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I
I

73-18,896

GONINO, Vincent John, 1936-

THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUNTINGTON
MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER RAQUETTE
LAKE, NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW
YORK COLLEGE AT CORTLAND.

The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972

Education, history

University Microfilms, A XEROX Com pany, Ann Arbor, Michigan

© 1973

VINCENT JOHN GONINO

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

 THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUNTINGTON
MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER
RAQUETTE LAKE, NEW YORK

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

COLLEGE AT CORTLAND

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate
School of The Ohio State University

By
Vincent J, Gonino, B.S., M.A

The Ohio State University

1972

Approved by

School of Physical Education

 DEDICATION

To my mother and father

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of

all the contributors to this study. To Dr. Charles 1.
Mand, Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf and Mr. George Fuge, the
writer expresses his gratitude for their suggestions,
ideas and information in preparing this dissertation.
A special thanks is extended to his wife, Jean, and
sons, John and Grant, without whose love, encouragement,
and sacrifice this study would not have been possible.

iii
 VITA

1957-1960 B.S. degree, The Ohio State University,

Columbus, Ohio
1960-1961 United States Army
1961-1964 Teacher, Whitehall Public Schools, Columbus,
Ohio

1964-1965 M.A. degree, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio

1965-1966 Instructor, Keystone Junior College, LaPlume,
Pennsylvania

1966-1971 Assistant Professor, State University of New

York, College at Cortland, New York
1971-1972 Ph.D. degree, Teaching Associate, The School
of Physical Education, Men*s Division, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

-FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field Physical Education/Administration

Minor Area: Recreation
 TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION.......................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................. ill
VITA............................................. iv
LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS............................ vii
CHAPTER
I . INTRODUCTION.............................. 1
Purpose of the Study................... 5
Significance of the Study.............. 6
Procedures of the Study................ 6
Definition of the Terms Used in
the Study............................ 9
II. THE ADIRONDACKS AND RAQUETTE LAKE......... 14
III. THE DURANT PAMILY AND OTHER EARLY
SETTLERS AT RAQUETTE LAKE................. 30
IV. THE EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OP OUTDOOR
CENTERS.................................. 82
V. THE LEGAL PACTORS OP THE EXCHANGE OP
OWNERSHIP................................ Ill
VI. OUTDOOR EXPERIENCES PRIOR TO ACQUISITION
OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION
CENTER................................... 162
VII. INITIAL PROGRAMS AND PERSONNEL ASRELATED
TO THE USE OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR
EDUCATION CENTER......................... 169
VIII. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS AND DEVELOPMENT
THROUGH 1972............................. 191

v
CHAPTER Page
IX. SUMMARY ANDCONCLUSIONS...................... 255
X. RECOMMENDATIONS............................ 240
APPENDICES........................................ 245
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................... 272

vi
 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
William West Durant.......................... 59
Swiss Chalet Building, Pine Knot Point, Raquette
Lake, 1882.................................... 47
Trapper's cabin, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake,
1879 .......................................... 47
William West Durant's home, Pine Knot Point,
Raquette Lake, 1880............................ 48
Recreation Hall, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake,
1880 49
Nursery, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, 1880...... 50
Old Maid's cabin, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake,
1880 50
Utowana steamboat on the Marion River............. 58
Utowana Bteamboat at Bassett's Carry, circa 1880... 58
Restaurant located on Bassett's Carry............. 59
Killoqah steamboat near Bassett's Carry.......... 59
Swiss Chalet Building, Pine Knot Point,
Raquette Lake, 1972............................ 70
Aerial view of State University of New York, Out­
door Education Center, Raquette lake, New York,
1972.......................................... 158
Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, Jim Metcalf and John Moore
fishing on Raquette Lake.................. 184
Entrance sign to Huntington Memorial Outdoor
Education Center, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette
Lake.......................................... 190

vii
 Page
Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, Director of Huntington
Memorial Outdoor Education Center, 1948-1950.... 196
Arthur 1. Howe, Director of Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center, 1950-1961........... 201
George Euge, Director of Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center, 1962-present........ 209
Aerial view of Antlers Camp, Raquette Lake,
New York, 1965................................ 213

viii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Huntington Memorial Camp Outdoor Education Center is

situated on Raquette Lake, New York. Raquette Lake is lo­
cated in the north central portion of New York State. The
lake is noted for its irregular shoreline (the longest of
any lake in the Adirondacks) and its beautiful natural
surroundings, as the lake is practically surrounded by two
and a half million acres of Forest Preserve lands.
The Adirondacks are a group of mountains in the
northeastern part of New York State. These mountains are
related to the Laurentian highlands of Canada. Jacques
Cartier, as far as history records, was the first white
man to look upon the Adirondack Mountains and may very
well be credited with their discovery. This event took
place in the early 1500*8. For nearly three hundred
years after their discovery, the Adirondacks remained
virtually unrealized by the white man. It was not until
the eighteenth century that settlers penetrated this
highland wilderness.
Among the great entrepreneurs of the Adirondacks,
loom the figures of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant and his son,

1
William West Durant, builders of railroads, steamboats and
luxurious camps.
It was largely through the efforts of Dr. Thomas
Clark Durant that the central and northern portion of the
Adirondacks became attractive to tourists. Dr. Durant
completed construction of the Adirondack Railroad from
Saratoga to North Creek, New York in 1871. Prior to the
Adirondack Railroad, access to the Central Adirondacks was
difficult and time-consuming. The horse and buggy or
boats were the primary sources of travel. With the comple­
tion of the railroad, Durant began occasional exploration
in the Raquette Lake area. This area he proposed to de­
velop as a resort for the wealthy. In order to pursue this
interest he felt he needed help and sent for the aid of his
son, William West Durant.
The arrival of William West Durant precipitated many
business ventures in the Raquette Lake area. Durant built
a series of transportation systems to aid visitors trav­
eling to the area. His first effort was the organizing of
a stage coach line from North Creek to Blue Mountain Lake.
His second venture was a steamboat line from Blue Mountain
to Raquette Lake. This was an effort to develop the cen­
tral Adirondack region.
As William West Durant began to expand his business
interests, he began making plans for a summer home, to be
called Camp Pine Knot. This camp was built in 1879 and
was located on Pine Knot Point on Raquette Lake. The
style of this camp was "basically simple. Durant combined
the "best features of the early Adirondack crude log cabin
with the graceful and decorative features of the long and
low mountain chalets which had keenly interested him during
his tour through Switzerland. The fame of Camp Pine Knot
spread. The camp became a show place of the woods and
many people went out of their way to visit it.
With Camp Pine Knot constructed, William W. Durant
began acquiring large tracts of land. Using these lands,
Durant began to construct luxurious summer lodges. In
1890, he built the massively beautiful Camp Uncas on Mo-
hegan Lake. He named the camp Uncas after the Mohican in
James Penimore Cooper*s book, "The Last of the Mohicans."
In 1895, Durant sold Camp Pine Knot to Collis P. Hunting­
ton and Camp Uncas to J. Pierpont Morgan. In 1893 he
built picturesque hunting lodges, which he later enlarged
into elaborate camps and renamed Camp Kill Kare and Camp
Sagamore. The camps were built for adults.
Collis Potter Huntington, president of the Southern
Pacific Railroad, in search of a summer Adirondack home,
saw Camp Pine Knot, fell in love with its charm and pur­
chased it from Durant. Prom 1895, Huntington continued
the development of the camp until his death in 1900. His
death was a crushing blow to his family. The shock to the
family was so great that they closed the camp and it
remained vacant and unused for nearly half a century. The
heirs of Huntington employed a caretaker to look after the
property. The Huntington family informed the caretaker to
keep trespassers off the property. This was their only
concern. Therefore, no money was allocated for mainten­
ance or repairs of the camp from 1900 to 1948.
In 1948, Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf, chairman of the
Recreation Education Department at State Teachers College,
Cortland, New York, in search of an out-door education
center, came across Camp Pine Knot, After several in­
quiries, he discovered that Archer M, Huntington and his
wife, Anna Hyatt Huntington inherited the property. Dr.
Metcalf contacted the Huntingtons to see if they would he
willing to present the camp as a gift to State Teachers
College at Cortland as a laboratory facility to be used in
Outdoor Education.
On January 11, 1949» Archer M. Huntington and Anna
Hyatt Huntington granted and released to the State
Teachers College at Cortland 201.52 acres on Long Point.
Included in this acreage was Camp Pine Knot. This gift
was officially accepted in the same year by a special act
of the state legislature naming the facility Huntington
Memorial Camp in honor of Collis P. Huntington.
Since the acquisition, Huntington Memorial Camp has
grown into an Outdoor Education Center consisting of
several camp facilities and three related parcels.
Huntington campers of the early years may get a hit nos­
talgic thinking of the "old days," hut changes are not as
drastic as they may appear. Buildings have heen repaired
and new docks have heen constructed hut the spirit of
William West Durant remains. The only real change that
has taken place is in the programs. During the past
twenty-four years, there have heen over fifty different
outdoor education programs carried on at the center.

Purpose of the Study

It shall he the purpose of this study to trace the
history and development of the land referred to as Hunt­
ington Memorial Outdoor Education Center. An effort will
he made to determine or describe:
1. The land and its initial use andowners.
2. Why the land was acquired.
3. How the land was acquired.
4. What potential programs and educational ven­
tures can he developed through the use of
this land.
5. What is the relationship of the land to other
partB of the surrounding country.
6. What legal aspects were involved in the his­
torical exchange of the land.
7. What initial programs and personnel were in­
volved in the development of this land hy
 6
State Teachers College at Cortland.
8. What contributions, developments or programs
have evolved at the Center under Cortland's
ownership (1948-1972).

Significance of the Study

This study will be limited to the growth and devel­
opment of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center
from 1870-1972. The study will include:
1. A brief history of the Adirondack Region
and the early development of the region.
2. People who were primarily responsible for
its development.
3. The programs that have developed at the
center.

Procedures of the Study

The procedure will follow the basic historical me­
thods described by John Best in his book, "Research in
Education." The investigator will attempt to obtain and
review all data, letters, and other articles written that
pertain to the Center. The investigator will research the
files and archives of the State University of New York,
College at Cortland, the Blue Mountain Adirondack Museum
library, and Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center
library. Such material may include: minutes of meetings,
annual reports, constitutions, handbooks, newsletters,
 7
programs of various events, letters, court decisions, news­
paper clippings, pamphlets, deeds, publications and re­
ceipts .
The investigator will visit or send letters to sev­
eral institutions in order to inquire about their outdoor
education programs. This material will be used in the body
of the study, chapter three.
Personal interviews with several people living in the
Raquette Lake community and with relatives of the former
owners, such as Anna Hyatt Huntington who is in her 97th
year, will be conducted. Additional interviews will be
held with professors, and retired professors of State Uni­
versity College at Cortland who were involved with the
camp programs and acquisition of the camp. The interviews
will be taped and the information recorded in the body of
the material. An attempt will be made to interview the
following people:
Mr. George Euge, director of Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Center
Mr. Roland Eckard, former director of the center
Dr. Gold Metcalf, professor at Cortland College,
retired
Dr. T. P. Holloway, professor in Men'B Physical
Education Department, State University College
at Cortland
Dr, D. V, Smith, former president of Cortland
College
Mr, W. B, Clemens, professor in Science Depart­
ment, State University College at Cortland
Dr, Walt Thurber, professor at Syracuse Univer­
sity, formerly of State Teachers College at
Cortland
Dr, Franklin Coolidge, former principal at Cort­
land College Campus School, retired
Mrs, Anna H, Huntington, daughter-in-law of
C, P, Huntington
Mr, Ray Colligan, caretaker of Huntington Outdoor
Education Center
Mrs, Grace Moore, wife of former caretaker
Mr, Ruben Mick, resident of Raquette Lake for
75 years
Mr. Dennis Dillon, resident of Raquette lake for
75 years
Mrs, Marcia Smith, librarian of Blue Mountain
Museum Library
Mr, George McDermott, professor in Science Depart­
ment, State University College at Cortland
Mrs. Harriet Holsten, professor at Cortland
College, retired
Dr. Ross Allen, former dean of H.P.E.R. at
Cortland College
Definition of Terms
In order to objectify terminology as much as possible,
the following definitions and discussion are presented.
Adirondack Mountains. The Adirondack Mountains are a
group of mountains in the northeastern portion of New York
State. These mountains are related to the laurentian high­
lands of Canada.
Barque. The Barque is a houseboat built of pine logs.
William West Durant used this house boat as a refuge from
the Adirondack black flies.
Basset's Carry. Basset's Carry is a strip of land
about three quarters of a mile long between Utowana and
Raquette lake. The carry was renamed the Marion Carry in
later years.
Beckman Portable Meter. This is a piece of equip­
ment used for pH and oxidation reduction measurements.
Camp Pine Knot. This was the first of the artistic
and luxurious camps in which William West Durant combined
the Adirondack features of the crude log cabin with the
long, low lines of the graceful Swiss Chalet. The camp
was renamed Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center.
Camp Sagamore. This was the third luxurious camp
built by William West Durant. The camp was constructed
on Shedd lake. The camp was constructed to be the most
elaborate and luxurious of all previous camps.
 10
Camp Uncas. This was the second luxurious camp which
William West Durant "built. The camp was built on the
shore of Lake Mohican. The camp was named after an Indian
in James Penimore Cooper's novel, The Last of the Mohicans.
Eckford Chain. The Eckford Chain is a chain of lakes
(Blue Mountain, Eagle and Utowana) in the Central Adiron­
dack Region.
Eckman Dredge. The Eckman Dredge is a piece of equip­
ment used for collecting submerged soils; special screening
devices physically separate materials while organic frac­
tions are determined by ignition.
Entomology. Entomology is that branch of Zoology
that studies insects.
Pulton Chain. The Pulton Chain is a chain of lakes
found between Old Porge and Raquette Lake, New York.
Hellige Colorimeter. This is a piece of equipment
used for determining water color, orthophosphates, am­
monia, nitrite and nitrate, nitrogen and chlorine.
Ichthyology. Ichthyology is that branch of Zoology
which study fish.
Kalamazoo Case 1871. The Kalamazoo Case established
the twelve years of free public education which became
more sensitive to the needs and desires of the people.
Kemmerer Sampler. This is a piece of equipment used
for collecting water samples for DO, pH, total alkalinity
and dissolved C02 concentrations.
 11
Killoquah. This is an Indian name for Raquette Lake.
William West Durant named four of his steamboats in honor
of this lake.
Mammalogy. Mammalogy is that branch of Zoology which
studies mammals.
Laurentian Highlands. These highlands refer to a
range of mountains along the Canadian border. The Adiron­
dack Mountains are related to this range.
Life Camus. Life Camps were established in the 1930*8.
L. B. Sharp was the director of the camps. This was the
first major effort to encourage school camping.
Limnology. The scientific study of the fresh waters,
esp., ponds and lakes, including physical, chemical and
biological conditions.
Long Point. This is a parcel of land about two miles
long and a half mile wide. The point lies between East
Bay and South Bay of Raquette Lake.
New York State School Camp Demonstration Bill. This
Bill proposed five million dollars in State aid to be dis­
tributed through the State Education Department in order
to get school camps established as part of the total edu­
cation program.
New York State Education Law 4501. This law refers
specifically to the establishment of camps and the author­
ization of appropriations by school districts.
 12
New York State Education Law 4502. This law provides
for.the establishment of camps by city school districts
and the authorization of appropriate funds for the same.
New York State Forest Preserve. The preserve was es­
tablished in 1885 and provided that the lands constituting
the Porest Preserve "shall be forever kept as wild forest
lands . . . or taken by any person, corporation, public or
private."
Ornithology. Ornithology is that branch of Zoology
which studies birds.
Pine Knot Point. This is a parcel of land extending
out about a quarter of a mile from the southwest shore of
long Point. This point extends into the South Bay of
Raquette lake.
Raquette. This is a French word that signifies snow-
shoe, also cactus or prickly pear.
Raquette lake. This is one of the most beautiful
large lakes located in the southwestern Bector of the
Adirondack Region.
Ross Pine line Recorder. This is a piece of equip­
ment used for bathymetric measurement of the aquatic
basin.
Smith Hughes Act. This act stimulated the develop­
ment of vocational education— an expansion of the schools
offerings in general education.
 15
Tanager Lodge. This was an outdoor training camp
situated on the Upper Chateaugay lake in the northern part
of the New York State Adirondacks. The camp was estab­
lished in 1957 to train students in the out-of-doors.
Taxonomy. The scientific classification, esp., of
animals and plants according to their natural relation­
ships .
Tu b carora. This was a seventy-five foot, twin screw,
double decker steamboat that plied on the lakes of the
central Adirondacks.
Totten and Orossfield Purchase. This purchase refers
to a large triangle of land in the Central Adirondack Re­
gion. The estimated acreage was about 1,115,000 acres.
The purchase took place about 1771.
Utowana. This is a lake in the central portion of the
Adirondacks. William West Durant built a steamboat in
1879, and named the boat after the lake.
Water Lilly. This was a steamboat built by William
A. Martin. The boat carried passengers on the Adirondack
waters during the latter part of the 1880's.
Yellowstone Instrument Thermister. This is a piece
of equipment used for determining temperature profiles.
 CHAPTER IX

THE ADIRONDACKS AND RAQUETTE LAKE

The Adirondacks are a group of mountains in the north­

eastern portion of New York State. Appendix A makes re­
ference to these mountains. According to Donaldson, "These
mountains are related to the laurentian highlands of Can­
ada. The range does not appear to connect, hut has many
summits, isolated or in small groups. There are about 100
peaks ranging from 1,200 to 5,000 feet in height."*1'
Geographically, the Adirondack region has four dis­
tinct quarters. Appendix B, C, D, and E refers to these
quarters. The southeast quarter, with low hills and a few
lakes, has lake George at its center, lake George, in the
last.decade, has become known largely as a resort area.
The northeast quarter encompasses the high peaks, all
within a few square miles, located in this quarter are
Saranac and lake Placid which are heavily populated
throughout the year. During the summer months thousands
of campers, mountain climbers, and backpackers use the

1. A. 1. Donaldson, A History of the Adirondacks (Apple-

ton-Century Crofts, Inc7, 1921), p. 3.

