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Primary Load: Bending Moment and Shear Force
Primary Load: Bending Moment and Shear Force
122 Lecture 1
Introduction to course:
Design process
Structural design process
C. Modeling a structure
Maestro
checking loads and moments
1 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
Sign Convention y
T = Mx
σ x = τ xx τ xy = τ yx
etc.
−M z⋅y
σx = M y⋅z
Iz σx = later .....
Iy
dx d
Q= M
M + Q⋅dx + f( x)⋅dx⋅ − M + dM = 0 => dx
2
x x
⌠ ⌠
M ( x) = Q( x) dx + M(x = 0) = Q( x) dx
⌡ ⌡
0 0
2 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
Part 1: Calculation of loads
buoyancy, shear, bending moment
suppose we have a distribution of weight per foot w, constant over a distance ξ0 => ξ1
mathcad has an expression that handles the < and > relationships:
a > b = 1 if true, 0 if false weight per foot between ξi,0 => ξi,1
a := 1 b := 2 a>b= 0 b>a= 1
1 0 1
for example: for i := 3 and x:= 0, 0.1.. 6 2 1 2
w := −3 ξ := 2 4
2 4 5
1 5 6
(
w_plot( x) := w ⋅ ξ i , 0 < x ≤ ξ i , 1
i )
2
w_plot( x) 1
0
0 2 4 6
by superposition: for i := 0.. 4
x
4
w_plot ( x) :=
∑ ( )
w ⋅ ξi , 0 < x ≤ ξi , 1
i
i= 0
2
0
w_plot( x)
0 2 4 6
x
3 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
what is shear force from w i ?
0 ξi, 0 > x
x
⌠
shear( x) := w ( ξ ) dξ
i
= (
w ⋅ x − ξi, 0
i ) ξi, 0 < x ≤ ξi, 1
⌡
0
(
w ⋅ ξi, 1 − ξi, 0
i ) x > ξi, 1
for example: i := 2
( )( ) (
shear( x) := w ⋅ x − ξ i , 0 ⋅ ξ i , 0 < x ≤ ξ i , 1 + w ⋅ ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0 ⋅ x > ξ i , 1
i i )( )
0
shear( x) 5
again by superposition: i := 0.. 4 using
lower limit = ll:= 0 and upper limit = ul := 4
10
0 2 4 6
x
ul
shear( x) :=
∑ wi⋅ ( x − ξ i , 0) ⋅ ( ξ i , 0 < x ≤ ξ i , 1) + wi⋅ ( ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0) ⋅ ( x > ξ i , 1)
i = ll
shear( x) 0
4
0 2 4 6
x
∑ wi⋅(ξi, 1 − ξi, 0) = 0
i
4 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
now what is bending moment from weight per foot as above?
x
⌠
bending_moment( x) := shear( ξ ) dξ =
⌡
0
x
⌠
wi⋅ ( x − ξ i , 0) ⋅ ( ξ i , 0 < x ≤ ξ i , 1) + wi⋅ ( ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0) ⋅ ( x > ξ i , 1) dξ
⌡
0
wi
= ⋅ ( x − ξ i , 0) 2 ⋅ ( ξ i , 0 < x ≤ ξ i , 1) using the notation above.
2
= w ⋅ ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0 ⋅ x − ξ i , 1 + ⋅ ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0 ⋅ ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0 ⋅ x > ξ i , 1 when
1
and
i ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) x > ξi, 1
2
x2 ( ξ i , 0) 2
2 x
2 (ξi , 0)2 1
simplifying => − ξ i , 0⋅x − − ( ξ i , 0) = − ξ i , 0⋅x + ( )2
⋅ x − ξi, 0
2 2 2 2 = 2
therefore; bending moment (x) = for lower limit: ll:= 0 and upper limit = ul := 4
ul
w ⋅ 1 ⋅ ( x − ξ ) 2 ⋅ ( ξ < x ≤ ξ ) ...
bending_moment( x) :=
∑ i 2
i, 0 i, 0
i, 1
i = ll
+ wi⋅ ( ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0) ⋅ ( x − ξ i , 1) + ⋅ ( ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0) ⋅ ( ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0) ⋅ ( x > ξ i , 1)
1
2
bending_moment( x) 2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
for later comparison we will save this as bending_moment1 (x) := bending_moment ( x)
5 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
b) shear and bending moment from point force
this is not necessary as xxi can be at any position (but usually between the end points).
