity IS: 2386 (Pt IV-1963) 2.67 2.66 2.70
3. Water Absorption (%) IS: 2386 (Pt III-1963) 0.25 0.40 0.65
4. Impact Value (%) IS: 2386 (Pt IV-1963) 15.30
5. L.A. Abrasion Value (%) IS: 2386 (Pt IV-1963) 16.8
6. Soundness with MgSo4 IS: 2386 (Pt V-1963) 6.25
100
90
80 Sieve Size
Combined Grading
70 in
Mm Trail - 1 Trail - 2 Trail - 3
Percent passing
60
50
45 100 100 100
40
37.5 94 95 100
30
20
26.5 79 81 93
10 19 54 56 76
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
13.2 35 37 51
Sieve Size (Raised to 0.45 Pow er) 4.75 25 27 32
Control Points Trial blend 1 Trial blend 2 Trial blend 3 2.36 18 20 22
0.300 12 15 16
Figure 4.0: Gradation Curve for Dense Bituminous
Table 5.0: Showing Combined Grading. 0.075 5 7 5
Macadam.
4.1 Rutting Test on Dense Bituminous Macadam WPMB showed same deformation trend in the graph up to
150 passes later CRMB-55 showed some significant
Specimens were casted using CRMB-55, WPMB and 60/70 improvement in deformations up to 2000 passes, later the
grade at there OBC’s and was subjected to rutting test using failure was rapid. Here 60/70 grade binder failed at 110
an indigenously manufactured by authors called Rolling passes. Figure 6.0 shows comparison of rutting test on
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Compactor cum Rut Analyzer (Patent Pending). The unique binders at 60 + 1 C for DBM Grade-1[11, 12]
features of this compactor are it can apply a constant
pressure of 600 kpa and if required the pressure can be
applied up to 3000 kpa. Similarly the rolling speed in the
compactor can be varied. It has a temperature control unit
which maintains the pre selected compaction and test
temperature. With this the equipment is also capable of
noting the densification data of the mix while compaction of
mix. Using these measurements the specimen’s compaction
characteristics can be developed. The compactor is also
capable of producing the vibrations in range of 0.5 to 1.5 Htz
during compaction. The compactor is an hydraulically
operated with twin non return valve system and has a
Programmable Logical Circuit (PLC) which is in-turn
connected to vertical and horizontal transducers and capable
of recording minuet change as 1mm. The Figure 5.0 shows
picture of Rolling Compactor cum Rut Analyzer. The rutting
test was conducted on the specimens casted at its OBC and
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was conditioned at 60+1 C, a tyre pressure of 6.2 Kg/cm
was maintained constantly through out the test. It was
observed that both the modified binders CRMB-55 and
Number of Passes (in Hundred)
6000 y = 9.3782x + 3770.3
Figure 6.0: Showing Comparison of Rutting Test on Figure 7.0: Showing Comparison of Fatigue Test on
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Binders at 60 + 1 C for DBM Grade-1 Binders at 60 + 1 C for DBM Grade-1
4.2 Fatigue and Indirect Tensile Strength Test on Dense 4.3 Evaluation of Moisture Sensitivity
Bituminous Macadam
In this test specimens are compacted to approximately 7
An attempt was made to study the performance of DBM percent air voids at design binder content. A total of six
mixes under repeated loading. The study was conducted at a specimens are casted one subset of three specimens is
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temperature of 60+1 C [1]. The Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) considered as control specimens. Other three specimens are
test was performed by loading a Marshall specimen with a conditioned. The conditioned specimens are subjected to
single compressive load, which acts parallel to and along partial vacuum saturation and then the specimens are kept at
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vertical diametrical plane. This loading configuration develops 60 C for 24 hours followed by 2 hours at 25 C. All specimens
a relatively uniform tensile stress perpendicular to the are tested to determine their Indirect Tensile Strengths [1].
direction of the applied load and along the vertical diametrical The moisture sensitivity is determined as a ratio of the
plane, which ultimately causes the specimen to fail by average tensile strengths of the conditioned subset divided by
splitting along the vertical diameter. A 12.7 mm wide strip average tensile strengths of the control subset. The criterion
loading was used for 100 mm diameter specimen to provide a for tensile strength ratio is 80 percent, minimum. All the
uniform loading width which produces a nearly uniformly binders qualified the test limit of 80 percent.
stress distribution [3]. The load at failure was recorded and
the indirect tensile strength was computed using the relation Average tensile strength of conditioned samples
σ x = (2 * P) / (π * D * T) [3]. T.S.R. =
Average tensile strength of controlled samples
Where,
σ x = Horizontal Tensile Stress Where,
P = Applied load
D = Diameter of the Specimen TSR = Tensile strength ratio in percent
T = Thickness of the specimen.