14
area extensively. Downhill skiing, cross-country skiing,
and snowmobiling are very popular during the winter.
The northwest quarter is the least known and the
least settled. It is known as the quarter of rivers. The
two main rivers that flow through this area are the Hudson
and the Raquette Rivers. The northernmost source of the
Hudson "begins more than four thousand feet up Mount Marcy,
which is the highest point in New York State, at 5344 feet.
The Hudson River begins as a narrow stream, but by the time
it reaches Manhattan, it becomes navigable by large ships.
The Raquette River is, next to the Hudson, the longest
river in the state. It begins at Blue Mountain Lake, al­
though until it reaches Raquette lake, it is called the
Marion River. From Raquette lake the river flows in a
northeasterly course through Forked and Dong Dake. It
then turns northwesterly into Big Tupper Lake and zigzags
its way to the Saint Lawrence River.
There are several other rivers that flow through this
wilderness area, but for many years these two rivers were
responsible for providing the early pioneers with a water­
way by which they could move the forest riches out of the
Adirondacks.
The remaining quarter is the land in the southwest
sector of the Adirondack region. This quarter has only
low hills; It is an area of lakes. Many of the lakes are
interconnected. From an aerial view of the region, it
 16
appears, In places, more water than land. A larger number
of tourist centers in this region can be found at Blue
Mountain lake, long lake, and Raquette lake.
Vessels writes: "The first geological survey in New
York State was done by Professor Ebenezer Emmons in 1843.
Professor Emmons was appointed by Governor Marcy, of the
2
State of New York, to head a group to make the survey."
When Professor Emmons made his Report of the Geological
Survey of New York, he stated: "The cluster of mountains
in the neighborhood of the Upper Hudson and AuSable
Rivers, I propose to call the Adirondack Group, a name by
which a well known tribe of Indians who once hunted here
may be commemorated."^
Wessels continues to explain the origin of the name.
The Mohawk Indians of the Iroquois Confederation, who had
asserted their ownership of the region which they re-
t

ferred to as the "Beaver Hunting Grounds" in the Adiron-

dacks, had as their enemies the Montagnais Indian of the
Algonquins. These Indians roamed the country south of the
Saint lawrence River and were called in derision by the
Mohawks, "Ratirondacks" or "Tree Eaters." These Indians
subsisted solely upon the fruits of the chase; they grew
no com, and when game was scarce they ate the buds and

2. William 1. Wessels, Adirondack Profiles (Hamilton

Advertising Agency, Blue Mountain, 196>i)» p. 45.
3. Ibid., p. 46.
 17
■the hark of trees. Hence, the name "Tree Eaters" devel­
oped. This name Emmons gave to the wilderness country.^
Several themes persist throughout Adirondack history.
The first pertains to the early pioneers and the con­
tinuous arrival of people who hoped to make their fortunes.
According to White's text, the first white man to lay eyes
upon the Adirondacks was Jacques Cartier, in 1556, as he
disembarked from his long boat upon the shore of an island
in the upper Saint Lawrence River. The next arrival of
any white man, according to recorded history, was Samuel
DeChamplain in 1603.^
For nearly two hundred years after LeChamplain's ap­
pearance there, the Adirondacks remained virtually un­
realized by the white man.
The early history of the Adirondacks is vague. The
most notable attempt to tell a consecutive and comprehen­
sive story of the region was made by Nathaniel Bartlett
Sylvester in his Historical Sketches of Northern New York,
published in 1877. Due to its early date of publication,
much of its more recent history was not included.
Present day researchers indicate that the Adiron­
dacks had never harbored permanent inhabitants until the
nineteenth century, but for a long time remained as a

4. Ibid., p. 46.
5. William Chapman White, Adirondack Country (Little,
Brown and Company, Boston, 1954)» p. 3.
 18
portion of the Totten and Crossfield purchase. About 1771
two unknown Manhattan shipwrights, Joseph Totten and
Stephen Crossfield, asked the State of Mew York for the
right to buy a huge triangle of land that is now the Cen­
tral Adirondack Region. This tract they estimated to en­
compass 800,000 acres. Its northern boundary ran from
Keene Valley to the west and south of Cranberry lake and
included Blue Mountain Lake, Indian Lake, Lake Pleasant,
Raquette Lake and several other lakes. Appendix F refers
to this tract of land.
These two men knew nothing of the land; they were
front men for Edward and Ebenezer Jessup and Alexander
Macomb. The new purchasers had plant so subdivide the
land into fifty townships and to sell these townships at a
profit. This purchase required a survey of the area and
Archibald Campbell was assigned this task. The tract of
land that was estimated to encompass 800,000 acres was
found, in later years, to be actually 1,115,000 acres.
On April 10, 1771f Joseph Totten and Stephen Cross­
field humbly petitioned his excellency, the Honorable John
Tryon, Earl of Lunmore, Captain-General and Governor-in-
Chief of the Province of New York for a certain tract of
land. On June 7* 1771 at a council held at Port George
in the city of New York, permission to purchase this

6. Ibid., p. 61.
 19
tract of land from the Indians was granted. In Johnstown
Hall, Johnstown, New York, in front of Governor Tryon, the
purchase was made from the Indians. The purchase money-
paid to the Indians amounted to 1,135 pounds. These Mo­
hawk Indians sold their land for about a penny per every
four acres. Totten and Crossfield submitted an applica­
tion, through Governor Tryon, to the Crown for a patent on
this acreage. The request was submitted to the Crown by
letter. Owing to the errors of the rough survey in 1772,
only twenty-four townships were balloted.
When the Revolutionary War began, all land reverted
back to the State of New York. When the war ended, the
impoverished State of New York was anxious to sell land to
raise money. Joseph Totten and Stephen Crossfield repeti­
tioned the state, and on May 9, 1785, asserted claim to
patent. The patentees of the Totten and Crossfield pur-
7
chase included fifty townships.'
Although most of the land purchased by Totten and
Crossfield went to other people, their names are in
Adirondack history forever. The largest purchase of land
in the Totten and Crossfield grant went to Alexander
Macomb. After 1792 the lands were known as the "Macomb
Purchase." They were-divided, subdivided and subdivided
again.

7. Ted Aber and Stella King, History o^ Hamilton County

(Great Wilderness Books, Lake Pleasant, New York,
1965), P. 9.
 Over the years the descendants of those early pioneers
came to the Adirondacks and attempted to make a living by
farming. They did not realize that the rocky soil would
produce little. Others came to this wilderness region
seeking their fortunes in the abundant iron ore. Pew peo­
ple consider New York as a mining state or the Adirondack
region as mining country. Yet, there are iron mines, gar­
net mines, talc and lead mines throughout this region.
White supports this by stating, "Until 1870 much of the
iron used in the Eastern States came from the Adirondack
mines."8
Two pioneers in the Iron Works enterprise were Archi­
bald McIntyre and his brother-in-law, Duncan McMartin, Jr.
Masten writes: "These two men formed an enterprise which
was known as the Elba Iron and Steel Manufacturing Com­
pany. Little did these two men realize that their fur­
naces would encourage other furnaces to open up all along
Q
the Adirondack rivers."7
Several people came to the Adirondacks with a desire
to get rich from the great supply of lumber that once was
available. According to Aber and King., "The timber in­
dustry goes back far into history to earlier exploration
in the eighteenth century of a French timber cruiser

8. White, p. 7.
9. Arthur H. Masten, The Story of Adirondac (The Adiron­
dack Museum, Syracuse University Press, 1968), p. 13.
 21

searching for marine timbers."10 During the 1860*8, the

Adirondacks led the nation in the production of lumber,
and in 1900 it also led the nation in the production of
paper. Although lumbering might seem to belong to the past
in New York State, each year thousands of feet of lumber
are cut on private holdings and trucked to nearby mills.
Also, some paper mills throughout the state still use
Adirondack wood.
The second theme of the Adirondacks is the discovery
and ever widening use of the Adirondack region as a vaca­
tion or tourist area. White states: "The reports of
Emmons* survey attracted popular writers. After 1839, a
steady trickle of stories about travel and adventure in
the Adirondacks appeared and were read by many. Within
thirty years, the Adirondacks became a tremendous resort
area,"^
The woods and their riches helped attract the first
settlers to the AdirondackB. The mountains and lakes mark
the region as unusual, but it is the woods, above all,
that make the Adirondacks. They bring the summer tourist.
The first settlers to come to the Adirondacks saw the
heaviness and density of the woods and marked the two
great trees that towered over all others: the giant white
pine and the huge spruce. The woods that these first

10. Aber and King, p. 7.

11. White, pp. 99-100.
 22
settlers saw are largely gone. Many of these gigantic
trees were harvested by commercial lumbermen while others
were destroyed by wind and fires. But, new growth has re­
placed these trees. For many, the Adirondack woods now
provides a means of solitude.
The animals in the woods and the fish in the lakes
and streams were just as responsible for attracting many
visitors who later became settlers. In De Champlain's
journal of his travels down lake Champlain, he wrote,
"There is a great abundance of fish, of many varieties,
and vary in length. The longest being as some people told
12
me, eight to ten feet long."
After 1840 stories of the fine fishing spread in an
era when people were beginning to pay more attention to
life outdoors. As a result, the salmon and trout went
fast. The fish were there for the talking. Today, fishing
in the Adirondacks depends on stocking by the state.
Brook trout, lake trout, and pike are stocked by the mil­
lions, along with native brown trout and rainbows. Ac­
cording to Raney, "New York State has nearly 200 fishes,
classified in 28 families, that spend most of their life
1^5
in fresh water." ^ The Adirondack lakes are of various
sorts. Most have clear, clean water, spring-fed with

12. Ibid., p. 25.

13. Edward C. Raney, "Minnows of New York," The Conser­
vationist. April-May, 1969, p. 22.
 23
rocky shores. Due to the springs, the water in the lakes
is cold year-round. In the summer, however, the water may
warm up to 70 degrees in a few lakes.
Even though laws forhid killing game except during a
prescribed season, the early settlers had an abundant sup­
ply of fresh meat. In the northern and least settled
parts of the state one can see deer, bears, beavers, mar­
tens, and most other inhabitants of the forest. But, they
are not nearly so plentiful as they were during the nine­
teenth century, like the supply of fish, it did not take
long for man to wreck this zoological paradise.
The third theme of Adirondack history pertains to the
problem of preserving the woods for future generations.
To some people keeping the woods as wilderness is what
gives the Adirondacks their greatest appeal. On the other
hand, there are those who feel that it is a shameful waste
of salable timber.
The whole Adirondack Area was established as a state
park in 1894-. The boundary lines surround a rough rec­
tangle with approximately 120 miles on each side. This
six million acres of park land covers all of Hamilton
County and parts of eleven other Adirondack counties.
The park contains private as well as public land and is a
contiguous geographical entity.
Half of the Adirondack State Park's six million
acres is privately owned; the other half is owned by the
 24
state as a forest preserve and is managed by the State*s
Department of Conservation. These state lands are not in
one piece, hut in many parcels. White writes: "Those who
live or visit in the Adirondacks have 2,179,556 acres of
state land where they may go as they wish, camp where they
please; . . . The public ownership of the Adirondack Forest
Preserve and the provision that it cannot *be leased, sold,
or exchanged, nor shall the timber there on be sold, re­
moved, or destroyed,* were v/ritten into the state consti­
tution in 1894, along with the provision that *the Forest
Preserve shall be forever kept as wild forest lands.
During the next year, New York State's government
will make basic decisions about the future of the Adiron­
dacks— the last great wilderness in the eastern United
States. This decision will be more important than any
made about the Adirondacks since 1894 when a state Con­
stitutional Convention wrote the language decreeing that
the state-owned land in this vast Forest Preserve shall
forever be kept as wild forest lands. "The decisions are
about the central question that has hung over the region
for a hundred years— how to balance the economic needs of
the people who live here in the poorest part of the state,
15
with the need to preserve its natural beauty."

14. White, p. 8.
15. David Shaffer, "State Decisions Will Decide Future
of Adirondacks," The Cortland Standard, September 6.
1972, p. 7.
 The battle over the future of the Adirondacks is
coming at this time partly because real estate developers
are becoming interested in the area as a potential loca­
tion for vacation-home projects. This is a fact that has
made conservationists fear massive and unplanned develop­
ment and are pressing for some way of controlling it. For
someone who lives outside the region, it is easy to feel
that the first priority is to protect the Adirondacks in
their natural state. But, it is more difficult for a man
with a family to support in Hamilton County, where the un­
employment rate during the winter months approaches 30
percent.16
In another article, David Shaffer writes concerning a
plan, approved by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, aimed at
settling a long standing controversy over just how wild
the "forever wild" state-owned lands in the Adirondacks
are to be. The governor endorsed and made state policy
July 25, 1972 a master plan setting out classifications
and guidelines for the management of the 2.27 million
acres of state-owned land in the Adirondacks. Under new
guidelines, some parts of the forest preserve will be
kept more wild than others. The state lands are to be
divided about evenly between "wilderness" areas, subject
to strict restrictions in their use, and "wild forest"
 26
areas, where more intensive uses will "be permitted. Such
things as snowmohiling and camping will he possible in the
wild forest area. The plan is seen as an attempt to solve
the "forever wild" question by setting up a firm system of
classification and to protect the more delicate lands in
17
wilderness areas. Appendix G refers to the Adirondack
Park Forest Preserve Classification.
Today, more people than ever before are enjoying the
Adirondacks. The Adirondacks with its million acres of
forest, its 100 peaks and 1,400 lakes provides a site for
many camps, hotels, and private resorts. However, the
first of the artistic and luxurious camps (so numerous to­
day in the Adirondacks), was called Camp Pine Knot built
on Raquette Lake in 1877 by William West Durant.
Raquette Lake is one of several lakes located in the
southwestern sector of the Adirondack region. The naming
of most of the lakes in the Adirondacks was a haphazard
affair. In a few cases, Indian names were given to the
lakes and then abandoned by early settlers. In reviewing
the literature, the writer found two explanations as to
how Raquette Lake acquired its name. The first explana­
tion states: "The peculiar form of this lake undoubtedly
suggested its French name, of which the word 'Racket* is

17. David Shaffer, "Adirondacks *Forever Wild* Wins

Rocky's Approval," The Cortland Standard, July 26,
1972, p. 8.
 27
a corruption. Raquette signifies snowshoe, also cactus or
prickly pear. Perhaps some fancied resemblance between
this plant and the peculiar arrangement of the bays of the
18
lake account for its designation."
The second possible way that Raquette lake acquired
its name dates back to May 1776. Sir John Johnson, a
large landowner and arch Tory, was threatened with arrest
at the hands of General Phillip Schuyler and Colonel Elias
Payton and their New York colonial troops for opposing the
American Revolutionary effort in upper New York State.
Hastily gathering a large body of his disaffected tenants
and retainers, Sir John left his baronial manox- during the
night. His destination was Montreal, Canada over the
Sacadaga Indian trail which led through the Central Adiron­
dacks .
Crossing the Adirondacks over the Indian trail in
early spring waB an unbelievable feat. The party was
poorly supplied with food. Deep snow remained in the moun­
tainous area. Despite the severe suffering, the party
moved rapidly through the mountains on snowshoes to
Raquette lake.
legend tells us that at Raquette lake the snows had
melted, making further uBe of snowshoes undesirable.

18. H. Perry Smith, The M o d e m Babes in the Wood or

Summerings in the Wilderness (Columbian Book Com­
pany, 1872)t P* 39$.
Sir John's company placed their snowshoes or "raquettes"
as the French called them, in piles on the lake shore,
abandoning them for travel on foot. Years later, the
snowshoes were found, and •’Racket Lake" had received its
name.*^
For years the region around the Fulton Chain of lakes
above Old Forge in Herkimer County remained a vast though
enchanting wilderness. It was a favorite place for fishing
as it had been since the century's earliest years. About
1880, settlers began pushing forward from Herkimer County
into Hamilton County and Raquette Lake.
The census of June, 1880, showed the community of
Raquette Lake to have a population of approximately thirty-
five people who were trappers, carpenters, guides, laborers
and a hotel keeper. Throughout the years, the community
has continued to grow. More than any other community in
Hamilton County, the principality of Raquette Lake pros­
pered and grew as a result of summer tourists.

Summary
With the exception of a few pioneers, the Adiron­
dacks harbored no permanent inhabitants until the nine­
teenth century. In the beginning, the Adirondacks were
under the control of land baronu who sought this wilder­
ness for its riches.

19. Aber and King, pp. 5-6.

 Over the years descendants of the early Adirondack
pioneers returned there and attempted to make a living from
farming. Others came to this region seeking their fortunes
in the abundance of iron ore. Several people came to the
Adirondacks with a desire to get rich from the great sup­
ply of lumber available there. Although farming did not
prove profitable, the mining and forestry businesses were
a success. The abundance of resources bred a spirit of
unconcern, and waste. Some of the resources endured for
only a short while. Others were exploited far beyond the
point at which their exploiters became wealthy.
In addition to the farmers, miners and lumbermen,
the Adirondacks attracted hunters and fishermen, like the
supply of timber and ore, it did not take long for these
summer tourists to destroy this zoological paradise.
This disregard for the resources found in the Adiron­
dacks continued throughout the nineteenth century. Not
until the latter part of the nineteenth century did the
people of New York State begin to be concerned about pre­
serving these resources. In order to protect the Adiron­
dacks for future generations, the New York State Forest
*

Preserve was established in 1894.

 CHAPTER III

THE DURANT FAMILY AND OTHER EARLY SETTLERS

AT RAQUETTE LAKE

The original settlers at Raquette Lake were two hun­

ters: William Wood and Matthew Beach. These two men
chose the west side of Raquette Lake. They cut out a
clearing and built a typical trappers cabin. This took
place about 1846. A short time later Josiah Wood, brother
of William, brought his wife and six small children to
this wilderness area. Josiah built a log cabin on the
east side of Raquette Lake on a point which still bears
the family name. Jerome Wood, born July 21, 1849, was
20
the first white child to be b o m on Raquette Lake.
Appendix H refers to this point.
Author A. L. Donaldson places their settlement in
reverse, starting with Josiah Wood as the first settler
on Raquette Lake. He was then followed by William Wood
21
and Matthew Beach. This statement, either as to

20. Aber and King, p. 786.

21. Harold Hochschild, Township 34 (Adirondack Museum
Library, New York, 1954), pT 130.

30
 31
dates or residency, is not apparently supported by re­
corded fact.
The next record of any visitors to the Raquette lake
region involves a man named Wilbur. In the year 1857,
Wilbur built a very primitive hotel about a mile above
the outlet of Raquette lake. The hotel was called the
"Raquette lake House." The hotel stayed open for about
six years and was under the ownership of several people be-
op
fore it closed its doors. Prom the time Wilbur first
started the hotel business, other businessmen began trying
their hand in the business. These early hotels had little
success, but it opened the doors for many prosperous busi­
nesses in future years.
Other visitors to the Raquette lake area during the
middle of the nineteenth century were: Dr. John Todd in
1843 and Albert Bigelow in 1858. Amelia Murray, according
to records, was the first white woman to make a pleasure
tour through the Adirondacks only to be followed by sev­
eral other pioneers.
Among the great entrepreneurs of the Adirondacks,
loom the figures of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant and his son,
William West Durant, builders of railroads, steamboats,
and beautiful camps in the central Adirondacks. The name
Durant was of Italian origin; the name of the poet Dante

22. Ibid., p. 91.

 32
was an abbreviation of Durante. Records show the family's
ancestors had emigrated to England sometime during the
middle ages. The American branch of the Durant family
were the descendants of Richard Durant, an Englishman of
distinction.
According to the literature, Richard Durant was once
the mayor of Bedmin, in Cornwall, England. Richard had a
son whom he named George who married Elizabeth Blake.
George Durant emigrated to America. The Durant name first
appears in the colonial records as a tenant of the Dexter
property at Malden, Massachusetts in 1662. The following
year, George received a large grant of land on both sides
of the Connecticut River and settled at Middletown.
George and Elizabeth had a son whom they named Edward.
Edward Durant had a son whom he named Edward II.
Edward, Jr. married Anne Hall. They, too, had a son whom
they called Edward. Durant waB the son of Edward and
Judith. On September 15, 1735* Thomas married Anne Jack­
son. Their son was named after his father. Thomas Durant
III was born at Newton, Massachusetts, on March 18, 174-6.
Thomas married Elizabeth Clark. Thomas and Elizabeth had
a son and named him Thomas Clark Durant.
Thomas Clark Durant was born at Middlefield, Massa­
chusetts, a January 30, 1791* and died in Pittsfield,
Massachusetts, on September 11, 1866. He had married
Sybil Wright and had a son, Thomas. Thomas Clark
 33
Durant II was married to Heloise Hannah Timbrel. They had
a son whom they named William West Durant.
William West Durant v/aB born February 6, 1850, at
lee, Massachusetts. In 1884, William married Janet 1.
Scott, from whom he was separated by divorce in 1898. In
1907 William married Anne Cotton, William had three chil­
dren from his first marriage. They were: Lawrence Thomas
Durant, Basil N. Durant, and Heloise T. Durant. William
died on May 31* 1934, at the age of 83 in Mount SinaiHos­
pital, Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York.2^
Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the first of the Durant
family to enter the Adirondack mountain region, was bora
in Berkshire County, Massachusetts in 1820. Selecting
medicine and surgery as the field in which me might employ
his natural and acquired talents advantageously, he en­
tered Albany Medical College at the age of eighteen and
was graduated in 1940 at the age of twenty with full
honors. He received his diploma a year earlier than what
was customary for medical schools to grant such license.
After practicing surgery for three years, Dr. Durant did
not find his profession challenging. His mind yearned for
large fields, more extensive interests, and more compre­
hensive considerations in the mercantile life. He aban­
doned the medical profession and accepted the partnership

