The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant

Pretty Mathilde Loisel aspires to the wealth and prestige of the upper
classes, and is frustrated by her lower-middle-class husband and plain
surroundings.

Her husband finagles an invitation to one of the wealthy parties

Mathilde longs to attend, and when Mathilde refuses, saying she has
nothing to wear, he helps her purchase an expensive dress.

Mathilde is frustrated by her lack of jewelry; she borrows an extravagant

diamond necklace from her friend Madame Forestier.

Mathilde has a wonderful time at the party, but afterward discovers the
diamond necklace is lost. The couple spend their inheritance and take
out loans to replace it.

After years living in penury and debt that ruin Mathilde’s looks, Mathilde
runs into Madame Forestier, to whom she confesses the whole story;
Madame Forestier, deeply moved, tells her the necklace was a fake.
 Cause and Effect
The relationship between events or
things where one is the result of the
other or others. This is a combination
of action and reaction.
One cause or multiple causes to
an effect
Causes/Reasons/Factors Effects/Consequences

lack of rest and recreation

negative attitude stress
improper diet
poor relationships
 One effect or multiple effect to a
cause
Causes/Reasons/Factors Effects/Consequences

earn income to augment

allowance
working as meaningful use of time
a student develop work ethiv
develop diligence and self-
reliance
 There is a chain reaction in
which an effect or effects lead
to other outcomes

poor physical weakness

eating malnurtition emotional
habits instability
inability to think
well
Expressions Used in Decribing
Cause and Effect
Words and phrases used to
express causality in a sentence

Verbs
● Cause
You cause something
● Result in
to happen and results
● Lead to
to something
● Result from
happening. In short, the
● Give rise to
focus in the effect.
● Stem from
 Examples
1. Violence in films has probably caused
crime to rise.

2. Poor diet and lack of exercise has

resulted in a generation who will die
younger than their parents.

3. intensive farming has led to many

smallholders becoming unemployed
 Examples

4. Jay`s failing grades resullted from his

lack of diligence to study.

5. The popularization of cars give rise to

serious air pollution.
Expressions Used in Decribing
Cause and Effect
Words and phrases used to
express causality in a sentence

Nouns
● Cause
● Effect You talk about the
● Reason cause of something or
● Factor the reason for
● Consequence something
● Influence
 Examples
1. One cause of this problem is a fall in
educational standards.

2. One of the reasons why he failed the

exam was his laziness.

3. Failing an exam had a variety of

effects, one of those is having a bad
grade.
 Examples

4. Eating a balanced diet is a factor in

maintaining good health.

5. Obesity is a consequence of an
unbalanced diet.
Expressions Used in Decribing
Cause and Effect
Words and phrases used to
express causality in a sentence

Prepositional Phrases
● Owing to Introduce a cause in a
● Because of form of noun phrase
● As a result of
 Examples
1. Owing to bad weather, the class was
cancelled.

2. We cancelled our flight because of

home emergency.

3. Heartbreaks may happen as a result

of too much assumptions.
 Remember:
● Because is complemented by a clause

Mrs. Fung was also murdered because

she knew the gang.

● Because of is complemented by a noun

phrase

He was frustrated because of the

mucked up windscreen.
 Remember:
●The verbs cause and effect can be used in
the passive form with a by phrase.

Illiteracy is caused by poor childhood

education.

● Use if only because to indicate even a

minor reason being sufficient for the effect.

We are confident if only because we are

making progress (much more needs to be
done)
Expressions Used in Decribing
Cause and Effect
Words and phrases used to
express causality in a sentence

Adverbs
● Thus/therefore Logical conclusion or
reason for a fact

● Thereby Connects two events

Because of A, B
happened
 Examples
1. Few of the nation's largest cities are
state capitals; thus neither New York
nor Chicago is the seat of its state's
government.

2. She forgot to tie her shoes, thereby

she trips and falls down the stairs.
Expressions Used in Decribing
Cause and Effect
Connectors to help blend details
in different sentences.

● Therefore, thus
● Consequently
● For this reason Used to join two
● Because of (this) complete sentences
● Due to (this) or two independent
● As a result clauses
● Accordingly
● Hence
 Examples
1. It was raining; therefore, I stayed
home.

2. It was raining. Consequently, I stayed

home.

3. The water was impure in her village.

For this reason, she suffered from
parasites.
 Examples
4. The Orthodox Church is surely a form
of organized religion; hence his real
quarrel is not so much with religion per
se, anymore than with atheism per se.

Hence has few meanings: for this

reason, from this source, from now, from
that time, from this place.
 Examples
5. Someone called in a bomb threat. As
a result, school was cancelled.

6. The government did not prepare for

the hurricane. Thus, many people
suffered.
 Quiz No. 1

Complete the following sentences and supply the

proper words/phrases/connectors to express causality
1. We received seven inches of rain in four hours. - The
underpass was flooded.

2. I never brush my teeth. - I have 5 cavities.

3. Smoking cigarettes - Lung cancer

4. Many buffalo were killed. - Buffalo almost became

extinct.

5. The streets were snow-packed and icy. - Cars needed

more time to stop.
6. He broke his arm. - The doctor put it in a cast.

7. The boss was busy. - Her secretary took a

message.

8. A basketball player was traveling. - The referee

called a penalty.

9. I flipped the light switch on. - The light came on.

10. An oil spill - Many deaths to wildlife

11. Sedentary lifestyle - Childhood obesity