The specimens were casted at their respective OBC’s for 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
different binder’s and tested for Indirect Tensile Strength
(ITS) and failure loads of different binders were noted. It was In current studies plain binder 60/70, modified binders CRMB-
observed that 60/70 grade binder exhibited lower indirect 55 and WPMB were tested as per the procedures of Indian
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tensile strength of 1.87 Kg/cm at 60 C when compared to Standards and as per Superpave binder test procedure.
other binders. Again specimens were prepared using different Indian Standards test on binders didn’t distinguish the
binder’s viz., CRMB-55, WPMB and 60/70 grade at there performance of the binders, but when similar binders were
OBC’s and was subjected to repeated loading at rate of 60 tested as per superpave it was observed that plain binder did
cycles/min, at stress levels of 40% and 50% of indirect tensile not qualify the test specifications and WPMB did not qualify
strength value of 60/70 grade binder. It was observed that the test criteria for higher temperatures. Hence it is
both CRMB-55 and WPMB specimens were able to carry recommended to adopt Superpave binder testing
load 1.5 times more that of plain 60/70 grade binder. Figure specifications for Indian Condition.
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7.0 shows the fatigue test at 60 +1 C for DBM.
All binders qualified Superpave specification viscosity test. It
was the DSR test results clearly indicated that CRMB-55 was
the only binder which qualifies all the temperature ranges and
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even qualifies at 70 C. CRMB-55 was the only binder which
satisfied the flash point criteria.
DSR test results indicate that CRMB-55 was the only binder [5] Mc Gennis R.B, Buchanan S and Brown E.R (1998), “An
qualifying at higher temperature for the rutting criteria with a Evaluation of Superpave Gyratory Compaction of Hot
value of 2.2 kpa for original binder and 3.9 kpa after short Mix Asphalt (HMA)”, Transportation Research
term aging. These test results of binder are validated by the Record1583, TRB, National Research Council,
rutting test results when tested using RC&RA, where CRMB- Washington, DC. Pp 98-105.
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55 at 60+ 1 C temperature sustained 2000 passes before it
fails. [6] Kennedy T.W. (1977) “Characterization of Asphalt
Pavement materials Using the Indirect Tensile Test”,
By using modified binders in DBM layers apart from Proceedings of Association of Asphalt Paving
enhancing the performance of mix the environmental problem Technologists, Volume 46.pp. 132-150.
of disposing the rubber, plastic waste can be solved to some
extent. [7] “Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification and
Testing Superpave Series No. 1 (SP-1)” Third Edition,
Scope for further studies Revised (2003) Asphalt Institute, USA.
Further it is necessary to lay field test tracks using these [8] “Superpave Mix Design Superpave Series No. 2 (SP-2)”
modified binders at various temperatures and traffic Third Edition (2001) Asphalt Institute, USA.
conditions, then performance evaluation of the test tracks are
to be carried out at regular intervals. The binders have to be [9] Uddin W and Nanagiri Y (2002), “Performance of
evaluated for its performance at low temperatures. The Polymer-Modified Asphalt field Trials in Mississippi
conventional methods of evaluating binders at laboratory Based on Mechanistic Analysis and Field Evaluation”,
have to be revised and have to adopt performance oriented IJP-International Journal of Pavements, pp 13-24.
evaluation for binders has well as mixes.
[10] Christensen, W. D., and Bonaquist, R., “Use of Strength
Tests for Evaluating the Rut Resistance of Asphalt
Acknowledgements Concrete”, Asphalt Paving Technology, Association of
Asphalt Paving Technologists-Proceedings of the
The work reported herein was conducted as a research Technical Sessions, Vol – 71, 2002, pp 692-711.
studies at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering,
Bangalore under the guidance of B.V. Kiran Kumar Assistant [11] Anderson, R.M., “Using Superpave Gyratory Compaction
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, DSCE. The Properties to Estimate the Rutting Potential of Asphalt
authors acknowledge the valuable guidance and support Mixtures”, Asphalt Paving Technology, Association of
extended by our guide Prof. B.V. Kiran Kumar. The authors Asphalt Paving Technologists-Proceedings of the
would also like to acknowledge M/s Tinna Overseas Limited, Technical Sessions, Vol – 71, 2002c, pp 725-738.
New Delhi and M/s KK Waste Plastic Management Pvt. Ltd,
Bangalore for supplying modified binders to the research [12] Anderson, R.M., Turner, A. P., Peterson, L. R., and
centre. Mallick, B. R., “Relationship of Superpave Gyratory
Compaction Properties to HMA Rutting Behavior”,
Disclaimer NCHRP Report 478, Transportation Research Board,
Washington D.C, 2002a, pp 1-16.
The contents of this paper reflect the view of the authors who
are responsible for the facts, findings and data presented
herein.
Reference