23. Rev. William Durant, Manuscript 1870-1908 Durant

Files (Adirondack Museum library).
in a firm Durant-Lathrop and Company, of Albany. The
flour and grain business became very extensive having
branches in Buffalo, Chicago, and New York. The business
was carried on extensively to all the principle European
ports until the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1848.
Prior to the outbreak, the foreign demand for cereal pro­
ductions had been very great and the shipments of Durant-
lathrop and Company were enormous. Soon after this con­
tingency, Dr. Durant turned his attention to railway mat­
ters. His knowledge of the resources of the great West,
obtained in the course of his mercantile career, made him
an earnest advocate of internal improvements especially in
the line of land and water transportation. He appreciated
and had foresight into the importance of bringing the East
and the West— the Atlantic and the Pacific— into closer
communication strengthened by iron bands and greatly im­
proved commercial relations. Dr. Durant assisted very
materially in promoting the interests of the Michigan,
Southern, the Burean-Valley, the Rock Island, and the Mis­
sissippi and Missouri Railroads. Interesting himself from
the first in the scheme of a great medium of transit from
the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, at a time when the pro­
ject appeared almost impracticable, Dr. Durant cherished
and furthered it with all the enthusiasm of his energetic
nature. Since 1861 he became very active in organizing
the financial machinery of the Pacific Railway, later
known as the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Hochschild
Btates: "Durant emerged as the leading figure in the con­
struction of the Union Pacific Railroad. The line was
chartered hy Congress in 1862 and the first track was laid
in 1865 from Council Bluffs, Iowa across the Missouri
24.
River from Omaha as the eastern starting point."
Under the superintendence of Mr. Durant, the construc­
tion of the railroads rapidly advanced. "The company
built two hundred and forty-five miles of track in one
hundred and eighty-two working days— a feat, considering
all difficulties, unsurpassed in the annals of railroad
construction." * Speaking about Mr. Durant, Donaldson
writes: "No man was more fitted for such an undertaking,
for he was one of the most far-sighted, dynamic, and suc-
26
cessful promoters of his day."
With the Union Pacific Railroad interest still in
mind, Dr. Durant, in 1865, became actively interested in
building a railroad from Saratoga, New York to North
Creek, New York. The line was intended to continue from
North Creek to a point just north of long lake and then to
Canton and Ogdensburg, New York. In an editorial, the
following comment was made:

24. Harold Hochschild, Durant and His Iron Horse (Adiron­

dack Museum Library, New York7 1962), p. 1.
25. Samuel Wells, American Phrenological Journal. March
1867, p. 70.
26. Donaldson, p. 64.
 36
Within an easy day's ride of our great city,
as steam teaches us to measure distance, is a
tract of country fitted to make a Central Park
for the world— the fact that this work is pro­
secuted under the direct supervision of Thomas
C. Durant, one of the principal stockholders of
the company and one of the ablest railway men
of the country, is a sufficient guarantee for
its progress; and with its completion, the
Adirondack region will become a suburb of New
York.27

The only phase of the Adirondack Company's ambitious

plans ever carried into effect was the building of the
sixty mile line from North Creek to Saratoga. This line
became known as the Adirondack Railroad. Appendix I shows
this railroad. Durant began the construction of this
railroad about 1865. But, due to the nature of the ter­
rain, it took much longer than anticipated to lay the
rails. It was not until 1871 that the line attained its
prescribed length of sixty miles. Because funds for con­
struction were nearly exhausted, construction stopped at
approximately 2.8 miles beyond North Creek.
In 1879 the scheduled trip from New York City to Blue
Mountain Lake took twenty-six hours. Passengers left the
metropolis at 6:00 P.M. by the Albany night boat to con­
nect with the Delaware and Hudson train leaving Albany at
7:00 A.M. the next morning. The Delaware and Hudson
train made connections at Saratoga with the Adirondack
Railroad train which arrived at North Creek at 12:05 P.M.

27. Editorial, New York Times, quoted by Harold Hochs­

child in Townshio 34 (Adirondack Museum Library.
1952), p . T :
 37
The stagecoach started from North Creek at 12:25 P.M. and
p o
was due at Blue Mountain Lake at 8:00 P.M.
A new era began for the central Adirondacks in the
1870's when Dr. Thomas Clark Durant completed the construc­
tion of the Adirondack Railroad. This railroad opened a
gateway into the Central Adirondacks. More and more people
began to frequent the area. In addition to the Adirondack
Railroad, Dr, Durant began acquiring large tracts of land
in the central Adirondack region. Though he had other
railroad interests, Durant's primary interest was in the
Adirondacks around Blue Mountain and Raquette Lake. This
area he proposed to develop as a playground for the
wealthy. Por his dream he felt he needed help and sent
for his son.
In 1874 William West Durant was recalled from Egypt
to aid his father in the development of the land he was
acquiring. The young man did not disappoint his father.
Although he had grown up in Europe, he was quick to trans­
fer his interest to the new world. William West Durant
was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1850, the son of Dr.
Thomas Clark Durant. Dr. T. C. Durant decided that his
son should be educated in Europe. In 1861, when the
famous steamship "Great Eastern" made her first Atlantic

28. Harold Hochschild, An Adirondack Resort in the Nine­

teenth Century— Blue Mountain Lake 1870-1900. Stage­
coaches and Luxury Hotels (Adirondack Museum Library,
New York, 1952), p. 10.
 38
crossing, eleven year old William West Durant was a pas­
senger. He remained in Europe for thirteen years. He was
educated at Twickenham School in England and later at­
tended Bonn University. It has been written that while he
lived in Europe, he traveled extensively on the continent.
In his early twenties, he became interested in exploring
and participated in expeditions to Abyssinia and to the
Levant.2^
Alfred L. Donaldson writes of William West Durant:
He succeeded his father as president of the
Adirondack Railroad and carried on his many de­
velopment schemes with an enthusiasm b o m of
genuine delight in the woods. He added whole
townships to his inherited land holdings; he
built the first artistic camps the woods had
ever seen, and opened up the Raquette Lake re­
gion by facilities of transportation unknown
before. Indeed, he was conspicuously the de­
veloper of the Central Adirondacks. Erom 1885
to 1900 he enjoyed an unrivaled regency of
prominence and popularity. He entertained
largely and royally and made a name for himself
as a pioneer woodland host. He was the first
to make his summer quarters comfortable for
winter pleasure and to use them for that pur­
pose. He was the first to ask his friends to
travel north by train and then by sleigh over
forty miles of snow and ice for the novelty of
eating Christmas dinner in the wilderness. He
was, in short, the first to inaugurate many
things which had never been dreamed of in the
Adirondacks before.30
William West Durant's first visit to the Adirondacks
was in 1876. In the same year Charles Bennet came from

29. Harold Hochschild, Life and Leisure in the Adiron-

dacks Backwoods (Adirondack Museum Library, New York.
1952)7 p. 11
30. Donaldson, p. 90.
WILLIAM WEST DURANT
1850 - 193**
 40
Blue Mountain lake and camped a tent on long Point, south
of the mouth of the Marion River. Appendix J makes re­
ference to this point. Long Point lies between East Bay,
into which the Marion River empties, and South Bay. "The
point runs east and west and is roughly two miles long by
half a mile wide, with its width tapering toward the
XT
tip."^ In 1874, Charles Bennett and his brother, Edward,
built a crude cabin to lodge visitors. Prom this cabin
they went on to build the Bennett House, The Antlers, and
Under the Hemlocks. About the Same time the Bennets built
their crude cabin, Durant decided to make his family's
summer home on the point. So, he built two or three al­
most equally simple cabins. The cabins were erected on the
north shore of the tip of Long Point. The attention of
Durant was soon attracted to an even more favorable loca­
tion on the point. This new location was about a half
mile away on a promontory extending from the southwest
shore of Long Point into South Bay. Appendix K makes re­
ference to this new location. Here, amid giant white
pines, William Vest Durant constructed, for his family,
the famous Camp Pine Knot, known now as Huntington Memo­
rial Camp.
When W. W. Durant arrived on this new location,
called Pine Knot Point, he built a series of residences
for seasonal use. According to Donaldson, "Among the

31. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 2.

 41
many notable things that William West Durant did for the
Adirondacks, nothing has greater historical interest than
the building of his famous home on Raquette lake— Camp
Pine Knot. This was the first of the artistic and luxu-
rious camps that are so numerous today."' Donaldson con­
tinues to write about this fine camp in the following
manner:
It became the show place of the woods. Men
took a circuitous route in order to gain a
glimpse of it, and to have been a guest within
its timbered walls and amont its woodland fan­
cies was to wear the hall-mark of the envied.
While they were building, one of the family ran
across a wonderful pine hnot on the shore of
the lake. It was shaped like the hilt of a
sword, and measured some three feet across.
This curious relic of the forest was made an
ornament of the camp and suggested its n a m e . 53
Camp Pine Knot underwent two phases. The first
buildings put on the point were very simple, one-story af­
fairs, making no bid for beauty and only a modest one for
comfort. The second phase of Camp Pine Knot was the
tearing down of these plain original buildings and their
gradual replacement by eminently beautiful ones.
In 1879 William West Durant began construction for
these new buildings. In planning and designing these
buildings, Durant had the happy inspiration to combine
the Adirondack features of the crude log cabin with the
long, low lines of the graceful Swiss chalet. As

32. Donaldson, p. 177.

33. Ibid., p. 197.
 42
Donaldson writes, "From this pleasing blend, there sprang
a distinctive school of Adirondack architecture, and Pine
Knot became the prototype of the modem camp beautiful.
In addition to Pine Knot, Durant went on to build
several other Raquette lake buildings. In 1882 the Epis­
copal Church of the Mission of the Good Shepherd was built
on St. Huberts Isle in Raquette Lake largely through
Durant's help; he donated the rectory.^ In 1889 Durant
build the first post office on Raquette Lake on the north
shore of Long Point, officially designated then as Durant,
New York. The post office was established under the ad­
ministration of President Grover Cleveland, Dow M. Dicker­
son being the postmaster general. William West Durant
petitioned for the office of postmaster and was appointed
on February 11, 1889 and received his commission February
25, 1889. He appointed John McLaughlin as the assistant
postmaster and built a post office where the hotel formerly
known as Under the Hemlocks had stood. William West Durant
notified the Railway Mail Service superintendent that he
should begin receiving and sending mail June 1, 1889.
37
Henry Bradley was appointed as the first mail carrier.

34. Ibid., p. 197.

35. Hochschild, Township 54. p. 290.
36. Ibid., p. 291.
37. W. W. Durant, Record Books on Raquette Lake Post
Office-Hamilton County, New York. kanusoript 61-13,
1889, p. 1.
 43
In 1890 Durant "built a Catholic Church for his em­
ployees east of the original "buildings on the north shore
of long Point. The church was known as St. William's
Catholic Church. It was incorporated by Rev. Edgar P.
Wadhams, Bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensburg. W. W. Durant
donated the land, designed the church, and paid for its
70
construction. The building still remains on the point.
In 1891 Durant built a general store; John McLaughlin sold
the store property to Collis P. Huntington in later years.
Durant organized and became president of the Adiron­
dack, lake George, and Saratoga Telegraph Company. The
wires extended from North Creek to Blue Mountain and
Raquette lakes. Pine Knot was established as the first
telegraph office in the region. J
The village of Durant, reached by an old woods road
in the winter and by boat in the summer, proved too remote
for the march of progress. With the completion of the
Raquette lake Railroad from the mainline of the Mohawk and
Malone Railroad to Raquette lake in 1898, the village of
Raquette lake sprang up near the new railroad terminal on
the west shore of the lake.^
During the late 1870's, at about the time the Durants
settled on Long Point, a few other families were building

38. Aber and King, History of Hamilton County, p. 793.

39. Hochschild, Township 34. p. 29.
40. Aber and King, History of Hamilton County, p. 794.
 44
similar camps on Raquette lake and Long Point. The fol­
lowing is a list of some of these camps:
1870 Josiah Wood's cabin on Wood's Point
1877 Chauncey Hathorn's cabin on Golden Beach
1877 Ike Kenwell's cabin on Tioga Point
1877 Prank Scott's cabin on Bluff Point
1877 James TenEyck's cabin on North Point
1878 Charlie Blanchard's cabin on Sucker Brook Bay
1879 Alvah Dunning's cabin on Osprey Island
1880 J. B. Henderson's cabin on Indian Point
1881 SethPierce's cabin on Dog Point^
During the year 1880, Ed Bennettopened a hotel on
the north shore of Long Point. Hochschild states: "On
May 5, 1882 the hotel burned and was replaced by Ed Bennett
with a larger hotel called Under the Hemlocks. In 1889 Ed
Bennett sold the hotel to Eugene Pinck and his brother,
Frederick, for $15,000. They renamed it the Raquette lake
Hotel. In the 1890's John Daly took over the management of
the hotel and restored the arboreal t i t l e . J o h n J. Daly
was in the building trades prior to becoming a hotel man.
After he acquired the hotel, he operated It until it
burned in 1899. Just as John Daly was beginning to re­
build the hotel, the land was bought by CollisP. Hunting­
ton. John Daly left Raquette lake to buy land near the

41. Ibid., Appendix.

42. Hochschild, Township 54. p. 293.
 45
foot of Utowana Lake. Here he built a small hunting and
fishing camp called the Utowana Lake Lodge. In 1923 the
"business proved to be unprofitable, so he sold the pro­
perty and moved to Albany.
At the time Ed Bennett was building the hotel Under
the Hemlocks, his brother, Charles, bought Constable Point
across the lake from Long Point. In 1887 he opened his
own hotel, The Antlers. According to Hochschild, "Con­
stable Point had taken its name from the family who oper­
ated a large sawmill during the year 1867. The writer
mentions The Antlers Hotel for in 1965 State University
College at Cortland purchased the property in order to
provide additional outdoor educational facilities to sup­
plement those at Huntington Memorial Camp on Long Point.
Appendix L shows Long Point and surrounding properties on
Raquette Lake.
Camp Pine Knot kept growing constantly and ultimately
became a cluster of buildings, large and small, some con­
nected and some detached. When room for expansion was
required, Durant secured it not by building onto the
house, but by constructing separate houses. This idea
became a regular feature of Adirondack luxury camps, a
separate building for each room of "the house." The
weather during the winter months was severe. So, Durant

43. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 10.

 46
began connecting all of Pine Knot's buildings by runways,
another standard feature of his camps.^
One of the unique features of Camp Pine Knot was the
houseboat called the Barque. The Barque was a pretty bar)"
cabin built on a raft of pine logs and moored near the
boathouse. Hochschild writes:
The Barque was used as a guest room and was
called the "floating annex." The boat was built
by Burant as a refuge from the early summer pest
of the Adirondack forest: the black flies which
breed in running water but do not.fly over lakes.
The houseboat measured sixty feet long, twenty
feet wide and contained four rooms, a kitchen,
bath, and running water. The houseboat lies
intact where it was beached in the back bay on
the north shore of Camp Pine Knot some seventy
years ago.45
All of the foregoing developments mentioned pro­
gressed to bring about the results for which they were
planned— to increase tourist travel to the central Adiron­
dack region.
After building Camp Pine Knot, Durant began acquiring
large tracts of land. He never owned more of Township 40,
in which Raquette Lake is contained, than Camp Pine Knot
on Long Point. But, he went on to acquire land in the ad­
joining Townships 34, 6 and part of 5. Township 40 was
first acquired by Martin Vosburgh in the final allotment
of the Totten and Crossfield Purchase in 1786. Vosburgh

44. Ibid.. pp. 4-5.

45. Ibid.. p. 4.
 47

Striss Chalet, built by W.W. Durant 1882, .Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake

An early trapper*s cabin, Pine Knet Point, Raquette Lake, 1879

 ■fc-
00
William West Durant's home '•Kennemate", Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, New York 1880
Recreation Hall and Trapper’s Cabin, Huntington Memorial Camp, Raquette Lake, New York 1972
 50

Nursery, built by W*W. Durant, Camp Pine Knot, Paquette lake, 1880

Old maid's cabin, built by W.W. Durant, Camp Pine Knot

 51
sold the land to Robert G. Livingston, and before mid­
century, the lumbermen had arrived. Prominent among these
lumbermen was Jones Ordv/ay. In later years, Ordway sold
the property known as Pine Knot Point to William West
Durant.
In the purchase of Township 34 of the Totten and
Crossfield's Purchase, Hamilton County, New York, Durant
acquired Blue Mountain Lake, Eagle Lake, Utowana Lake and
its outlet, plus the Marion River carry. During his geo­
logical survey, Ebenezer Emmons (mentioned in chapter one),
named these lakes the "Eckford Chain'1 after Henry Eckford's
daughters. Henry Eckford was a noted engineer and ship
builder, who made a survey of these lakes during the early
part of the nineteenth century. Emmons named the lakes
beginning with the largest: lake Janet, Lake Catherine,
and Lake Marion. Since that time, only the name Marion has
survived. Thomas 0. Durant renamed Utowana, Ned Buntline
renamed Eagle, and John Holland renamed Blue Mountain
Lake.^
In the purchase of Township 6 William West Durant

acquired Shedd Lake (now Sagamore Lake), Mohican Lake (now

Camp Uncas Lake), and Lake Sumer (now Lake Kora). Ap­

pendix M makes reference to these lakes.

As mentioned previously, the numbered townships were

46. Assembly Document, Report of the Geological Survey

of New York (Report No. 200, 1958), p. 38.
 52
sections of the Totten and Crossfield Purchase of 1772, a
land grant from King George III of 1,150,000 acres which
included most of Hamilton County and parts of Essex,
Warren, and Herkimer counties. The grant was apportioned
into 50 townshipB, most of which encompassed 39 square
miles each, or about 25,000 acres.
The history of the ownership of the townships charac­
teristic of the Adirondacks land has been discussed. The
original title to Township 34 was acquired by Alexander
Macomb under letters patent issued in 1787 by the state in
the reallotment of the townships of the Totten and Cross­
field purchase. This single ownership of the whole town­
ship comprised approximately 26,000 acres and was broken
up some years later. The records of the land ownerships
of the early years are not complete. But, it is clear
that after Macomb other absentee owners, principally the
Livingstons and Smiths, held the land until the middle of
the nineteenth century. There are no records that Macomb
or any of the successors visited the townships. The ac­
cessible upstate land was bought and held as a specula­
tion by the urban capitalists in much the same way as the
stockholder and his rich counterpart of today buys shares
in a newly discovered product. In many instances the
speculator of the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries bought unseen under false pretenses. They were
told that they were buying good farmland. When the
 53
mistake was discovered, the owner either abandoned his
purchase or sold the land. Sanford and Burnham purchased
the land in Township 34 from Gerrit Smith. In later years,
the Morgan lumber Company bought the land and removed from
it all the timber which could be transported profitably.
In 1888, James Ordway, a lumberman, sold Township 34
to William West Durant for $18,000.00 of which $2,000.00
was payable in cash. The sale was for approximately
25,000 acres in extent, excepting 1,050 acres previously
sold.^
In addition to the purchase of central Adirondack
land, Durant continued to further the improvements in
travel and comfort which his father, Dr. T. C. Durant,
inaugurated.
In 1877, about the time the first buildings were
being constructed on Camp Pine Knot, William West Durant
built a stagecoach line of four and six horses from the
terminus of the Adirondack Railroad to Worth Creek and on
to Blue Mountain Bake. In order to get the passengers
from Blue Mountain Bake to Raquette Bake, a twelve mile
rowboat line was established. Durant, dissatisfied with
this crude means of travel, started a steamboat line. He
paid meticulous attention to his steamboat venture and its
operation from the year 1878.

