Evolution-Data Optimized

Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO, EVDO, etc.) is

a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data
through radiosignals, typically for broadband Internet access. EV-DO
is an evolution of the CDMA2000 (IS-2000) standard which supports high
data rates and can be deployed alongside a wireless carrier's voice
services. It uses advanced multiplexing techniques including code
division multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division
multiplexing (TDM) to maximize throughput. It is a part of
the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile
phone service providers around the world particularly those previously
employing CDMA networks. It is also used on the Globalstar satellite
phone network.[1]
EV-DO service has been or will be discontinued in much of Canada in
2015.[2]
An EV-DO channel has a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz, the same bandwidth size
that IS-95A (IS-95) and IS-2000 (1xRTT) use,[3] though the channel structure
is very different. The back-end network is entirely packet-based, and
is not constrained by restrictions typically present on a circuit
switched network.
The EV-DO feature of CDMA2000 networks provides access to mobile
devices with forward link air interface speeds of up to 2.4 Mbit/s with
Rel. 0 and up to 3.1 Mbit/s with Rev. A. The reverse link rate for Rel. 0 can
operate up to 153 kbit/s, while Rev. A can operate at up to 1.8 Mbit/s. It was
designed to be operated end-to-end as an IP based network, and can
support any application which can operate on such a network and bit rate
constraints.

Contents

• 1Standard revisions
o 1.1EV-DO Rel. 0 (TIA-856 Release 0)
 1.1.1Forward link channel structure
 1.1.2Reverse link structure
o 1.2EV-DO Rev. A (TIA-856 Revision A)
o 1.3EV-DO Rev. B (TIA-856 Revision B)
o 1.4EV-DO Rev. C (TIA-856 Revision C) and TIA-1121
 1.4.1Features

Standard revisions
There have been several revisions of the standard, starting with Release 0
(Rel. 0). This was later expanded upon with Revision A (Rev. A) to
support Quality of Service (to improve latency) and higher rates on the
forward and reverse link. In late 2006, Revision B (Rev. B) was published,
whose features include the ability to bundle multiple carriers to
achieve even higher rates and lower latencies (see TIA-856 Rev. Bbelow).
The upgrade from EV-DO Rev. A to Rev. B involves a software update of the
cell site modem, and additional equipment for new EV-DO carriers.
Existing cdma2000 operators may have to retune some of their existing
1xRTT channels to other frequencies, as Rev. B requires all DO carriers
be within 5 MHz.
EV-DO Rel. 0 (TIA-856 Release 0)
The initial design of EV-DO was developed by Qualcomm in 1999 to
meet IMT-2000 requirements for a greater-than-2Mbit/s down link for
stationary communications, as opposed to mobile communication (i.e.,
moving cellular phone service). Initially, the standard was called High
Data Rate (HDR), but was renamed to 1xEV-DO after it was ratified by
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) under the
designation TIA-856. Originally, 1xEV-DO stood for "1x Evolution-Data
Only", referring to its being a direct evolution of the 1x (1xRTT) air
interface standard, with its channels carrying only data traffic. The
title of the 1xEV-DO standard document is "cdma2000 High Rate Packet
Data Air Interface Specification", as cdma2000 (lowercase) is another
name for the 1x standard, numerically designated as TIA-2000.
Later, due to possible negative connotations of the word "only", the "DO"-
part of the standard's name 1xEV-DO was changed to stand for "Data
Optimized", the full name - EV-DO now stands for "Evolution-Data
Optimized." The 1x prefix has been dropped by many of the major
carriers, and is marketed simply as EV-DO.[4] This provides a more
market-friendly emphasis of the technology being data-optimized.
Forward link channel structure
The primary characteristic that differentiates an EV-DO channel from
a 1xRTT channel is that it is time multiplexed on the forward link (from
the tower to the mobile). This means that a single mobile has full use of
the forward traffic channel within a particular geographic area (a sector)
during a given slot of time. Using this technique, EV-DO is able
to modulate each user’s time slot independently. This allows the
service of users in favorable RF conditions with very
complex modulation techniques while also serving users in poor RF
conditions with simpler (and more redundant signals).[5]
The forward channel is divided into slots, each being 1.667 ms long. In
addition to user traffic, overhead channels are interlaced into the
stream, which include the 'pilot', which helps the mobile find and
identify the channel, the Media Access Channel (MAC) which tells the
mobile devices when their data is scheduled, and the 'control channel',
which contains other information the network needs the mobile devices
to know.
The modulation to be used to communicate with a given mobile unit is
determined by the mobile device itself; it listens to the traffic on
the channel, and depending on the receive signal strength along with the
perceived multi-path and fading conditions, makes a best guess as to
what data-rate it can sustain while maintaining a reasonable frame
error rate of 1-2%. It then communicates this information back to the
serving sector in the form of an integer between 1 and 12 on the "Digital
Rate Control" (DRC) channel. Alternatively, the mobile can select a "null"
rate (DRC 0), indicating that the mobile either cannot decode data at
any rate, or that it is attempting to hand off to another serving
sector.[5]
The DRC values are as follows:[6]
 Data Payload
DRC Slots Code
rate size Modulation SNR Reqd.
Index scheduled Rate
(kbit/s) (bits)