In this case shear ( x) := f ⋅ x ≥ xx
i ( i )
for example: i := 2 xx = 3 shear ( x) := f ⋅ x ≥ xx
i i ( )
i
0
shear( x) 5
10
0 2 4 6
x
ul
as above total shear along beam with ll:= 0 and ul := 4 => shear ( x) :=
∑ fi⋅(x ≥ xxi)
i = ll
let's compare this version with the earlier weight per foot shear1( x)
5
4
2
shear( x) 0 shear( x)
0
shear1( x)
5 2
0 2 4 6
x
4
0 2 4 6
x
6 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
x
⌠
now for bending moment: bending_moment ( x) := shear ( ξ) dξ; as above let's look first at bending moment
⌡
0
from each component: shear ( x) := f ⋅ x ≥ xx
i ( i)
x
⌠
bending_moment ( x) := f ⋅ x ≥ xx dξ =
⌡
i i ( ) (
bending_moment ( x) := f ⋅ x − xx ⋅ x ≥ xx
i )(
i )
i
0
4
shear( x)
bending_moment( x)
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
bending_moment( x)
2
bending_moment1( x)
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
7 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
x
this doesn't look all that great, but we let a constant 3 span two intervals, what if we split it into two parts?
ul := 5
1 0 1 0.5
2 1 2 1.5
−3 2 3 (ξ i , 1 + ξ i , 0) 2.5
w := ξ := xx := xx =
−3 3 4 i 2 3.5
2 4 5
4.5
1 5 6 5.5
ul ( )
f := w ⋅ ξ i , 1 − ξ i , 0
∑ i( )( )
i i
bending_moment( x) := f ⋅ x − xx ⋅ x ≥ xx
i i
i = ll
bending_moment( x)
2
bending_moment1( x)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
8 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
c) algorithms for calculation problem: distribution of point loads along length,
located at ~midpoint between xi and xi+1
nsta := 7
ul := nsta − 1 ll := 0 j := 0 .. ul − 1
0
1 0.5
2 1 1.5
2 xs + xs
−3 2.5
f := xs := 3
j j+ 1
xx := xx =
−3 j 2 3.5
2 4 4.5
5
1 6 5.5
x := xs , xs + 0.01 .. xs
0 0 ul
ul−1
shear( x) :=
∑ fi⋅(x ≥ xxi)
i = ll 5
shear( x) 0
5
0 2 4 6
x
location
can represent by values at endpoint of stations: eliminates (x>xs) term 0 0
1 1
3 2
s := 0 i := 0 .. ul − 1 s := s + f s=0 xs = 3
0 i+ 1 i i
−3 4
−1 5
6
0
shear( x)
0
s
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x , xs
9 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
x
bending moment algorithm: as above ⌠
bm = shear( x) dx
⌡
0
xs xs xs
x ⌠ i− 1 ⌠ i ⌠ i
⌠
( ) ( )
bm x = xs = shear( x) dx = shear( x) dx + shear( x) dx = bm x = xs + shear( x) dx
i ⌡ ⌡ i− 1
0 0 ⌡xs ⌡xs
i− 1 i− 1
( )
x
s
⌠
i xs − xs si−1 + si
( ( ) ( )) ( )
i i− 1
shear( x) dx = shear xs + shear xs ⋅ = ⋅ xs − xs
i i− 1 2 2 i i−
1
⌡
xs
i− 1
si−1 + si
bm := 0
0
i := 1 .. 6 bm := bm
i i− 1
+
2 i (
⋅ xs − xs
i− 1 )
x
⌠
x := xs , xs + 0.1 .. xs bbm( x) := shear( x) dx for comparison
0 0 ul ⌡
0
4
bbm( x)
2
bm
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x , xs
10 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd
this algorithm is amenable to iterative schemes such as could be done in excel:
11 notes_10_shear_bending.mcd