47. Harold Hochschild, Dumber.jacks and Rivermen in the

Centra.1 Adirondacks. 1850-1$50 (Adirondack Museum.
Elue_tlountain Lake, 1952J, p. 16.
 The mention of steamboats usually "brings to mind the
leisurely days of the ante helium South with paddle-
wheelers gracefully churning "way down upon the Swanee
River." But, few people realize that the steamboat lived
its greatest heyday high in the Adirondack Mountains of
central New York State. The steamboat service of William
West Durant was, for more than a half century, the major
means of transportation and a key to the development of
the central Adirondack region and other sections of the
North Country, The steamboat fleet of W. W. Durant came
into being as an unincorporated enterprise— The Blue Moun­
tain and Raquette lake Steamboat Line. The sights and
sounds of the steamboats were woven into the lives of peo­
ple along the lakeshores and rivers of the Adirondacks for
fifty years before the hard surfaced highways penetrated
this dense wilderness region. The steamboats carried some
very wealthy people to such resort hotels as the Prospect
House on Blue Mountain Lake and the Blue Mountain House.
Well known and highly respected people such as the
Vanderbilts, Huntingtons, Morgans, Whitneys, and Colliers
rode these luxury liners and added spice to the history of
the land. The New York Daily Tribune of August 8, 1886,
carried a dispatch from Blue Mountain Lake which read, in
part:
The Adirondack Railroad runs from Saratoga
northward 60 miles to the verge of the moun­
tains, where the visitor takes a Concord coach,
 55
or lighg buckboard wagon, and 1 b carried rapidly
30 miles over the best roads to Blue Mountain
Lake, the beginning of the great water highway
extending 120 miles to St. Regis Lake. 'We came
to the conclusion some time ago,' said Mr. W, W.
Durant, president of the Adirondack Railroad,
'that a decided move in improvements should be
made— I firmly believe the Adirondacks are the
resort of the future, and I am aiding heart and
soul in the progress northward. Our project for
the next year is to utilize the water highways.
Already we have a line of small steamboats that
ply from Blue Mountain Lake as far as Forked
Lake. Next year we shall have additional
steamers, small, light draught sternwheelers, by
which passengers can be transported easily and
comfortably through the chain of lakes as far as
the Upper Saranac, and the tourist of 1887 can
sail half around the Adirondacks.'4-8
In 1879, Durant launched the first steamboat on Blue
Mountain Lake. She was christened the Utowana, after
Utowana Lake. A conflict in the literature appears con­
cerning the first boat on these waterways. Donaldson
writes, "The first steamboat to ply on any inland Adiron­
dack water was the "Water Lily," built by William Allen
Martin of Saranac Lake, and Fred W. Rice of Willsboro,
New York, July 4* 1878."^. According to Hochschild, "The
Utowana was the first of a long series of vessels to
travel these inland waters. The Utowana was built at Blue
Mountain Lake in 1878 and painted white. The Utowana made
her maiden trip early that summer carrying the employees

48. New York Daily Tribune, quoted by Harold Hochschild

in Dr. Durant and His Iron Horse (Adirondack Museum,
Blue Mountain Lake, 1962), p. 10.
49. Donaldson, p. 307.
 56
50
of the Ordway House. Hochschild further adds, "Donald­
son, to whom the central Adirondacks were less familiar
historically, evident did not know of Durant's Utowana,
which may have preceded the Water Lily."'’1
In the spring of 1879, William West Durant built a
steamboat, the Killoquah, the Indian name for Raquette
Lake. The Killoquah was the first of four proud steam­
boats to bear that name on the Raquette Lake run.
During the summer of 1879, the Utowana carried pas­
sengers from Blue Mountain Lake. The boat made its way
cautiously up the shallow river to Eagle and Utowana Lakes
ending its voyage at the Marion River Garry, then known as
Bassett's Carry. Here the water progress was interrupted
by a strip of land blocking the route to Raquette Lake.
At this point the passengers and freight left the boat.
The baggage and freight were hauled across the carry while
the passengers walked the three quarters of a mile. Evi­
dence of the carry still exist. Many canoeiBts make this
very carry each summer as the portage from the Marion
River into the Utowana Lake. Once across the carry, the
passengers and baggage were loaded into the Killoquah
steamer which carried them down the Marion River into the
Raquette Lake region.

50. Harold Hochschild, Adirondack Steamboats on Raquette

and Blue Mountain Lakes (Adirondack-Museum. Blue
HountaIn™LHce*7-T9^,
277-P*
51. Ibid.. p. 1.
 57
The portage from Utowana to Raquette Lake was known
first as Bassett*s Carry. Mr. Fred Bassett was the owner
of this strip of land. Early in the 1870's, he built a
private camp on the carry. He managed the hauling of the
baggage and also provided meals at a small restaurant lo­
cated on the carry. At the time of these early travelers
there was no water artery large enough to allow the pas­
sage of the large river steamers. Therefore, the pas­
sengers walked the carry. In the fall of 1889» Fred Bas­
sett left the carry and the next spring W. W. Durant took
over the carry.
In order to improve the shallow channels between Blue
Mountain, Eagle, and Utowana Lakes, W. W. Durant built a
dam across the Marion River at the upper end of the carry.
About the same time, he repaired a dam at the outlet of
Raquette Lake in order to raise the water level and pre­
pare for the Killoquah*s trip up the Marion River. Even
after the damming, there were stretches of water along the
Marlon River and between the Eckford Lakes so shallow as
to make navigation difficult. So, in later years, Durant
had some dredging done on some of the shores and bypassed
others by cutting new channels.
The Utowana, Water Lily, and Killoquahs were the
first of many other steamers. Such vessels as the Daniel
P., Tuscarora, Irocosia, and Toowarloondah joined the
fleet. In later years, Collis P. Huntington's Oneonta
TJtcwana Steamboat on the Marion River heading for "Bassett's Carry"

Utowana Steamboat at "Bassett's Carry", circa 1880

 59

A resturant located on "Bassett's Carry"

Kllloqah steamboat leaving south end of "Bassett's Carry"

 60
could be seen on Raquette lake with her twin sister, the
Sagamore. Hochschild writes, "The most impressive of all
vessels that plied on the lakes of the central Adironcacks
was the seventy-five foot, twin screw, double-decker, the
52
Tuscarora."^
Durant continued to expand and improve upon the ves­
sels and waterways throughout the central Adirondack re­
gion between Blue Mountain Lake north to Saranac and south
to Raquette Lake. In the summer of 1899» he started to
build a railroad across the Marion River Carry. By early
spring, 1900, Durant had completed the shortest standard
gauge railroad in the world. This line, about three
quarters of a mile long, was six miles from the nearest
tracks of any other line. Durant equipped it with three
horse-drawn street cars, two for passengers and one for
baggage. Durant also bought a small coal burning engine
and had it converted to b u m oil. After being towed to
the Marion River Carry on a car float, it was found to
lack the power to haul loaded freight cars. So, Durant
later replaced the locomotive. J
With the completion of Durant's steamboat line, the
fame of Camp Pine Knot spread and the camp became a real
showplace of the woods. Many people went out of their

52. Ibid., p. 40.

53. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 52.
 61
way to visit the place. Among those who were guests at
Camp Pine Knot were:
Anne I. Bota Henry Bradley
A. H. leonowent H. H. Smith
Helen E. Roth James A. Kelley
Ruth H. Roth Comilus L, Kirby
C. T. Kirby Frank J. Scott
John Barboun Francis J. Redfield
J. A. LcBotillier Henry Hooper
J. Malcolm Forbes Joel W. Burdick54
Fred Hammerman
One of the frequent visitors to Camp Pine Knot was
Connecticut's former governor, Phineas C. Lounsbury. In
a letter to Durant, Lounsbury writes:
Phineas C. Lounsbury, pres.
Merchants Exchange National Bank
City of New York, New York
My Dear Mr. Durant,
I expect to spend the month of September at
Raquette Lake. I remember your great kindness
of last season. I shall esteem it a great favor
to have the pleasure of visiting the lake if you
can grant me the permission consistently. You
may be sure I shall not abuse the privilege.
With many thanks for your past favors,
I am,
Very Sincerely Yours,
55
P. C. lounsbury"^v
Other letters of social correspondence concerning
W. W. Durant's relationships were found in his personal
files. Letters were found written to and from:

54, W. W. Durant, Guestbook (Camp Pine Knot, September

1877), MS 6-10.
55. W. W. Durant, Book of Letters, Manuscript No. 2
of 11, 1899.
 62
John W. Vrooman
LePrince Fde Hatfeldt Wildenburg
Mr. Washbume
Sir Henry Holland
General and Mrs. Dix
Samel P. B. Morse
Lieut. William Glenn
Mr. Blatchford, Minister Resident of the U.S.
Henry Wadsworth Taylor
Admiral George Tryon, Commander in Chief, London
The Imperial and Royal Highness, Prince Henry of
Prussia
Mr. Alfred Tennyson
Mr. Barnet Davis, President of State of New York
Fisheries and Game Forest Commission
Baron Sauerma, Germany's Ambassador, 1894
Within the next few years, scores of places similar
to the Adirondack Swiss chalet-type buildings were created
throughout the Adirondacks by other builders.
Along the picturesque banks of Raquette Lake, and
some of the most beautiful islands of the lake, elegant
camps and cottages were built. According to Aber and King,
among these elegant camps were:
Wallace named "Echo Camp" on Long Point owned
by P. C. Lounsbury; "Camp Fairview" on Osprey
Island, built by Charles W. Durant, nephew of
T. C. Durant; "Deerhurst Camp" and the "McCarthy
Cottage" on Kenwell's Point; the "Henderson
Camp" on Indian Point, owned by J. B. Henderson,
ex-senator from Missouri; "Camp Stott" on Bluff
Point, owned by Frank H. Stott, textile manu­
facturer; the father-in-law of W. W. Durant;
"Ten Eyck Camp" near the outlet of Raquette Lake
owned by Thomas Carnegie's widow; "Camp Hasbrouck"
near the outlet owned by Frederick Hasbrouck, a
wine and liquor merchant of New York City; "Camp
Otetewi" on Wood's Point, owned by Dr, Arpad B.
Gester; and "Camp Pine Knot" on South Bay,56
During the latter part of the nineteenth century, the

56. Aber and King, History of Hamilton County, p. 797.

 63
Adirondacks were, in part, becoming the playground for the
wealthy. To own an Adirondack camp was as much a part of
fashionable America as owning a villa at Newport. Appen­
dix N refers to the location of these camps.
After the completion of Camp Pine Knot, W. W. Durant
went on to acquire additional tracts of land. Hochschild
states: "It has been estimated that W. W. Durant owned
nearly one million acres of land in the 1890's."^' An­
other source indicates that, "W. v*. Durant owned Adiron­
dack lands totaling 1,172 square miles or three quarters
of a million acres."-*8
In 1890 W. W. Durant began the construction of his
second luxury camp, Camp Uncas. He named the camp Uncas
after an Indian in James Fenimore Cooper's novel, The Last
of the Mohicans. On the shores of Mohican Lake in the
deepest depths of the forest, Durant built a most wonder­
ful camp. Owing to its utter isolation, it was seldom
Been and little known. Yet, it was more massively beauti­
ful and more luxurious than Camp Pine Knot. The camp was
completed in 1892. In 1895 Durant moved his family to
Camp Uncas when he sold Camp Pine Knot to Collis P.
Huntington, president of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
Durant and his family lived at Uncas until 1896 when he

58. Howard L. Applegate, The Story of Sagamore (Univer­

sity College of Syracuse), p. b.
59, Encyclopedia of American Biography, quoted by W. V.
Durant, Manuscript 3-11.
 64
sold the Uncas property to J. P. Morgan. Durant then
moved, with his mother, to Shedd Lake, where he had just
completed Sagamore Lodge. The lake was promptly named
Sagamore after another of Cooper's Indian characters. Al­
though Sagamore was planned to he similar to lodges at
Pine Knot and Uncas, it was to have been his most elabo­
rate and luxurious lodge. The main lodge was completed in
1897.59
In 1885 Thomas Clark Durant died. Since his father's
death, William had been living on a lavish scale, spending
much more than his income. The proceeds of the sale of the
Adirondack Railroad and the timberlands had gradually been
consumed in meeting these deficits, in the building of his
various camps, and in the operation of his steamboat line.
He had been handicapped by having been brought up in wealth
without being taught the value of m o n e y . A n example of
this can be found in the number of Yacht Clubs William be­
longed to during the years 1891-1893: Corinthian Yacht
Club— 1892, New York Yacht Club— 1891, Metropolitan Yacht
Club— 1893, Royal Yacht Squadron, Cowes— 1891, Eastern
Yacht Dlub— 1893, Royal Austrian Yacht Club— 1892, Royal
London Yacht Club— 1892.
His ventures at building these three luxury camps,
Pine Knot, Uncas, and Sagamore, were not designed for

59. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 17.

60. Ibid., p. 57.
 65
profit. They were conceived and executed because of the
sheer joy William took in creating beautiful and comfort­
able dwellings in the wilderness. As it turned out, they
were not profitable, at least not Uncas and Sagamore.
In 1897, when Durant had barely completed Sagamore's
main lodge and adjacent buildings, he was beset by family
and financial problems. They resulted from a divorce suit
in 1898, and a probate suit instituted by his sister, Mrs.
Heloise Durant Rose, who wanted control of their father's
estate. Durant went to his friends: Dr. Webb, I. E.
Gates, W. C. Whitney, J. P. Morgan, and C. P. Huntington
for aid in order to bolster his crumbling edifice. C. P.
Huntington died, and the terms that Morgan and the others
demanded were not acceptable. In order to meet his fore­
closures, he sold the Raquette lake Palls Company, also
known as the Steamboat House Lot, for $150,000. And on
July 29i 1901, he sold Sagamore to A. G. Vanderbilt for
$162,500. He took a large financial loss when he sold
Sagamore. It waB estimated at the time that he had over
$250,000 invested in the place. He paid his creditors
with the money obtained from the sale of these two pro­
perties. Durant continued his liquidations and creditors
instituted foreclosures, all of which resulted in his
complete ruin by 1904. The final blow fell on Durant in
December 1902, when the referee appointed by the court
 66
in Durant1s litigation with his Bister, awarder her a
Judgment of $745,000.^
The last and most important link in W. W. Durant's
transportation system into the central Adirondack region
waB the building of the Raquette lake Railroad. The line
went from the New York Central Station at Carter, westward
ninety miles to Raquette lake, New York. Appendix 0 in­
dicates the people involved in the incorporation of the
railroad.
After the court awarded Durant's sister the Judgment,
and having lost most of his land holdings, he left the
Adirondacks to live in New York City, with his second wife,
Anne Cotton, whom he married in 1907. There he lived and
worked as a real estate broker in his wife's business,
A. C. Durant, Inc. William West Durant died in 1934 at
the age of eighty-three.
In 1934 an article by the editor of The New York Tri­
bune read, "William Durant Dies; Developer of Adiron-
dacks." The editorial continued:
William West Durant, real estate and rail­
road developer in the Adirondack Mountains and
son of the late Dr. Thomas Clark Durant,, died
yesterday morning at Mount Sinai Hospital,
Fifth Avenue and 100th Street, after an opera­
tion. He was 85 years old and lived at 182
West Fifty-eighth Street.
In recent years, Mr. Durant had discon­
tinued active management of his extensive
Adirondack property, which at one time consisted

61. Ibid., p. 61,

 67
of 750,000 acres. He had been president of the
Adirondack Railroad, now a division of the Dela­
ware and Hudson.
Among the better known parcels of land sold
by the Durant family were Camp Pine Knot, bought
by C. P. Huntington, Camp Uncas owned by J. P.
Morgan, and Sagamore Lodge owned by Alfred
Vanderbilt.62
About two years after William West Durant died, a lake
created by the C. C. C. laborers in 1934 was named Lake
Durant as a memorial to him. The following article ap­
peared in The Hew York Tribune covering the dedication.
A lake, built under the direction of the Con­
servation Department upon request of the Central
Adirondack Association, is about three miles
long and borders Route 28 between Indian Lake
village and Blue Mountain Lake. It is near the
Pulton Chain of Lakes. The lake created by the
C. C. C. laborers in 1934 will be named Lake
Durant tomorrow as a memorial to the late
William West Durant. The ceremony, sponsored
by the Central Adirondack Association in con­
junction with the State Historical Department
and the State Conservation Department, will take
place at a specially located boulder on which
is a bronze plaque containing a memorial.
Wesley Barnes of Olmsteadville, will act as
honorary chairman at the ceremony. Maurice
Callahan, Old Forge, is active chairman. Speak­
ers include Mrs. William West Durant and Law­
rence Durant, widow and son of the late Mr.
Durant; John T. Gibbs, of Albany, Deputy Com­
missioner of Conservation; Mayor John Boyd
Thacher, of Albany; A. Augustus Low of Brook­
lyn, president of the Central Adirondack Asso­
ciation, and A. T. Claffee, of Blue Mountain
Lake, general chairman of the arrangements com­
mittee. 63

62. Editorial, "William Durant Dies; Developer of

Adirondacks," New York Tribune. 1934.
63. Editorial, "Lake Created by C. C. C. to be Named
for Durant, New York Tribune. August 11, 1936.
 68
Other newspapers which covered the ceremony were:
Albany Times Union, Adirondack Arrow (Old Forge), and the
Utica Observer. So, on August 12, 1936, the three mile
long lake in the central Adirondacks was dedicated to Wil­
liam West Durant. The bronze plaque, to Durant's memory,
inscribed by the State Education Department, was placed
on a large boulder at the lake shore. The inscription
reads:
lake Durant
Named in Honor of
William West Durant
1850-1934
Who Devoted Much of
His Life to Developing
The Adirondacks
And Making Known
Their Beauty
Appendix P shows the location of Durant Lake,
The harmonious lines and the excellent state of pre­
servation of Durant's buildings that are still standing at
Pine Knot, Uncas, and Sagamore, plus his houseboat, testify
to his instinct for architectural fitness and his insis­
tence on perfection in construction. When one considers
that the buildings on Pine Knot Point were left for almost
a half century without any maintenance, it is understand­
able that Durant built with perfection.
As mentioned previously, in February 1895* William
West Durant sold Camp Pine Knot to Collis Potter Hunting­
ton. Although W. W. Durant built and developed Camp Pine
Knot, the writer feels that a brief history of the person
 69
for whom the camp is named is in order. According to
Miles, "If a man is known by his works, then the world
knows Collis P. Huntington pretty well. He has made his­
tory rapidly during the last 30 years, and at age 76 he is
still the very front rank of busy workers in a century
64.
that has no parallel for mental and physical activity." *
Evans writes:
The life of Collis P. Huntington, the great
railroad builder and financier extraordinary, is
inseparably interwoven to a remarkable degree
with the history of this country from the middle
of the 19th century. It was said at the time of
his death in 1900 that he had done greater things
and more of them in the strenuous work of de­
veloping the resources of America than any other
man; 'no ten men, in truth, have done so much' to
bring the United States to a position among na­
tions intellectually, financially, and commer­
cially second to none.65
The Huntington family is of ancient English lineage
and was founded in America by Simon Huntington. From
early childhood, Collis led a busy life. At the age of
14, his schooling ended. For the next few years of his
life he worked at various jobs: grocer, farm hand, and
traveling salesman. In 1842 he entered into a partner­
ship with his brother, Solon, in Oneonta, New York. The
store was one of general merchandising. In September
1844, at age twenty-three, he married Elizabeth Stoddard

64. G. E. Miles, Collis P. Huntington. 1897, p. 5.

65. Cerinda W. Evans, Collis Potter Huntington (The
Mariners Museum, Newport News, Virginia, Vol. I),
p. 1.
 -J
W. W. Durant's Swiss Chalet, Huntington Memorial Camp, Raquette Lake, New York 1972 o
 71
of Litchfield County, Connecticut. Collis and his wife
resided in Oneonta, New York for several years. Collis's
memories of Oneonta in later life must have been very
pleasant judging from what Evans writes of him. "Collis
named an early locomotive Oneonta, his two private rail­
road cars were named Oneonta I, II, his yacht on Raquette
Lake was named Oneonta, plus a couple of towns, park,
etc."66
Collis and his brother, Solon, were both attracted by
the discovery of gold in California in 1849. While in
California, Collis became interested in the railroad busi­
ness. On April 30, 1861 the Central Pacific Railroad Com­
pany of California was organized. Collis P. Huntington
was elected vice-president. From the beginning of this
operation, the Central Pacific Railroad had been a paying
concern.
In December 1862, Collis P. Huntington took up resi­
dence in New York aB a financial and purchasing agent for
the Central Pacific Railroad Company. While in New York
he became involved in one of the greatest transportation
systems the world has ever seen: the Atlantic Pacific
Railroad. He was both brain and backbone of this great
railroad. Ihe completion of the Atlantic and Pacific Rail­
road and the Pacific Railroad Company of California plus a