1 38.4 16 1024 1/5 QPSK -12

2 76.8 8 1024 1/5 QPSK -9.6

3 153.6 4 1024 1/5 QPSK -6.8

4 307.2 2 1024 1/5 QPSK -3.9

5 307.2 4 2048 1/5 QPSK -3.8

6 614.4 1 1024 1/3 QPSK -0.6

7 614.4 2 2048 1/3 QPSK -0.8

8 921.6 2 3072 1/3 8-PSK 1.8

9 1228.8 1 2048 2/3 QPSK 3.7

10 1228.8 2 4096 1/3 16-QAM 3.8

11 1843.2 1 3072 2/3 8-PSK 7.5

12 2457.6 1 4096 2/3 16-QAM 9.7

Another important aspect of the EV-DO forward link channel is the

scheduler. The scheduler most commonly used is called "proportional
fair". It's designed to maximize sector throughput while also
guaranteeing each user a certain minimum level of service. The idea is to
schedule mobiles reporting higher DRC indices more often, with the hope
that those reporting worse conditions will improve in time.
The system also incorporates Incremental Redundancy Hybrid ARQ.
Each sub-packet of a multi-slot transmission is a turbo-
coded replica of the original data bits. This allows mobiles to
acknowledge a packet before all of its sub-sections have been
transmitted. For example, if a mobile transmits a DRC index of 3 and
is scheduled to receive data, it will expect to get data during four
time slots. If after decoding the first slot the mobile is able to
determine the entire data packet, it can send an early acknowledgement
back at that time; the remaining three sub-packets will be cancelled. If
however the packet is not acknowledged, the network will proceed with the
transmission of the remaining parts until all have been transmitted or
the packet is acknowledged.[5]
Reverse link structure
The reverse link (from the mobile back to the Base Transceiver Station)
on EV-DO Rel. 0 operates very similar to that of 3G1X CDMA. The channel
includes a reverse link pilot (helps with decoding the signal) along with
the user data channels. Some additional channels that do not exist in
3G1X include the DRC channel (described above) and the ACK channel (used
for HARQ). Only the reverse link has any sort of power control, because the
forward link is always transmitted at full power for use by all the
mobiles.[6] The reverse link has both open loop and closed loop power
control. In the open loop, the reverse link transmission power is set
based upon the received power on the forward link. In the closed loop, the
reverse link power is adjusted up or down 800 times a second, as
indicated by the serving sector (similar to 3G1X).[7]
All of the reverse link channels are combined using code division and
transmitted back to the base station using BPSK[8] where they are
decoded. The maximum speed available for user data is 153.2 kbit/s, but
in real-life conditions this is rarely achieved. Typical speeds
achieved are between 20-50 kbit/s.
EV-DO Rev. A (TIA-856 Revision A)
Revision A of EV-DO makes several additions to the protocol while
keeping it completely backwards compatible with Release 0.
These changes included the introduction of several new forward link
data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1
Mbit/s. Also included were protocols that would decrease connection
establishment time (called enhanced access channel MAC), the ability
for more than one mobile to share the same timeslot (multi-user packets)
and the introduction of QoS flags. All of these were put in place to
allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[9]
The additional forward rates for EV-DO Rev. An are:[10]

DRC Data rate Slots Payload Code

Modulation
Index in kbit/s scheduled size (bits) Rate

13 1536 2 5120 5/12 16-QAM

14 3072 1 5120 5/6 16-QAM

In addition to the changes on the forward link, the reverse link was
enhanced to support higher complexity modulation (and thus higher bit
rates). An optional secondary pilot was added, which is activated by
the mobile when it tries to achieve enhanced data rates. To combat
reverse link congestion and noise rise, the protocol calls for each
mobile to be given an interference allowance which is replenished by the
network when the reverse link conditions allow it.[10] The reverse link has a
maximum rate of 1.8 Mbit/s, but under normal conditions users experience
a rate of approximately 500-1000 kbit/s but with more latency than cable
and dsl.
EV-DO Rev. B (TIA-856 Revision B)
EV-DO Rev. B is a multi-carrier evolution of the Rev. A specification.
It maintains the capabilities of EV-DO Rev. A, and provides the
following enhancements:

• Higher rates per carrier (up to 4.9 Mbit/s on the downlink per carrier).
Typical deployments are expected to include 2 or 3 carriers for a
peak rate of 14.7 Mbit/s. Higher rates by bundling multiple channels
together enhance the user experience and enable new services such as high
definition video streaming.
• Reduced latency by using statistical multiplexing across
channels—enhances the experience for latency sensitive services
such as gaming, video telephony, remote console sessions and web
browsing.
• Increased talk-time and standby time
• Reduced interference from the adjacent sectors especially to users
at the edge of the cell signal which improves the rates that can be
offered by using Hybrid frequency re-use.
• Efficient support for services that have asymmetric download and
upload requirements (i.e. different data rates required in each
direction) such as file transfers, web browsing, and broadband
multimedia content delivery.
EV-DO Rev. C (TIA-856 Revision C) and TIA-1121
Qualcomm early on realized that EV-DO was a stop-gap solution, and
foresaw an upcoming format war between LTE and determined that a new
standard would be needed. Qualcomm originally called this technology
EV-DV (Evolution Data and Voice).[11] As EV-DO became more pervasive, EV-
DV evolved into EV-DO Rev C.
The EV-DO Rev. C standard was specified by 3GPP2 to improve
the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications
and requirements. It was proposed by Qualcomm as the natural evolution
path for CDMA2000 and the specifications were published by 3GPP2
(C.S0084-*) and TIA (TIA-1121) in 2007 and 2008 respectively.[12][13]
The brand name UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was introduced in 2006 as
a synonym for this standard.[14]
UMB was intended to be a so-called fourth-generation technology. These
technologies use a high bandwidth, low latency,
underlying TCP/IP network with high level services such as voice built
on top. Widespread deployment of 4G networks promises to make
applications that were previously not feasible not only possible but
ubiquitous. Examples of such applications include mobile high
definition video streaming and mobile
Like LTE, the UMB system was to be based upon Internet networking
technologies running over a next generation radio system, with peak rates
of up to 280 Mbit/s. Its designers intended for the system to be more
efficient and capable of providing more services than the technologies
it was intended to replace. To provide compatibility with the
systems it was intended to replace, UMB was to support handoffs with
other technologies including existing CDMA2000 1X and 1xEV-DO
systems.
UMB's use of OFDMA would have eliminated many of the disadvantages
of the CDMA technology used by its predecessor, including the
"breathing" phenomenon, the difficulty of adding capacity via
microcells, the fixed bandwidth sizes that limit the total
bandwidth available to handsets, and the near complete control by one
company of the required intellectual property.
While capacity of existing Rel. B networks can be increased 1.5-fold by
using EVRC-B voice codec and QLIC handset interference
cancellation, 1x Advanced and EV-DO Advanced offers up to 4x network
capacity increase using BTS interference cancellation (reverse link
interference cancellation), multi-carrier links, and smart network
management technologies.[15][16]
In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending
development of the technology, favoring LTE instead. This followed the
announcement that most CDMA carriers chose to adopt either WiMAX or
the competing 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard as their 4G
technology. In fact no carrier had announced plans to adopt UMB.[17]
However, during the ongoing development process of the 4G technology, 3GPP
added some functionalities to LTE, allowing it to become a sole
upgrade path for all wireless networks.
Features[edit]

• OFDMA-based air interface

• Frequency Division Duplex
• Scalable bandwidth between 1.25–20 MHz (OFDMA systems are
especially well suited for wider bandwidths larger than 5 MHz)
• Support of mixed cell sizes, e.g., macro-cellular, micro-cellular &
pico-cellular.
• IP network architecture
• Support of flat, centralized and mixed topologies
• Data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream
• Significantly higher data rates & reduced latencies using Forward
Link (FL) advanced antenna techniques
• MIMO, SDMA and Beamforming
• Higher Reverse Link (RL) sector capacity with quasi-orthogonal
reverse link
• Increased cell edge user data rates using adaptive interference
management
• Dynamic fractional frequency reuse
• Distributed RL power control based on other cell interference
• Real time services enabled by fast seamless L1/L2 handoffs
• Independent RL & FL handoffs provide better airlink and handoff
performance
• Power optimization through use of quick paging and semi-connected
state
• Low-overhead signaling using flexible airlink resource management
• Fast access and request using RL CDMA control channels
• New scalable IP architecture supports inter-technology handoffs
• New handoff mechanisms support real-time services throughout the
network and across different airlink technologies
• Fast acquisition and efficient multi-carrier operation through
use of beacons
• Multi-carrier configuration supports incremental deployment &
mix of low-complexity & wideband devices