66. Ibid., p. 19.

 72
few other lines extended Huntington’s railroads over
10,000 miles.
At an early age, Collis P. Huntington recognized and
realized the power of money. All through his life he used
money he earned to make more money. As his fortune accu­
mulated, his interests expanded into the development of
large enterprises that would not only produce money, hut
provide employment. At the time of his death it was said
that C. P. Huntington was reported to have been both a di­
rector and the president of the following companies: Es-
quimalt and Nanaimo Railroad C., Galveston Harrisburg and
San Antonio R. R, Co., Guatemale Central R. R. Co.,
Louisiana and Western R. R. Co., Louisiana and Western
Executive, Oregon and California R. R. Co., Pacific Mail
Steamship Co., Raquette Lake R. R. Co., Southern Bridge
R. R. Co., and the Southern Pacific Company. He was di­
rector of seventeen corporations. Other corporations in
which Huntington was interested and controlled by large
67
investments totaled thirteen. 1
"In 1890, when Collis P. Huntington was searching
for an Adirondack home, he saw Camp Pine Knot, fell in
love with its charm and purchased it from William West
fTQ
Durant for about $250,000.00." In researching the

67. Ibid. (Vol. II), p. 657.

68. "A Millionaire's Adirondack Camp," Illustrated
Saturday Magazine. August 25, 1900, p. 3.
 73
literature, the writer found a great deal of discrepancy
in the actual amount Collis P. Huntington paid William West
Durant for Camp Pine Knot. In an article in the New York
Journal, it was stated that, "Mr. Huntington's death oc­
curred at Camp Pine Knot, which he "bought from William West
Durant for $100,000.00.1,69
According to the digest of deeds and contracts of
William West Durant as recorded in the clerk's office of
Hamilton County, Lake Pleasant, New York, the deed reads
as follows:
This indenture, made the 18 day of February
in the year 1895, between Janet 1. Durant and
William West Durant of Raquette lake, Hamilton
County, State of New York, parties of the first
part, and Collis P. Huntington of the City,
County, and State of New York, party of the
second part.
Witnesseth, that the said parties of the
first part, in consideration of forty-five hun­
dred dollars, lawful money of the United States,
paid by the party of the second part, do hereby
give and release unto the said party of the
second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all
of that lot piece or parcel of land on Long
Point, Raquette Lake, in Township number forty
(40) of Totten & Crossfield's Purchase, Hamilton
County, State of New York, on which is situated
Pine Knot, more particularly described as fol­
lows, to wit:
Beginning at a copper bolt, stamped with the
figures thirty seven (37) and set in a rock at
low water mark on the shore of said Raquette
Lake, in said Township number forty (40) afore­
said, said bolt bearing south thirty-three de­
grees east, and distant forty six links from
the southeast corner of the Steamboat House

69. "Collis P. Huntington," New York Journal, The 20th

Century Newspaper, New York, August 14, 1900,
p. 1.
 near Pine Knot; thence running from said holt
north eighteen degrees east two chains and
forty three and one-half links to a square
iron holt driven level with the ground in the
centre of the road; the said iron holt hears
north thirty nine degrees east and is distant
one chain and twenty three links from the
northeast corner of the Steamboat House;
thence along the centre of said road north
forty seven degrees west sixty one links to an­
other iron holt driven level with the ground-in
the centre of said road, twenty links from a
Birch tree standing on the north side of the
road, and ten links from a Beach tree standing
on the south side of the road; thence north,
seventy degrees west, three chains and ninety
links to a Hemlock tree standing in the corner
of the Pine Knot farm clearing; thence north
forty degrees west, eight chains; thence north
forty eight degrees and fifteen minutes, west,
fourteen chains and sixty seven links to a clear
stake and stones and heing the southeast corner
of the "Edward Bennett" Hotel lot, and the
southwesterly corner of the John McLaughlin
fourteen acre plot; thence south eighty one and
one-half degrees east along the southerly line
of the said McLaughlin plot eighteen chains and
twenty three links to a clear stake and stones
and heing the northeasterly corner of the ?ine
Knot farm clearing; thence south forty eignt
degrees east five chains to a large Birch tree
stump with an iron holt driven into the top;
thence north seventy six and one half degrees,
east two chains to a clear stake; thence north
thirteen and one half degrees, west two chains;
thence south eighty one and one half degrees
east sixteen chains and seventy five links to
the westerly line of the other plot of John
McLaughlin; thence south twenty six and one half
degrees east twenty nine chains to a copper holt
stamped with the figures thirty eight and set
in a rock at near to low water mark on the shore
of Raquette Lake; thence westerly northerly and
northeasterly along the said shore as it winds
and turns to the place of beginning, containing
seventy five acres, he the same more or less.70

70. W, V. Durant and Janet Durant, Deeds and Contracts.

Manuscript 63-258, Polder 10-11, p. 56.
 75
Appendix Q shows this plot of land.

In preparation for selling Camp Pine Knot, Durant had

the following inventory made:

Inventory Listing of Buildings
Camp Pine Knot 1895

1 Swiss Cottage containing 7 rooms with open fire­

place
1 Log Cottage and annex containing bedroom, dressing
room, stove room and bathroom with open fire­
place
1 Double Frame Cottage containing 3 bedrooms, with
open fireplace
1 Log Cottage containing three rooms
1 Log Cottage consisting of one room with open
fireplace
1 Double Frame Cottage containing 3 rooms and
bathroom with two open fireplaces
1 Frame Cottage containing 5 rooms (guide*s house)
1 Frame Building containing kitchen, pantry, srore
room and servant's dining room
1 Woodshed
1 Glass dining room
1 Ice House with meat cooler
1 Large Frame Building containing 3 rooms and one
dark closet; used to store boats, carpenter's
shop, store room and photographic room
1 Water Tank Building
1 Wood Shop
1 Pump House
1 Boat House
1 Laundry and Laundry store room
2 Open Camps
1 Stone Ash House
1 Covered Shed
1 Small outdoor dressing room for bathers
2 Potato Cellars
1 Horse B a m (five stall), wagon shed, cow-shed
1 Hot Frame
1 Dog Yard— dog kennel
4 Water Closets
Large Pasture and large garden about nine acres
2 Wells 71
1 Apple Orchard*

71. W. W. Durant, "Inventory List of Buildings on Camp

Pine Knot," Documents. February 7, 1895, pp. 26-27.
 76
Collis P. Huntington and his family occupied Camp
Pine Knot from 1895-1900. Due to Huntington's busy sched­
ule he never really had as much time to spend there as he
would have liked. Evans writes: "It was said that Camp
Pine Knot was Mr. Huntington's favorite dwelling place.
A stay at Pine Knot Camp was the nearest to a vacation
72
that Mr. Huntington ever indulged."' An article which
appeared in a magazine after Huntington died read:
The death of C. P. Huntington revives the
stories of his younger days, when simple living
was a necessity and luxuries were undreamed of.
Something of this atmosphere of his boyhood must
have surrounded Mr. Huntington in his Pine Knot
Camp. There was comfort, but hardly more than
the guides of these forests possess. Perhaps
that's why Mr. Huntington always considered his
happiest hour to be among those at the camp in
the mountains.73
During the summer of 1900, Huntington had an addi­
tional building of several rooms built on the point near
the main lodge. It was designed like those built by
Durant. The building and much of the furnishings were
built entirely of pine trees sawed, seasoned and prepared
for him within the sound of the camp. The bedroom in the
main cottage gives one a good idea of this symphony in
pine which Durant started and was then carried on by other
builders. In a letter to MrB. T. M. Carnegie, Durant
writes: "I take the liberty of suggesting the name of a

72. Evans, Collis P. Huntington, Vol. II, p. 642.

75. Illustrated Saturday Magazine, August 25, 1900, p. 2.
 77
firm who are doing work for Mr. Vanderbilt at Sagamore and
Mr. Morgan at Uncas, Their architect is designing Mr.
Vanderbilt's new cottages. The firm's name is: The Adi­
rondack Hardware Company, Saranac Lake, care of Mr. G. L.
Stark.
Collis P. Huntington was never able to see this new
building completed. His death came on the night of August
13, 1900 at the age of seventy-nine. He and his wife had
spent the evening with some guests and friends from
neighboring camps. He had retired to his room about
eleven o'clock at night when he was suddenly stricken with
a cerebral hemorrhage, and died just before midnight.
The death of Collis Potter Huntington was a crushing
blow to his family and shocked thousands of his friends
throughout the world. In honor of Mr. Huntington, Evans
writes: "Every wheel of the great Southern Pacific Rail­
road system was stopped for seven minutes at eleven
o'clock August 15, 1900,the day of Collis P. Huntington's
funeral. This event was said to be the first time in the
history of American railroads that there had been a total
76
suspension of business by any man."
After the death of Collis P. Huntington, his estate

74. W. W. Durant, Book of Letters, Manuscript No. 2-11,

1899.
75. Evans, Collis P. Huntington, Vol. II, p. 642.
76. Ibid., p. 644.
 78
was turned over to his wife, of his second marriage, Ara­

bella Duval Huntington and their children. Evans writes:

The true value of C, P. Huntington's real es­

tate holdings at the time of his death excited
much interest and conjecture, especially among
some of the newspapers which named the sum of
$80,000,000.00 as the amount of his fortune.
When the facts finally came out, they were com­
pelled to make corrections. It was found that
Huntington had stock in:
Cincinnati and Southwestern
R. R. Co. $ 969,000.00
Pinancial Improvement Co. 150,000.00
Newport News and Missis­
sippi Valley Co. 1,363,575.00
Southern Development Co. 1 ,000,000.00*7
After Collis P. Huntington bought Camp Pine Knot in
1895 he bought additional acreage on Long Point, The fol­
lowing is a list of references to land parcels included in
the Collis Potter Huntington Estate located on Long Point
of Raquette Lake, Township 40, Hamilton County, New York:
February 18, 1895» Janet L. Durant and William
West Durant to Collis P. Huntington, 75 acres.78
March 4, 1895, John and Rebecca McLaughlin to
C. P. Huntington, 1 acre.79
February 1, 1898, W, W. Durant and Janet to
C. P. Huntington (Quit C l a i m ) . 80

March 10, 1898, Frank H. Davis and Mary to C. P.

Huntington, two parcels of land, 15 1/2 acres
and 12 1/4 acres.81

77. Ibid., pp. 637-658.

78. C. P. Huntington, Book of Deeds, Office of the County
Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, Book 27, p. 21.
79. Ibid., Book 27, p. 40.
80. Ibid., Book 31» p. 474.
81. Ibid., Book 34, p. 562.
 79
June 23, 1899, Walter A. Weber to C. P. Hunting­
ton, two parcels of land 47.12 acres and 23.42
acres.82

July 17, 1899, Walter A. Weber to C. P. Hunting­

ton, 5 acres.83
October 6, 1899, John J. Daly and Kate to C. P.
Huntington Coterill Camp plus 100 feet of land
surrounding the house.84
October 6, 1899, John Daly and Kate to C. P.
Huntington, 5 acres.85
November 29, 1899, William S. Webb and Elizabeth
to C. P. Huntington (Quit C l a i m ) . 86
At the time of Collis P. Huntington's death, the
above mentioned properties were left to his son, Henry
Edward Huntington. On February 8, 1901, Edward turned the
properties over to his step-mother, Arabella D. Hunting­
ton,®^ On December 23, 1924, these properties plus 9 1/2
acres of land formerly known as the Forest Park and Land
Company which she purchased from W. W. Durant on January
18, 1897, were willed to Arabella D. Huntington's son,
Archer M. Huntington.88

82. Ibid., Book 34, p. 177.

83. Ibid., Book 34, p. 183.
84. Ibid., Book 34, p. 369.
85. Ibid., Book 34, p. 371.
86. Ibid., Book 34, p. 558.
87. Ibid., Book 37, p. 6.
88. Arabella D. Huntington, Book 1265 of Willis, Office
of Surrogate, Hamilton County Office, November 22,
1928, Book 64, p. 201.
 Archer M. Huntington inherited 201.32 acreB on Long
Point. Appendix R shows the parcels of land on Long
Point and the dates Collis P. Huntington purchased them,
plus their previous owners. The Huntington1s owned all of
the land on Long Point which lies on Township 40, except
Echo Point and St. Williams Church. Echo Point was owned
by the former governor of Connecticut, Phineas C. louns-
bury. Mr. Lounsbury, in later years, became president of
Merchants Exchange National Bank of New York City. The
property belonging to St. Williams Roman Catholic Church
on the north shore of Long Point totals approximately 1.22
acres of land. The land was donated in two separate deeds
September 14, 1890, Janet Durant and William
West Durant to St. Williams Roman Catholic
Church, 43/100 of an acre.89
March 1, 1928, Archer M. Huntington and Anna
to St. Williams Roman Catholic Church, 79/100
of an acre.90
On January 11, 1949, Archer M. Huntington and Anna
Hyatt Huntington granted and released to the State
Teachers College at Cortland all previously described par­
cels of land. The land was to be used to promote the in­
terests and purposes of the State Teachers College in a
laboratory facility in the out-of-doors.

89. W. W. Durant, Book of Deeds, Office of the County

Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, Book 23» p. 54.
90. A. M. Huntington, Book of Deeds. Office of the
County Clerk, lake Pleasant, New York, Book 63,
p. 215.
 81
Summary
The early settlers who visited the RaqLuette lake area
were trappers and hunters. The reports of these trappers
and hunters concerning the woods and their riches began
attracting others to the area. Within a period of about
thirty years, the Adirondacks became a tremendous resort
area. The person most associated with developing the cen­
tral Adirondack region was William West Durant. He fore­
saw the Adirondacks as the resort of the future. Prom
1876 until 1907, the majority of his efforts went toward
this goal. In order to achieve it, he built stagecoach
lines, railroads, steamboats, and beautiful summer homes.
All of Durant's efforts progressed to bring about the
results for which they were planned— to increase tourist
travel to the central Adirondack region and specifically
the Raquette Lake area.
 CHAPTER IV

THE EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OP OUTDOOR

EDUCATION CENTERS

Learning from nature has always been a part of the

developmental process of man. For years leaders in educa­
tional thought have implemented change in curriculum re­
vision in order to meet the demands of a rapidly changing
society. During the colonial period there seemed to be
little concern as to whether teachers were prepared to
meet these new challenges and responsibilities. The aca­
demic program consisted primarily of: reading, writing,
arithmetic, and Latin. A concept of learning from nature
can be found early in educational literature, but not
until 1871 did the educational system begin to keep pace
with the needs and desires of the people.
The Kalamazoo Case of 1871, the Smlth-Hughes Act es­
tablished in the early part of the twentieth century, and
the emphasis on "progressive education" helped to stimu­
late marked changes in teaching methods. According to
Smith and his colleagues, "The two major forces on
American education that had significant implications for

82
 83
outdoor education were industrialization and the newer
views on the nature of learning."^
The objectives and goals of education are frequently
adjusted to the changes which occur in society. In 1918,
the National Education Association Commission on the Re­
organization of Secondary Schools developed the "Seven
Cardinal Objectives of Education." These included:
(l) health, (2) command of fundamental processes, (3) citi­
zenship, (4) character, (5) worthy use of leisure, (6)
worthy home membership, (7) vocational preparation. Of
these seven cardinal objectives, health and the wise use
of leisure were important influences on the early begin­
nings of outdoor education.
The term "outdoor education" has come to mean far more
than the kind of education one gains from an occasional
excursion or field trip. The late L. B. Sharp described
the principle thesis underlying outdoor education in the
following manner: "That which can best be learned inside
the classroom should be learned there. That which can
best be learned in the out-of-doors through direct experi­
ences, dealing with native materials and life situations,
92
should there be learned."^ According to Gabrielsen and

91. Julian Smith, R. E. Carlson, H. B. Masters, and G.W.

Donaldson, Outdoor Education (Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972), p. 19.
92. L. B. Sharp, Outdoor Education for American Youth
(Y/ashington, D."C., American Association for Health,
Physical Education, and Recreation, 1957), p. 22.
 84
Holtzer, "The Outdoor Education method encourages the use
of the environment outside the classroom and includes such
experiences as field trips, excursions, vocational agri-
culture, and a school camp."
Metcalf writes of outdoor education as follows:
In outdoor education, the outdoors becomes an
educational laboratory for the teaching of the
parts of school curricular subjects or activi­
ties that are best taught— most effectively and
meaningfully taught— through direct experience
and first hand observation in context— in the
natural environment. Much of the learning which
takes place in the school room is not in con­
text, and the meanings, relationships, and con­
cepts are distorted. Outdoor education, with
its direct first hand experiences, is not a
substitute for the real thing; it is the real
thing.94
Donaldson states: "Through outdoor education, learning be­
comes a mutual process and experience for both pupil and
qc
teacher."^
One of the best ways to ascertain the nature and
validity of outdoor education in the curriculum of schoolB
and colleges is to examine the underlying principles
formulated by Donaldson and Goering.
1, Outdoor education is a method or process
utilizing the outdoors.

93. M. A. Gabrielsen and Charles Holtzer, Outdoor Educa­

tion (New York: Center for pplied Research in Educa-
tion, Inc., 1965), p. 20.
94. Harlan G. Metcalf, "Outdoor Educational Relation­
ships— 'In Context,'" Reprint, Nature Study, 1970, p.l.
p. 1.
95. George W. Donaldson, "Diving and Learning Outdoors,"
The School Executive, February, 1945, p. 65.
 85
2. Outdoor education is not a separate disci­
pline; it has no subject matter of its own.
3. Direct experiences in the outdoors are es­
sential to the understanding of one's en­
vironment and, thus, to general education.
4. Useful outdoor experiences may be as brief
as a few minutes or as long as several days
or weeks.
5. A comprehensive outdoor education program
provides direct experiences in the outdoors
for all children at all grade levels.
6. Outdoor education involves the learner, em­
phasizes the exploratory approach, and uti­
lizes multi-sensory experiences.
7. Outdoor experiences should be an integral
part of modern education,
8. Outdoor education can be utilized to de­
velop the understandings and skills neces­
sary for the wise use of leisure time.98
Most of the specific objectives of various subject
areas lie within the goals of general education. The best
known and most widely accepted listing of the aims of edu­
cation are those set forth by the Educational Policies
Commission. In 1938, the National Education Association's
Educational Policies Commission listed the goals of educa­
tion in terms of four categories of aims. These included:
(l) self-realization, (2) human relationships, (3) eco­
nomic efficiency and (4) civic responsibility.
Smith describes how outdoor educational activities
enhance these commonly accepted educational goals or aims:

Self-Realization
Outdoor education offers many opportunities for the
individual to engage in experiences which help him to

96. Smith, Carlson, Masters, and Donaldson, Outdoor Edu­

cation. pp. 27-28.
 86
self-realization. Nature-oriented activities and projects
in an outdoor environment can be used to stimulate indi­
vidual maturity, achievement, recognition, and creativity.

Human Relationships
Outdoor education field trips and resident experiences
in outdoor education centers provide common grounds of
understanding and experience for children with diverse
backgrounds. Personal dignity and the concept of the
rights of individuals is enhanced through the informality
of the outdoor educational setting. Living at an outdoor
education center fosters qualities of worth, achievement,
and behavior rather than values of materialism more typi­
cally encountered in traditional social settings.

Economic Efficiency
Outdoor education can provide the opportunity to ac­
quire skills which can lead to avocational as well as vo­
cational and professional employment. Specific projects,
assignments, and chores may lead to vocational and pro­
fessional employment i.e., recreational facilities, ser­
vice skills, and professional instructional positions.

Civic Responsibility
Outdoor education provides many opportunities for
education in civic responsibility. Leadership in the
conduct of projects and outdoor education activities
 87
provides experiences in the assumption of responsibilities
and the processes of group dynamics. On-the-land experi­
ences can aid the individual in his attempts to understand
human dependence on natural resources and the need for re-
97
sponsible citizenship practices.
There are many worthwhile educational experiences that
cannot be touched by indoor education but can be approached
only in the out-of-doors where the child has the oppor­
tunity to use all his senses: hearing, sight, taste,
touch, and smell. Cooper writes: "This excursion into the
out-of-doors gives students an opportunity to "learn by
doing" and to gain an insight into the realistic values of
outdoor education in making indoor instruction more
meaningful."^8
It has been said that teachers, generally speaking,
tend to cling to outmoded educational procedures and shun
those things to which they are unaccustomed. Recognizing
this, the teacher preparation institutions of New York
State welcomed an invitation to cooperate with life Camps,
Inc. in the establishment of a Camping Education Insti­
tute for students and faculty members.

97. Julian Smith, Outdoor Education (Washington: The

American Associationor Health, Physical Education,
and Recreation, 1956), pp. 13-15.
98. Hermann Cooper, "Teacher Education for the Out-of-
Doors," Camping and Education (The Bulletin of the
National Association of Secondary School Principals,
1947), p. 54.
 In June, 1944, the first ten day institute for stu­
dents and faculty members of the New York State teacher's
colleges was held at National Camp, Life Camps, Inc.,
Sussex, New Jersey. Here in the out-of-doors, faculty and
student representatives established their communities,
built their own shelters, planned their meals, prepared
their food, and experienced the fun of realizing the values
that come from learning by doing in the out-of-doors. In
1945, the institute included faculty and student represen­
tatives from the state teacher's colleges of New York and
New Jersey. The goal of the institute was to provide
faculty and students instruction in the use of the out-of-
doors in the preparation of a teacher.
The growth and development of outdoor education pro­
grams, including resident school camping programs, has
been marked by a lack of both continuity and unified in­
terest in New York State. This does not preclude a lack
of interest. The movement in New York State has been
marked by many pilot projects, conferences, advisory com­
mittees, and demonstrations that have, until the present,
not been realized in the form of generally accepted on­
going programs.
At a 1967 meeting of the New York State Education
Department Advisory Committee on Outdoor and Conservation
Education, one administrator remarked that the primary
reason for the lack of interest in programs related to the
 89
out-of-doors, in New York State, was due to "lack of
status," In New York State, at least, educators have not
"been able to see the soundness of, nor have they accepted
all of the educational values which have been attributed
to outdoor education and school camping, Caswell Miles,
former chief, Bureau of Physical Education and Recreation,
State Education Department, attributes the status quo in
New York State to, "a series of untimely events in the
state executive branch, budget problems, and at times,
lack of vision,
Although New York State has not geared its resources
to provide facilities and programs in the out-of-doors on
a large scale, it has, nevertheless, been taking several
significant steps over the years. In 1944, following the
first ten-day institute for students and faculty members
held at National Camp, Life Camps, Inc., faculty and stu­
dent representatives returned to the state teacher's col­
leges eager to apply the knowledge and experience gained
at the camp. As a result of the camp experience, New York
State enacted an education law in the area of outdoor edu­
cation, According to research, New York was the first

99. Charles A. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary of

Basic Concepts and Factors Influencing Its Growth
and Development in New York State," excerpts from un­
published dissertation (Print Shop, Port Washington,
New York, 1969), citing Caswell Miles, New York State
Advisory Committee on Outdoor and Conservation Edu­
cation Meeting, November 14, 1967, p. 101.
 90
state in the union to enact such a law. By establishing
the legal authority for boards of education to purchase
camp sites and outdoor education centers, New York State
created the legal baBis for other school districts to es­
tablish camps and authorize appropriations for this spe­
cific part of the school program.100
The important education laws which refer directly to
school camping and outdoor education are included in the
State of New York Education Laws No. 4501 and 4502. Law
4501 refers specifically to the establishment of camps and
the authorization of appropriations by school districts.
Education Law No. 4502 provides for the establishment of
camps by city school districts and the authorization of
101
appropriate funds for the same.
These laws provided the legal basis for all types of
school districts within the State of New York to estab­
lish and operate school camps and outdoor education pro­
grams, It was hoped that the enactment of the legislation
would promote local investment in the growth and develop­
ment of facilities and programs. It was hoped that the
enactment of the legislation would promote local invest­
ment in the growth and development of facilities and

100. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," p. 101.

101. Ibid., citing McKinney, Consolidated Laws of New
York State. annotated Book l'6f Part 2, Education
Law No. 4501 and 4502, Article 91, School Camps,
1944, p. 103.
programs. Unfortunately, this was not the case. Those
districts in the state which engaged in camping used
existing state facilities, college camps, Y.M.C.A. camps,
and organizational and private camps on a lease or rental
basis. In order to promote interest in the growth and de­
velopment of school camping programs, a bill was intro­
duced in both houses of the 1945 legislature. According
to Lewis, the bill proposed five million dollars in state
aid to be distributed through the State Education Depart­
ment. Another bill requested two hundred thousand dol­
lars for the operation of school camp demonstration cen­
ters with one-half the cost of operating such centers to
be borne by the school districts which were selected to
participate.
It was the consensus of school officials and civic
leaders at the time that the establishment of school camp
demonstration centers would be the best procedure to get
school camps established as part of the total education
program. When the School Camp Demonstration Bill was
presented to the legislature, Lewis writes, "The bill had
the formal approval of the New York State Teachers Asso­
ciation, Executive Committee and Legislative Council, the
New York State Association for Health, Physical Education,
and Recreation, the Nassau County School Camp Committee,

102. Lewis, "Outdoor Education; A Summary," p. 105.

 92
105
and Regent's Joint legislative Committee." It was pro­
posed that such demonstration centers would serve in de­
veloping a pattern suitable to New York State schools and
at the same time would serve as an example for other
school districts to follow.
Prior to the enactment of legislation in New York
State, a School Camp Workshop was conducted under the
State Education Department at manager lodge on Upper Cha-
teaugay Lake in the northern Adirondacks from August 25th
to September 2, 1944. The purpose of this workshop was to
outline a school camp buide for Bchool officials, to work
out the details of a plan for school camp programs in New
York State, and to formulate standards for the conduct of
some school camps demonstrations. Assembled at this
conference were outstanding national leaders in camping
and major leaders in New York State education; superinten­
dents, directors of health, physical education, recrea­
tion, and camping, elementary and secondary school prin­
cipals, college, elementary, and high school teachers and
camp counselors.
On October 15th and 16th, 1946, the Recreation, Camping,
and Conservation Education Conference was held. The

105. Ibid.. p. 106.

104. lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing New
York State Education Department Piles, Courtesy of
Dr. Irwin Rosenstein, Department of Health, Physical
Education and Recreation, p. 107.
 93
conference was held at Joseph Henry Memorial Auditorium
Academy Park in Albany, New York, leaders from many state
and local departments, agencies, institutions, and asso­
ciations were assembled to discuss: "The Getting and
Using of Surplus War Material." In a letter addressed to
the participants, Miles writes: "The future of the camping
program in the United States depends to quite an extent on
whether or not school and other public officials who con­
duct such programs will have the use of surplus war ma­
terials. This is of tremendous importance because public
officials usually take a long time to develop such pro-
1QK
grams under normal rate of growth."
At the conference, a panel on "Professional Prepara­
tion for Recreation, Camping and Conservation Education"
was chaired by Dr. Prancis J. Moench. At the time Dr.
Moench was president of New York State Association of
Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. He also was
the Director of Education for the Division of Health,
Physical Education, and Recreation Education of State
Teachers College at Cortland. Dr. Donnal V. Smith, presi­
dent of State Teachers College at Cortland, was appointed
to serve aB a member of the panel discussing: "A Program
of Recreation, Camping and Conservation Education for
New York State."

105. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing

Miles, Letter to Participants, September 26, 1946,
p. 108.
 94
-

In analyzing the conference held in Albany, one finds

that after much discussion, "The group approved of a plat­
form which would: (1) extend camping opportunities to
more individuals; (2) provide for an increase in the pro­
fessional training of personnel for these programs; (3) set
up camp demonstration centers; and (4) secure increased
funds for such services.I'1®*’
On November 15, 1946, a platform concerned with the
above number three and four was prepared by a joint com­
mittee and presented in New York City. On November 21st
it was adopted by the Joint Advisory Committee. Entitled
"Camping— An Essential Service in New York State," the ten
points in the platform were:
1. The conservation of the state*s natural re­
sources should be supported by all its
citizens.
2. The development of these resources should
include more adequate provisions for camping
and recreation.
3. Camping resources should be available to all
people of the state irrespective of geo­
graphical location and economic status.
4. The fundamentals of camping and conserva­
tion education should be included in the
education of youth.
5. Immediate steps should be taken to improve
and extend organized camping for youth.
6. All the resources of the state which can
contribute to this program should be en­
listed for cooperative action.
7. The extension of training opportunities
through undergraduate, graduate and in-camp
courses for camp personnel should be pro­
vided without delay.

106. lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing New

York State Education Department Piles; Miles, Per­
sonal Interview, November 14, 1967, p. 121,
 95
8. Demonstration camps should he established
to show the benefits of camping.
9. A plan for sound and adequate finances
should be developed.
10. A state council or organization which will be
representative of the present camping needs
and be capable of developing such a program
should be instituted.107
One of the significant aspects of the outdoor educa­
tion movement that took place in New York State has been
the development of college camps by faculty and student
associations. According to Cooper, the State Teachers Col­
lege at Fredonia was the first to assume leadership in
camping education for all of its students. He further
states: "The State Teachers College at Plattsburgh was
the next state institution to do something about camping
as early as 1945.1,108
A third venture into the outdoors took place at State
Teachers College at Cortland about the year 1946. Cooper
writes: "For the past two years the president at Cortland,
and a joint committee of faculty and students have been
inspecting properties adjoining Laborador Pond, which is
located about twenty miles north of Cortland. The site
under consideration comprises approximately 558 acres which
include two dwellings and a large tract of wooded land."1^

107. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing New

York State Education Department Files, Courtesy of Dr.
In-Jin Rosenstein, Department of Health, Physical Edu­
cation and Recreation, p. 122.
108. Cooper, p. 57.
109. Ibid.. p. 58.
 96
According to Dr. Donnel V. Smith., the above statement
concerning Laborador Pond was true. Dr. Walt Thurber,
Mr. William Clemens, Dr. Ross Allen, and Dr. Franklin Cool-
idge attempted to raise funds for the purchase of the
Laborador Pond property, but due to the social and eco­
nomic effects of World War II, funds were not available.
In researching the literature, the writer found in­
formation on students from Syracuse University, Ithaca
College, and State Teachers College at Cortland attending
an outdoor training camp at Tanager Lodge in the Adiron-
dacks. The camp at Tanager Lodge began in 1937. Appar­
ently, Cooper was not aware of the camp at Tanager Lodge.
The outdoor education experiences anticipated for the
Laborador Pond site followed the camp at Tanager Lodge and
preceded those outdoor experiences to be offered at Hunt­
ington Memorial Camp. Additional information concerning
this first outdoor education experience for students of
State Teachers College at Cortland will be included in
chapter five.
Following the approval of the New York State Bill on
Outdoor Education and Camping in 1945t need for trained
administrators and supervisors in the fields of recreation
and outdoor education was great. Dr. Francis Moench, then

110. Interview with Dr. Donnel V. Smith, former presi­

dent of State Teachers College at Cortland, May 16,
1972.
 97
recently promoted to the position of Director of the Divi­
sion of Health, Physical Education and Recreation at State
Teachers College at Cortland, realizing the need for
trained leadership in recreation and outdoor education
wrote Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf of the National Recreation
Association asking him to suggest the names of three men
he could recommend to teach courses in recreation and out-
111
door education at Cortland.
At this time Dr. Metcalf was employed as a special
representative of the National Recreation Association
giving recreation service to state government agencies in
twenty-two states from North and South Dakota eastward
through Maine. In response to Dr. Moench*s request, Dr.
Metcalf recommended the three men and also noted that he
himself would he interested in coming to Cortland, if they
were looking for a chairman and full professor. Upon re­
ceiving this information, Dr. Moench became interested in
this and promoted the idea with President Smith. Dr. Met­
calf was then appointed as professor and chairman of the
newly created Department of Recreation Education beginning
in the fall of 1947.
Dr. Metcalf realized the necessity of an outdoor edu­
cation facility in order to train leaders for the camping
aspect of recreation and to provide an outdoor education

111. Ibid.
 98
center for the entire college. After discussing this with
Dr. Smith, Dr. Metcalf received permission to search for a
suitable site.
During a canoe trip on Raquette lake in the central
Adirondack Mountains, Dr. Walt Thurber and Dr. Gold Met­
calf took the opportunity to look for several camp proper­
ties on the Bhores of Raquette Lake. The property and
camp buildings known as Camp Pine Knot on Long Point were
particularly interesting and admired by both men. On their
return to Cortland, New York, Dr. Thurber and Dr. Metcalf
stopped at Raquette Lake Tillage and visited with the
forest ranger, Mose Leonard. The ranger revealed that the
property called Camp Pine Knot belonged to a man named
Huntington. He also informed them that the caretaker of
the property was John Moore. Mr. Moore, his wife, and
children lived on the point.
After his return to Cortland, Dr. Metcalf wrote to
Mr. John Moore in order to obtain some information about
the camp and the owner’s name. In reply to Dr. Metcalf,
Mr. Moore indicated that he had been the caretaker since
1927. He informed Dr. Metcalf that the owner's name was
Archer M. Huntington who resided in Redding, Connec­
ticut.^^ Dr. Metcalf's letter, of October 23, 1947,

112. Interview with Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf, former pro­

fessor of State Teachers College at Cortland, Tully
Lake, New York, September 13, 1972.
to Mr. Arch e r M. Hunt ington reads as follows!

Mr. A. M, Huntington
1 East 89^ Street
New York 28, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Huntington:
The State Teachers College at Cortland, N.Y.
is anxious to acquire for the training of its
students a relatively large woodland-lake camp­
site property for use as a laboratory facility in
outdoor education.
This campsite facility is needed for the
following reasons:
1. To help our Btudents gain a genuine appre­
ciation of, and love for the outdoors in its
unspoiled beauty.
2. To initiate students into the joy of knowing
different areas of nature through first-hand
experience with it as a fundamental recrea­
tion that will enrich their living with each
succeeding year of life.
3. To give training to Cortland State Teachers
College students:
(aY In the wise use of natural resources.
(b) In efficient outdoor living, which
will enable them to live comfortably
in wilderness or other camping areas,
and yet leave these areas in as good
or better condition than when they
found them.
(c) In a wide range and variety of basic
camping skills and administrative
procedures which will enable them as
future teachers, to give instruction
and leadership to the children of
New York State in conservation educa­
tion (wise use of natural resources),
outdoor education generally, and the
direction of different kinds of school
and community camps which are becoming
basic laboratory facilities in out­
door education.
A limited number of students from Cortland
State Teachers College had the opportunity of a
short period of camp training at a private camp
in the Adirondacks. The opportunity for training
at this camp terminated three years ago. The
seriousness of Cortland State Teachers College in
 training teachers for outdoor education and re­
creation is evidenced by the fact that the col­
lege has employed a professor of outdoor educa­
tion and recreation todevelop a department and
a major curriculum in this area. A campsite as
a laboratory facility in this field is essential.
It was recently my pleasure in company with
Dr. Walter Thurber of our science department to
take a weekend canoe trip on Raquette Lake at
which time we heard of your owning atract of land
bordered by two bays of this lake.
Quite frankly, we were wondering if you
would be interested in making this tract of land—
or a part of it with lake frontage— available to
the State Teachers College at Cortland for its
permanent Outdoor Education Training Center. Your
assistance in the establishment of this needed
facility would be a contribution to the youth of
New York State the value of which is immeasur­
able.
It iB our hope and belief that someone will
want the opportunity of serving the youth of the
state in this way. You are the first person to
have been given this opportunity. Perhaps you
would rather not make Raquette Lake land avail­
able but have some other Adirondack lake wilder­
ness area you would prefer to give for this pur­
pose?
If you are interested in our objectives and
would care to invest some land or money in serving
the youth of our state in the way suggested, I
should be happy to visit you and discuss the pro­
ject further.
Sincerely yours,

Harlan G. Metcalf
Professor of Outdoor Education
and Recreationll3
On January 11, 1949 Archer M. Huntington and Anna
Hyatt Huntington granted and released to the State
Teachers College at Cortland 201.32 acres on Long Point
Included in this acreage was Camp Pine Knot. This gift

113. Letter from Harlan G. Metcalf, professor at Cort­

land State Teachers College, October 23, 1947.
 101
was officially accepted in the same year by a special act
of the state legislature naming the facility Huntington
Memorial Camp in honor of Collis P. Huntington.
For almost a quarter of a century, Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center has been serving required and
elective undergraduate courses, graduate courses, work­
shops, and campus school training programs. It also serves
the needs of conference groups, provides a base for Adiron­
dack geology and biology study trips, and contributes to
the total educational effort of State University College
at Cortland. These programs will be explained in greater
detail in chapter six.
According to Cooper, the action programs in outdoor
education now sponsored by faculty-student groups in the
state teachers colleges are indicative of teacher educa­
tion trends in New York S t a t e . M a n y developments in
teacher preparation for outdoor education have taken place
during the past twenty-five years. The following is a
description of several teacher preparation programs that
are now in effect throughout the United States. These
programs have been selected because they are representa­
tive geographically and include various sizes and types
of colleges and universities.
The New Jersey State School of Conservation, which
has been in operation since the summer of 1949, is

114. Cooper, p. 10.

 102
dedicated to: (1) providing educational experiences for
students and teachers which will increase their apprecia­
tion for the importance of conservation in America today;
(2) the training of future teachers in service and in the
use of the out-of-doors for educational purposes; and (3)
conducting a demonstration children*s camp utilizing con­
servation education as the main program feature. n sJ
The University of California, los Angeles, uses an
inter-disciplinary approach for preparing teachers and
leaders in outdoor education. Smith states: "The inter­
disciplinary approach is an attempt to utilize those re­
sources of the total university which can contribute to
the preparation desired. The term implies the coordina­
tion of the offerings of many disciplines and departments
through a single department vested with administrative re­
sponsibilities and assuming the role of 'coordinating
1 1 jT
departments.'"
Some of the departments that contribute to the pro­
gram are: science, education, art, biology, physical
education, art, biology, physical education, recreation,
and health. There are several advantages which this ap­
proach affords. They are:

115. Julian Smith, Outdoor Education for American Youth

(Washington: The American Association for Health,
Physical Education, and Recreation, 1957), p. 112.
116. Ibid.. p. 117.
 103
1. Duplication of courses, staff, and. facili­
ties is avoided,
2. Students in the program are exposed to the
professional ideas, perspectives, and knowl­
edge of specialists in these disciplines.
3. Students can enter the program from many
fields of study,
4. Concern for the program is shared hy many par­
ticipating departments,
5. Students have an opportunity to explore a
wide range of offerings.
6. Preparation can he creative by matching the
program to the individual's needs, interests,
and goals.
At Michigan State University a three week summer work­
shop is conducted for pre-service and in-service prepara­
tion of teachers and leaders. The course work and activi­
ties related to outdoor education are interwoven into the
student's field of emphasis.
In 1957 the Antioch College Outdoor Education Center,
not far from the urban centers of Fairborn, Xenia, Spring­
field, sind Dayton, Ohio, began a much needed program. The
objectives of the program were concerned with:
1. Demonstrating land-use management in the de­
velopment of a natural area for outdoor education.

117. Ibid., p. 119.

 104
2. Providing school camping experiences for ele­
mentary school children within a sixty mile
radius of the camp.
3. Providing (using the outdoor education center
as the headquarters), leadership training and
experience in outdoor education for: (a) the
college students majoring in elementary edu­
cation and natural science; (b) in-service
school personnel; and (c) pre- and in-service
personnel of private and public programs con-
118
cemed with camping and the out-of-doors.
Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts, has
pioneered in the development of philosophy, art and skill
in the recreative use of leisure for over seventy-five
years of its existence. The college offers both under­
graduate and graduate programs in recreation.
The Springfield College undergraduate major in Com­
munity and Outdoor Recreation serves as a guide to deter­
mine prerequisites for graduate degrees. In the under­
graduate program, the emphasis is on providing each stu­
dent with numerous choices from among seven clustered
areas of sub-specialization. The purpose of these areas
of study is to develop professional competence in the
broad field of Community and Outdoor Recreation Services,

118. Ibid.. p. 122.

 105
with primary emphasis on the leisure time recreation pro­
grams provided by community institutions,
The graduate program in Community and Outdoor Recrea­
tion provides preparation for recreation leaders in ad­
ministrative and program positions under community, school,
state, and federal auspices as well as in voluntary, pri­
vate, and commercial organizations with philanthropic or
liq
membership support.
According to Ford, the University of Oregon outdoor
education program consists of a joint major with the Col­
lege of Education and the Department of Recreation and
Park Management. The students may earn an education de­
gree with an option in outdoor education. Also, the stu­
dents may earn a Bachelor of Science degree in recreation
and park management with a concentration in outdoor edu­
cation and a teaching certificate or no teaching certi­
ficate.
The outdoor education field experience at the Uni­
versity of Oregon takes place at several agency, church,
private, and federally owned facilities. The experiences
at these camps center around counseling, leadership,
120
organization, and programing.

119. Springfield College, Community and Outdoor Recrea-

tion (Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs, 1972-73).
ppT50, 31, 78, 79.
120. Phyllis M. Ford, Recreation and Park Management
Option in Outdoor Education with Teacher Certifica-
liion (University of Oregon, pamphlet, 19Vl)t p. 1.
 106
The University of Oregon also offers an outdoor pro­
gram which is not part of the outdoor education program.
This program functions only as faculty, students, staff,
and the general community "become involved in v/ildemess
activities such as: alpine skiing, hiking, canoeing, etc.
A unique program in teacher education is in effect at
Northern Illinois State College at DeKalb. All students
majoring in elementary education are involved in three
successive outdoor education experiences at the Dorado Taft
Field Campus in Oregon, Illinois.
The first of theBe experiences takes place during the
sophomore year when students spend a two and one-half day
period at the field campus exploring the concept of the
out-of-doors as a laboratory for learning. This initial
exposure of outdoor education is an attempt to develop an
awareness of the out-of-doors as an extension of the
classroom.
During the junior year students are involved at the
field campus for three days. This time the emphasis is
upon investigating various subject matter areas of the
elementary curriculum and searching for ways of enriching
and supplementing these content areas by means of first
hand observations and direct experiences.
The culminating experience in outdoor education
occurs when seniors return to spend a full week of school
camping, living with and teaching a class of elementary
 107
pupils. By the time a student graduates, he or she has
heen exposed to three successive and related experiences
121
in outdoor education at the field campus.
Since 1950 Southern Illinois University has included
an outdoor environment as an integral part of its outdoor
education program. The university has an outdoor labora­
tory of 6,000 acres at little Grassy Lake and has entered
into a cooperative program with the Crah Orchard Wildlife
Refuge of the United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife for conservation education. The outdoor educa­
tion programs at the Little Grassy Outdoor Laboratory vary
widely and include: an Outward Bound type of program,
conservation workshops for high school students, and day
use and resident camp programs for area school children.
The camp also sponsors a number of experimental programs
122
for mentally and physically handicapped children.
According to the chairman of the Bepartment of Con­
servation and Outdoor Education, there is no undergraduate
major in the Bepartment of Conservation and Outdoor Educa­
tion. Courses in botany, zoology, and orienteering are
offered to undergraduates from other university depart­
ments. A Master of Education degree in Conservation and
Outdoor Education iB currently shared with the Bepartment

121. Smith, Outdoor Education for American Youth, p. 128.

122. Smith, Carlson, Masters, and Bonaldson, Outdoor
Education, p. 116.
 108
of Recreation and is titled Master of Science in Educa­
tion with a specialization in Recreation and Outdoor Edu­
cation.
One of the particular needs of teachers with responsi­
bilities for outdoor education is experience in the out­
door environment that will provide a background of outdoor
knowledge and some skill in techniques of working with
children in such a setting. Several colleges and universi­
ties have developed workshops and courses with this need
in mind.
Such campus courses are given by the Department of
Recreation at Indiana University at the Bradford Woods
Outdoor Education Area in a fifteen day course in school-
camp program activities between the end of the spring
session and the beginning of the summer session. The pur­
poses at Bradford Woods are two-fold:
1. To provide a center where leaders may be edu­
cated in an outdoor situation in direct rela­
tion to the setting, with opportunities for
both actual leadership and observation of
school and youth agency programs.
2. To provide areas and facilities for outdoor

123. Chairman, Bepartment of Conservation and Outdoor

Education, Explanation of the Programs in Conser­
vation and Outdoor Education ait""Southern Illinois
University (Carbondale, Illinois, 1^72), p. 1.
 109
programs for school groups, handicapped
children, and youth agencies.
The University of Maryland does not have its own out­
door education center. But, for the past three years they
have offered am outdoor education workshop utilizing
various outdoor facilities around the campus. The em­
phasis of this summer school workshop is to prepare teach-
12*5
ers to make greater use of the outdoors in education.

Summary
Learning from nature has always heen a part of the
developmental process of man, hut it was not until 1944
that students and faculty members of the New York State
Teacher's College began to learn the true values derived
from learning by doing in the out-of-doors. Since the
first ten-day institute program held at National Camp,
Life Camps, Inc., Sussex, New Jersey, many developments
in teacher preparation for outdoor education have taken
place.
Prior to 1944 there waB little interest, if any, in
incorporating outdoor education into the educational cur­
riculum. But during the past twenty-five years, the

124. Smith, Carlson, Masters, and Donaldson, Outdoor

Education. p. 117.
125. Ellen E. Harvey, Outdoor Education (University of
Maryland, College of Education and Department of
Recreation, Summer Pamphlet, 1972), p. 1.
 110
values and attitudes of these people have changed. 3?he
concept of learning from nature, which was once only
talked about, became part of the total education program.
Since 1944 the surge to the out-of-doors has been
tremendous. It is the opinion of Dr. H. G. Metcalf that
L. B, Sharp and Julian Smith were responsible for a great
deal of the interest shown in the outdoor program present
in our schools and colleges today. Dr. Metcalf called
these two men the "co-fathers" of outdoor education.
Indications are that the need for outdoor education
will increase as the interest of people in the outdoors
continues to grow.

126. Interview with Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf, September

13, 1972.
 CHAPTER V

THE LEGAL FACTORS OF THE EXCHANGE OF OWNERSHIP

In the previous chapter, Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf

realizing the necessity of an outdoor education facility
for State Teachers College at Cortland, wrote Archer M.
Huntington on October 23, 1947, concerning a parcel of
land known as Camp Pine Knot. After about fourteen months
of legal procedures, the property was officially turned
over to the State Teachers College at Cortland. These
legal procedures began November 6, 1947, about two weeks
after Dr. Metcalf sent Archer M. Huntington the letter
dated October 23, 1947, in chapter three.
On November 6, 1947, Dr. Metcalf received the fol­
lowing letter:
November 6, 1947
My dear Professor Metcalf:
I have your letter of October 23rd, and
I think it would be well if you could come down
sometime in the near future and talk this mat­
ter over with me. I should be glad to know
more of the State Teachers College and its work
at the same time. Please let me know what time
it would be convenient for you to come, as I
am not living in New York but in Redding,
Conn.— which place you can reach by taking the
train to Bethel, Conn., where I can have a can
meet you. It would be best for you to arrange,
if possible, to come sometime before luncheon
111
 112
and take luncheon with us, in order to have time
to talk the matter over and give me the informa­
tion I am looking for.
I do not think Saturday or Sunday would he
good days to come as there are always too many
people about.
Thanking you in advance,
Yours very truly,
A. M. Huntington1
On November 11, 1947, Dr. Metcalf acknowledged the
receipt of A, M. Huntington*s letter:
November 11th, 1947
Mr. A. M. Huntington
1 East 89to Street
New York 28, New York
Dear Mr. Huntington:
Thank you very much for your good letter of
November 6th. I shall be very glad to visit you
at your convenience at your home to discuss
Cortland State Teachers College and its work.
Yfould Friday November 21st be a convenient
day for you? I am suggesting next week since
by this time your schedule for this week is
probably full. Friday is also suggested since
it will be a little easier for me to get away
at this time than during the middle of the week.
However, I will arrange to come earlier or dur­
ing the middle of the week if this is the best
time for you. In the event that Friday the 21st
is not a convenient date for you please suggest
a time that is convenient and I shall come then.
looking forward to the pleasure of meeting
you, I am,
Sincerely yours,
Harlan G. Metcalf
Professor of Outdoor Education
and Recreationl28

127. letter from Archer M. Huntington to Dr. Harlan G,

Metcalf, November 6, 1947.
128. letter from Harlan Metcalf to Archer M. Huntington,
November 11, 1947.
 115
Due to Archer M. Huntington'b busy schedule, Dr. Met­
calf was unable to meet with him until after Thanksgiving.
So, in mid-December, 1947, Dr. Metcalf boarded a train to
Redding, Connecticut. Upon his arrival, Dr. Metcalf began
his visit with Archer M, Huntington and his wife, Anna
Hyatt Huntington. Dr. Metcalf waB very much impressed with
the sculptures and figures of the wild animals displayed
in the Huntington home. He also learned that Anna Hyatt
Huntington had sculptured, "The Cid on Horseback," which
is standing in a prominent place in Mexico City. In addi­
tion to learning about Mrs. Huntington's talents, Dr.
Metcalf learned of Archer Huntington's interests and hob­
bies. Mr, Huntington's greatest interest seemed to be in
writing poetry in Spanish about Spanish heroes. He was
also a very knowledgeable ornithologist and showed great
interest in the kinds of birds living around Camp Pine
Knot.
After luncheon Archer M. Huntington told Dr, Metcalf,
"I think we can grant the request you made in your letter.
I would like for you to go ahead and draw up the deed the
way you want it and then send it to me. If it suits me,
I'll sign it. If it does not, I'll tell you how I'd
129
like it, and we can agree eventually." ^ Archer Hunting­
ton had only one stipulation. He informed Dr. Metcalf

129. Interview with Harlan Gold Metcalf (Tully Lake,

New York), September 15, 1972.
 114
that he must retain the services of his caretaker, Mr.
John Moore for as long as he wants to live at Camp Pine
Knot.
Before catching his train back to Cortland, New York,
Dr. Metcalf asked Mr. Huntington to notify John Moore at
Camp Pine Knot that Dr, Metcalf would be coming there to
seek some information.
The next week Metcalf and Thurber journeyed to the
county seat of Hamilton County, located at Lake Pleasant,
New York. While at the county seat, they studied the
Huntington titles to their land on Raquette Lake. Due to
the vast amount of material to read, Metcalf and Thurber
had to stop their search and return to Cortland with a job
juat begun. About two weeks later, Prof. William Clemens
of Cortland State Teachers College and Dr. Metcalf drove
back to Lake Pleasant to complete the job of searching out
the deeds, titles, etc. and mapped out the Huntington pro­
perty. Appendix S is the rough map which they drew up.
Metcalf and Clemens completed their work on a Saturday
afternoon. Prom Lake Pleasant, they drove to Raquette
Lake to put up for the night. About ten o'clock that
Saturday evening, Metcalf and Clemens put on their snow-
shoes and started out for John Moore's house on Pine Knot.
In 20-degree weather, Metcalf and Clemens followed a snow-
shoe trail for a mile and a half across the froaen
Raquette Lake. The trail led to the front door of John
 115
Moore. Mr. Moore and his wife, Grace, v/ere very surprised
to see these two gentlemen, hut did not hesitate to offer
them the hospitality of their home. Dr. Metcalf informed
Mr. Moore that they were to inspect the buildings. So,
John Moore escorted Dr. Metcalf and Mr. Clemens around the
point and opened all doors to all buildings for them.
After seeing all the buildings, Metcalf and Clemens snow-
l^O
shoed back across Raquette Lake. '
The following is a reference of deeds pertaining to
the Huntington estate on Long Point.
References of Deeds
Item 1— Book 27— pages 21 and 40
Item 2— Book 29— page 209
Item 3— Book 31— page 474
Item 4— Book 32— page 35
Item 5— Book 34— pages 174, 183, 369, 371, 558 and 562
Item 6— Book 37— page 6
Digest of Deed Data Pound in Above
References
Item 1— Book 27— page 21— February 18, 1895, Janet
L, Durant andWilliam WestDurant
to C. P. Huntington, 75 acres
Book 27— page 40— March 4, 1895, John and
Rebecca McLaughlin to C. P. Hunting­
ton, 1 acre
Item 2— Book 29— page 209— January 18, 1897, The
Forest Park and Land Company to Ara­
bella D. Huntington, 9 1/2 acres
Item 3— Book 31— page 474— Quit claims from Janet L.
and William West Durant to C. P.
Huntington
Item 4— Book 32— page 33— Quit claims from Janet L.
and William West Durant to C. P.
Huntington
Item 5— Book 34— page 174— Quit claim from Walter A.
Weber to C. P. Huntington
page 177— Walter A. Weber to C. P.
Huntington, June 23, 1899, two
130. Ibid.
 116
tracts, 47 and 12/100 acres and 25
and 42/100 acres
page 185— July 17, 1899— '
Walter A.
Weber to 0. P. Huntington, 5 acres
page 569— John J. and Kate Daly to
C. P. Huntington, formerly known as
the Coterill Camp and 100 feet of
land surrounding the house
page 571— October 6, 1899, John and
Kate Daly to C. P. Huntington,
5 acres
page 558— November 29, 1899— William
Seward Webb and Eliza Osgood Webb to
C. P, Huntington— which appears to
be a quit claim
page 562— Prank H. and Mary V. Davis
to C. P. Huntington, March 10, 1898,
first parcel 15 1/4 acres, second
parcel, 12 1/4 acres
Item 6— Book 57— page 6— February 8, 1901— Henry
Edward Huntington to Arabella D.
Huntington, 201.52 acres
Summary
The land covered in the foregoing digest of deeds
comprises that tract of land on Long Point, Raquette
Lake, which may be described in toto as follows:
Starting at a point on the north-south center
line of Township 40 on the south shore of Long Point,
Raquette Lake, at low water mark as marked by bolt
numbered 56, located in a rock at said point, ex­
tending along the north-south center line of Township
40 in a direction north 26 1/2 degrees west to where
said center line meets the north shore of Long Point
at a spot marked by bolt number 55. From this point
the line follows the twistings and turnings of
Raquette Lake in a westerly direction along the shore
of Long Point to a point marked by bolt B which is
located on the north shore of Long Point, Raquette
Lake in the northwest comer of that parcel of land
formerly known as "Under the Hemlocks," and conveyed
to Edward Bennett by the Durants in October 2, 1885
as described in Book 15, page 581; this point, bolt B,
also marks the north-eastern comer of the land cur­
rently owned by Max Griffiths. From said bolt B the
line extends in a direction south 15 1/2 degrees east
for a distance of six chains thence north 76 1/2 de­
grees east for a distance of nine chains and nine
links from thence in a direction south 15 1/2 degrees
east to where said line meets the shore (bolt 22),
 117
And from this point it follows the shore line to
Long Point with its twistings and turnings south
and westerly back to the point of origin. For a
better description refer to Item 6.
The above description of land marks the
boundaries of holdings currently held by Archer
Milton Huntington with the exception of a small
tract of land approximately 1 and 22/100 acres
which was deeded to St. Williams Roman Catholic
Church as follows:
William West Durant and Janet L. Durant to
St. Williams Church, September 14, 1890,
Book 23, page 54, 43/100 of an acre and
Arthur Milton and Anna Hyatt Huntington to
St. Williams Roman Catholic Church, March 1st,
1925, Book 63, page 215, 79/100 of an acre.
This property lies on the north shore of Long
Point, Raquette Lake, within the first parcel of
land previously owned by John McLaughlin.
Excepting the property of St. Williams Roman
Catholic Church the Huntington holdings on Long
Point comprise 201.32 acres more or less.131
Appendix T makes reference to the above mentioned:.
Arriving back at the State Teachers College at Cort­
land, Dr. Metcalf informed Dr. D. V. Smith, president of
the college, of their (Metcalf, Clenens, and Thurber)
findings. The letter to Dr. Smith read as follows:
Dear Dr. Smith:
It is the wish of Mr. Archer M. Huntington of
Redding, Connecticut and Hew York City to give to
the Cortland State Teachers College all the land
he now owns on Long Point peninsula on Raquette
Lake. Mr. Huntington is of the opinion that this
tract has approximately 300 acres. The exact
acreage will be determined upon location of the
deeds in survey.
In addition to the acreage there are seven­
teen buildings still standing and in addition the
caretaker's residence which, at present, is' occu­
pied by Mr, and Mrs. John Moore who have served

131 • H. G, Metcalf, William Clemens, and Walter Thurber,

References of Deeds, Office of the County Clerk,
Lake Pleasant, New York, Dec, 1947.
 118
the Huntington Estate for twenty years. Mr. Moore
is approximately 60 years of age and is a well-
known Adirondack guide. He is thoroughly conver­
sant with woodcraft and the waterways of the north
country. Mr. Huntington requests that we continue
him in our employ. He, at present, receives $120
a month. He would be of great use to us and we
would, therefore, like to continue him as a care­
taker.
Of the seventeen buildings that are avail­
able, most of them could be used immediately with­
out any alteration and all of them are furnished.
The buildings which we could use for housing pur­
poses include the following: the servants' house,
approximately twelve bedrooms and eight other rooms.
This could immediately accommodate thirty students
and is equipped with cots, mattresses, etc. The
guide house has one large room which could be used
as a classroom and has four rooms which could be
used as quarters housing perhaps ten people. It
is equipped with rustic furniture, some of which
has been painted and an excellent collection of
north country photographs of guides. The Durant
Camp has approximately eight rooms, two of which
could be sleeping quarters for eight or even ten
students. This camp also has beds and cooking
facilities as have the others. It is furnished with
beautiful rustic furniture and has also a number of
antiques.
The new house has eight or ten rooms, three of
which would make excellent classrooms, the remain­
der providing occupancy for six or even eight peo­
ple. The woodwork is unfinished pine, hand rubbed,
with four large fireplaces and a large kitchen
which would provide cooking facilities for an un­
specified number of campers. It also has several
bedrooms.
The nursery is the house in which Collis P.
Huntington lived and contains the room in which
he died. He lived here as did his wife after his
death. There are four or five bedrooms, two
rooms which would make excellent classrooms be­
sides attendant service facilities. The furniture
is rustic and antique, some of it of undeter­
mined present sale value, for example, the large
four-poster bed in which Collis P. Huntington
died is still there. The game house or recreation
hall is one large room containing a piano, recrea­
tion materials such as pool tables and other game
materials. There iB a large storeroom and at
 119
present two large guideboats including yokes,
sails, etc. are stored there. The remainder of
the rooms are smaller and at present are used
for storage and that sort of thing. Any of them
with slight expense could be altered to suit our
need.
The Kirby Gamp is located three-quarters of
a mile away from the Huntington lodge. This camp
is in good condition, has a large living room,
three or four bedrooms, bath and other service
rooms. It could be used un-altered also. The
tool house is situated on the shore of Pine Knot
peninsula. It contains tools and other equipment,
now old-fashioned. It is also the lamp room
where scores of brass lanterns and various types
of old lamps are housed. Some of these are still
usable but some of the tin ones have rusted and
undoubtedly would prove worthless. In addition
to these houses there are a number of Adirondack
lean-to's along the shore. Of all the buildings
standing only the boat house would be regarded as
unusable without extensive repairs. On the in­
terior of the point there is a large barn which,
at present, houses agricultural materials and gar­
dening equipment and other material of that kind.
Projected Use
This acreage which adjoins several thousand
acres of state owned land would help us to provide
camp leadership training and deep woods experi­
ence for our physical education students, \fe
could use it to take care of the eight hours each
ten weeks for our junior students. Activities
such as field archery, fishing, canoeing, boating,
woodcraft, elementary games, nature recreation,
recreation leadership, games, organization and
administration of physical education, general
methods and others could be conducted. It could
be used In the summer as New York University and
other colleges do for science workshops, camp
leadership training and similar projects.
It would be staffed by regular instructors
now on the college staff. At present we do not
see the need for additional personnel except the
aforementioned caretaker. Nor do we, at this
time, propose any expenditure other than modest
repairs which could be borne out of the regular
repair budgets.
This camp setup provides the state at no
initial outlay an excellent site and it is an
opportunity that should not be missed.
 This facility is sorely needed by the Cort­
land State Teachers College. For a number of
years Cortland has had the largest physical edu­
cation training program in any physical educa­
tion school in the country. Included in this
type of training is training in out-of-doors
education and camping. Formerly a camp was
rented on Chateaugay lake. This site, however,
is no longer available and it is imperative, if
our teachers are to be certified by the State of
New York, that we provide camping facilities.
Raquette lake would provide an out-of-doors
camping facility in the following ways:
1. It would give our students an opportunity to
gain an appreciation of and love for the
the out-of-doors in a natural setting of
unspoiled beauty.
2. It would initiate our students in the joy and
satisfaction of knowing the out-of-doors
through first hand experience as a fundamen­
tal recreation that will enrich living with
each succeeding year of their lives.
3. It would give to our Cortland students an
appreciation of the great value of our
natural resources and their management.
4. It would give students an opportunity to
learn how to live comfortably in wilderness
and other camping areas and, more particu­
larly, to learn how to teach boys and girls
camp craft.
5. It would give our youth not only basic
camping skills and camp administrative pro­
cedures but, through the out-of-doors, would
give them an understanding of the coordina­
tion of government in the areas of conserva­
tion, recreation, health, physical education
and, through cooperating with the Department
of Commerce in its recreation program, gain
by way of another aspect an appreciation of
the ramifications of business in our society
today.
The State of New York recently enacted en­
abling legislation whereby Boards of Education
could acquire camp sites. The time is at hand
when our teachers should be trained to meet the
needs for skillful leadership in this area. It
is, therefore, urged that legislation enabling
the Commissioner of Education to accept this
 121
property for the use of the State Teachers Col­
lege at Cortland he enacted.132
Dr. D. V, Smith, learning from Dr. Metcalf of Archer
Huntington's interest in giving the land he owned on Long
Point to the State Teachers College at Cortland, wrote
the following letter:
Dear Mr. Huntington,
It is with deep personal gratification that
I learned from Dr. Metcalf of your interest in our
effort to widen the opportunity of individual ex­
perience hy establishing a program that affords
another and definite opportunity for each to edu­
cate himself. Dr. Metcalf told me of your desire
to have a letter of intent drafted which could he
directed to the Commissioner of Education in order
that the Raquette Lake site could he legally ac­
cepted hy the state for our exclusive use here at
Cortland State Teachers College. We will secure
a certified copy or copies of the deed to the
property to he conveyed. I am enclosing here­
with a letter of intent for your consideration.
If this letter meets with your approval, I should
be very happy to meet you at your home or some
other convenient place on January fifteenth or
any other suitable date that you might suggest
thereafter. At that time any suggestions you
might have could he incorporated in the letter.
Heedless to say, your generosity is much
appreciated. I do, however, wish in this formal
way to let you know that it is more than just a
gift to an educational institution so far as we
are concerned at Cortland, for it makes pos­
sible another step in the development of greater
educational opportunity for the young people of
Central New York State. We feel, too, that
it is an acceptance on your part of the impor­
tance of our endeavor and to some degree an
indication of your approval of it.

132. Letter from H. Gold Metcalf to Dr. D. V. Smith,

December 1947.
 122
If it is possible to arrange a time when it
is convenient for you to give the opportunity of
meeting you, I will take great pleasure in making
a personal expression of our appreciation.
Very sincerely yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl33
December 18, 1947
The letter of intent referred to in Dr. Smith1s
letter reads:
MEMORANDUM ON THE LAND TO BE GIVEN TO THE COMMIS­
SIONER OP EDUCATION TO BE EMPLOYED AS A CAMP SITE
POR THE STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE AT CORTLAND,
NEW YORK:
Mr. Archer M. Huntington is willing to give
the State Teachers College at Cortland all the
land he now owns on the Long Point Peninsula on
Raquette Lake. There are approximately 300
acres in this tract as well as seventeen useable
buildings and equipment. It is Mr. Huntington's
wish that it be established as a memorial to his
father to promote out-of-doors education by
training teachers of our public schools in the
wise use of our natural resources. The State
Teachers College at Cortland trains physical and
health education teachers, general elementary
teachers, and recreation instructors. Por many
of these students, out-of-doors education is a
requirement for certification in our state. In­
asmuch as the State Teachers College at Cortland
does not have a camp, this property acquired at
no expense to the state will improve its facili­
ties. This gift Mr. Huntington wishes to make
without restriction.134
After informing Dr. Smith about the gift of the land,
Metcalf wrote A. M. Huntington the following letter:

133. Letter from D. V. Smith, president of State Teachers

College at Cortland, to Archer Huntington, December
18, 1947.
134. D. V, Smith, Letter of Intent, December 18, 1947.
 December 18, 1947
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
Redding, Connecticut
Dear Mr. Huntington:
I know that our President, Dr. Donnal V. Smith,
has written you recently concerning your contem­
plated gift of Raquette Lake property. There
are, as you know, matters concerned with drawing
up details of the deed which involve considerable
time. I discovered this in the one trip I have
made to the County Seat at Lake Pleasant over
winter roads.
My teaching and community responsibilities
have prevented my being able to spend the needed
amount of time to date. However, I plan to go
back to Lake Pleasant within the next two weeks
if roads are passable. At this time, also, if
it does not meet with your disapproval, I should
like to visit your property at Raquette Lake and
become more familiar with its boundaries, and
equipment.
If you approve of such a visit on my part
you may feel it desirable to drop a line to your
caretaker, Mr. Moore, advising him of the possi­
bility of my visit. It is possible that Dr.
Walter Thurber of our Science Department will
accompany me.
Quite aside from the above business, I have
wanted long before this time to write to Mrs.
Huntington and you to thank you for your wonder­
ful hospitality in entertaining me so royally at
luncheon. The food was most delicious but the
enjoyment of your conversation was an intel­
lectual and recreational treat never to be for­
gotten.
Your gifts of books and booklets are among
our valued treasures and at present reside in
our living room where we are proud to have them
seen by our guests. Frankly, I was surprised to
see how many different books you gave me and
have been wondering if I came away with any that
I was not supposed to take. If this is the case
do not hesitate to let me know. I plan to make
all of this material available to our art de­
partment too if they do not have it already in
their library.
 124
I have enjoyed some real recreation reading
some of your poems, Mr. Huntington (believe it
or not), and also looking at the beautiful works
of art created by your wife. I recognized several
of my favorites. She certainly is "tops" in ex­
pressing action in the sculpturing of wildlife as
it really is.
People as generous as you two are will cer­
tainly have a happy Christmas, but I want the
honor and fun of also wishing you a very Merry
Christmas and many happy New Years to come.
Sincerely,
Harlan G. Metcalf
Professor of Recreation and
Outdoor Educationl35
Due to the Christmas holidays, Mr. Huntington did not
answer P. V. Smith*s letter until January 1, 1948. The
letter read as follows:
January 1, 1948
Pear Pr. Smith:
I was very glad to get your letter, which
I think is quite satisfactory, and I should like
an opportunity to talk this over with you. As
you suggest the 15tt of January, I would be only
too pleased to meet you in New York on that date
at my house, No. 1 East 89th Street, either at
11:30 in the morning, or 3:30 in the afternoon,
or some other hour if you prefer. I do not be­
lieve any serious problem can arise.
In a gift of this kind I presume there
would be no transfer tax involved.
With best wishes for the New Year and the
years to come.
Sincerely yours,
l^g
Archer M. Huntington y

135. Letter from H. Gold Metcalf to A. M. Huntington,

Pecember 18, 1947.-
136. Letter from A. M. Huntington to P. V. Smith, January
1, 1948.
 125
Mr, Huntington also corresponded to Dr. Metcalf on
January 1, 1948. He writes:
Dear Dr, Metcalf:
Dr. Smiths letter reached me in due course,
and I hope to have the pleasure of seeing him in
New York on the 15th.
As to a letter to Mr. Moore, I am enclosing
one, although perhaps you may not wish to state
to him your purpose in making the visit at that
time.
later perhaps I shall have the pleasure of
seeing you again and knowing more of your plans.
With all best wishes for the New Year to
Mrs. Metcalf and yourself.
Sincerely yours,
Archer M. Huntington
In reply to Mr. Huntingtons letter, D. V, Smith
writes:
January 10, 1948
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
1 East 89th Street
New York City
Dear Mr. Huntington:
I shall be very happy indeed to call at
your residence at 1 East 89th Street, at 11:30
in the morning of January 15. This, I trust,
will not inconvenience you.
Sincerely yours,
D. V. Smith
Presidentl38

137. Letter from A. M. Huntington to H. Gold Metcalf,

January 1, 1948.
138. Letter from D. V. Smith to A. M. Huntington,
January 10, 1948.
 126
So, on January 15, 1948, Dr. D. V. Smith met with
the Huntingtons in their home at 1 East 89th Street, Few
York City. After their meeting, the following letter was
addressed to Dr. Smith.
January 15, 1948
My dear Dr. Smith:
As a manifest of my interest in your program
of outdoor education and the principle of pro­
viding an ever wider opportunity for individuals
to learn, I wish to convey to State Teachers Col­
lege at Cortland, New York, that parcel of land
situated on Long Point Peninsula of Raquette Lake
and described on Liber 27 pageB 21 and 40, Liber
29-page 209, Liber 51— page 474, Liber 32— page
33, Liber 34— pages 174,177,183,369,371,558 and
562, Liber 37— page 6, Role of Deeds filed in the
county seat of Hamilton at Lake Pleasant, New York.
It is my wish that this entire area be es­
tablished as a memorial to my father, Collis Potter
Huntington, who though a financier and industria­
list was vitally interested in the promotion of
education in his time and for the people. This
conveyance shall complete for property including
all lands, buildings, contents, except for per­
sonal papers which will be assembled, packed for
Bhipment and sent to me at this address.
To symbolize the Huntington Memorial I am
willing to contribute a suitable plaque or perma­
nent bust of my father which I understand you
wish to make the center of the project. It is my
desire that The Board of Regents of The State of
New York accept this property for the sole use of
the educational program as established and ad­
vanced by the State Teachers College at Cortland,
New York, and that such action be taken at the
earliest possible moment.
I make the above suggestion following our
conversation today, which seemed to cover the
question we had under discussion. I presume that
the transfer of this property is now in order,and
that you can proceed with the necessary details.
Yours very truly,
A, M. Huntington1^

139. Letter from A. M. Huntington to D. V. Smith,

January 15, 1948.
 127
Upon his return to Cortland, Dr, Smith wrote the fol­
lowing letter to Mr, Huntington:
January 20, 1948
Dear Mr. Huntington:
I have, at last, returned to Cortland and
wish to take this opportunity to express to you
my appreciation for the fine hospitality and
cordial manner in which I was entertained in
your New York home,
Further, I wish to thank you both for the
autographed copies of your books. I have read
all of the verses now and my wife is reading them
with great enjoyment.
When our plans for the camp are completed I
expect to have these books in its library.
I have expressed my appreciation of your
generous gift of the camp, Mr. Huntington, but
even at the sake of becoming boresome by repeti­
tion I cannot refrain from doing so again. This,
X am sure, will mean a great deal in the lives of
generations of college students here at Cortland.
I am going to Albany this afternoon and while
there expect to learn exactly what steps are
necessary in order to complete this transaction.
If, sometime in the near future, you locate the
deeds I shall be very happy to come over to
Connecticut to pick them up or send Dr. Metcalf
to do so.
Best wishes to both of you.
Sincerely yours,
D.
About the time that everything was arranged for
Mr. Archer Huntington and his wife, Anna, to officially
turn over the property they owned on Dong Point to State
Teachers College at Cortland, Dr. Smith was informed by
State University in Albany that the gift required

140. Better from D. Y. Smith to A. M. Huntington,

January 20, 1948.
 128
enabling legislation by the law. Dr. Smith writes con­
cerning this information:
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
Redding, Connecticut
Dear Mr. Huntington:
I have returned from Albany where steps are
being taken to make your gift a part of the col­
lege property. Due to legal technicalities with
which I am not familiar, this will require en­
abling legislation which will be passed within
the next few days.
In order to complete the transferral of
property, I will need an exact description. If
you are unable to find the deeds, we can secure
such a description by an authorized search at
the county clerk's office in lake Pleasant.
That, however, due to the fact that legal tech­
nicalities are involved, will take a little
longer time. Hence, I will wait a few days
longer to learn whether or not it will be pos­
sible for you to send us the deeds.
I hope personally within the very near fu­
ture to get a chance to go up to Raquette Lake
to visit Pine Knot Point.
As the final steps are completed, I will
keep you informed and when the time comes, will
write to arrange an appointment at a time and
place of your convenience for completing the
conveyance.
Please give my best regards to Mrs. Hunt­
ington.
Very sincerely yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl41
The law which Dr. Smith refers to appears in Appendix U.
In order to gain acceptance of the property, Dr.
Smith began the necessary steps to develop a special act
authorizing the acceptance of Camp Pine Knot and adjoining

141. Letter from Dr. D. 7 . Smith, to A. M. Huntington,

January 27, 1948.
 129
lands in Hamilton County, State of Few Yorlc, for the State
Teachers College at Cortland. To do this, Dr. Smith began
corresponding with several people requesting their sup­
port in this matter.
Mr. lewis A. Wilson, Deputy Commissioner of Education,
New York State Education Department, was contacted for his
support in getting the property accepted. In a letter to
Mr. John E. Burton, Mr. Wilson requested his support and
recommended that the State of New York accept this pro­
perty.
January 22, 1948
Mr. John E. Burton
Director of the Budget
State Capitol
Albany, New York
Attention: Mr. Everett Furman
My dear Mr. Burton:
I am enclosing for your information a copy
of a letter from Mr. Huntington of 1 East 89to
Street, New York City, addressed to Doctor
Donnal V. Smith, President, State Teachers Col­
lege at Cortland, offering to deed to the State
of New York for the use of the State Teachers
College a parcel of land in excess of two hun­
dred acres on Long Point Peninsula at Raquette
lake, New York. I am also inclosing a descrip­
tion of the property including detailed informa­
tion in regard to the seventeen buildings and
equipment which is a part of this estate.
The State Teachers College at Cortland is
the one publicly supported State College training
teachers of physical education. The curriculum
for this.department requires training in the
field of camping and recreation and the students
are required as a part of their training program
to spend sometime acquiring suitable camping ex­
perience. For many years the College has sent
students to various camps in New York and New
Jersey.
 130
The property offered to the State hy Mr.
Huntington would provide very excellent facili­
ties for the camping experience required of the
students. The property apparently is in excel­
lent condition. It is probably true that a
small sum of money would be needed to repair
the roofs on certain buildings and perhaps to
install a pressure tank for the water system.
The Department wishes to recommend that
the State of New York accept this property for
the use of the State Teachers College at Cort­
land. It is an extremely desirable property and
one that would prove very advantageous to the
State in the training of the personnel needed
for the camping and recreational programs which
are developing so rapidly in the State.
I sincerely trust that this proposal will
meet with the approval of the Director of the
Budget.
Very sincerely yours,
Ii. A. Wilson142
In reply to Dr. D. V. Smith's letter of January 27,
1948, Mr. A. M. Huntington informed Mr. Smith that he
could not find the deeds to his father's property on Long
Point. In order to complete the transferral of the Camp
Pine Knot property, Dr. Smith requested a search for the
deeds at the county clerk's office in Lake Pleasant,
New York. The task of searching out the deeds was given
to the Attorney General's office which in turn gave the
final responsibility to the Great Northern Abstract and
Title Company of New York.
Meanwhile, while the deeds were being searched for,
Dr. D. V. Smith continued to do what he was able to in
obtaining assistance from as many local people, as well

142. letter from Lewis A. Wilson to John E. Burton,

January 22, 1948.
 131
as people in the State Office building, to get an act
passed authorizing the acceptance of the Huntington pro­
perty on long Point. One means of informing the public
concerning the necessity of the land was to use the local
newspapers. On February 18, 1948, the following article
14.3
appeared in the Syracuse Post-Standard: See Appendix V.
At this time, the actual acreage involved in the
Huntington estate was not actually known. Archer M. Hunt­
ington estimated it to be some 300 acres but when the final
search of the deeds was completed, the true acreage was
201.32 acres.
With the support of many of the college faculty,
friends of the college, and the local newspapers, an act
authorizing the acceptance of the property was finally ap­
proved. On April 2, 1948, Dr. D. V. Smith wrote Mr, Hunt­
ington to inform him about the Act.
April 2, 1948
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
Redding, Connecticut
Pear Mr. Huntington:
I hope you have not thought that I had for­
gotten you and your generous gift to our col­
lege, but I think I have explained that Cortland
is one of several state teachers colleges and
before land gifts can be accepted, there must be
an enabling lav; enacted by the legislature.
This law has been passed and Governor Dewey has
signed it. How that this has taken place, the

143. "Huntington Gives College Property at Raquette

lake," Syracuse Post-Standard. February 18, 1948.
 132
legal department will send a man up to Lake
Pleasant Village to make copies of the deeds and
we are ready to proceed with the development of
the Collis Potter Huntington Memorial,
I plan myself on going to Raquette Lake
Wednesday, After I have made this trip I should
like to write to you further about the estab­
lishment of a memorial center where we may locate
the bust or the placque about which you spoke
when I was in New York City, I am wondering also
if it would be possible for you to send me a copy
of the inscription as written by you. I should
like to have it in discussing the entire project
with our faculty.
Members of our staff who have been to
Raquette Lake are most enthusiastic about the
arrangements and are looking forward to making
this a most unusual experiment in outdoors edu­
cation. Everyone speaks highly of the camp and
the possibilities it has for our work. I shall
see Mr. Moore and endeavor to explain to him
that he will become an employee of the state.
I think that all the legal technicalities will
be cleared away very shortly. In order to make
a convenient date for the transfer for both of
us, may we not now agree on May first we will
begin paying Mr. Moore his salary.
If you have any desire at any time to dis­
cuss the projects and the plans for making the
Collis Potter Huntington Memorial a reality,
please feel free to call me to New York or to
Redding. It would give me great pleasure to
discuss the whole program with you at any time.
Very sincerely yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl44
A copy of the Act mentioned in Smith's letter ap­
pears in Appendix W.
As aforementioned, the local newspapers effectively
transmitted the information to the public concerning

144. Letter to Archer M. Huntington from D. V. Smith,

April 2, 1948.
 133
Huntington*s gift. After the act had been passed, other
newspapers included this news in their publications. In
a special article in the Portland Standard, the following
appeared: "Governor Dewey has approved the Creal Bill as
Chapter 469 of the laws of 1948, to authorize the Educa­
tion Commissioner to take title to certain lands on Long
Point Peninsula, Raquette Lake in Hamilton County in mem­
ory of Collis Potter Huntington for use of State Teachers
14.B
College at Cortland. ^
Although Governor Dewey had signed the above men­
tioned bill, the matter concerning the deeds to the pro­
perty was still a problem. In order to complete the final
transaction of the property, Dr. Smith wrote to Mr.
Killough of the State Education Department.
April 2, 1948
Mr. Robert Killough
Deputy Counsel for Law
The State Education Department
Albany, Hew York
Dear Mr. Killough:
I am enclosing herewith the original let­
ter signed by Archer M. Huntington giving to
the State Teachers College at Cortland the
land owned by the Huntington family on Long
Point Peninsula. The letter I think speaks
for itself. I believe that the volume refer­
ences are correct but they may not be complete.
The use to which the college wishes to
place the land is described in the tentative

145. Editorial, "Albany Okays Gift to Estate to the

College," Cortland Standard, April 28, 1948.
 154
program of which I am enclosing a copy.
I am enclosing also a portion of a geo­
detic al survey map which shows the Point and the
approximate location of the Huntington land on
the peninsula.
I am sending a letter from Mr. Huntington
referring to the deeds. Subsequently Mr. Hunt­
ington said that he could not locate the deeds.
I think therefore we should proceed by looking
them up in the county clerk*s office.
land descriptions were located in the
county clerk’s office and we found references to
Huntington property in a number of places. I do
not know whether or not that list will be of any
use to you. I am enclosing a list of references
to land parcels included in the Collis Potter
Huntington Estate. If you do not need them, you
may destroy them.
One other fact I think you should have is
that Mr. Huntington spends most of his time at
his country home in Redding, Connecticut. The
address on the letterhead at One East 89th Street
is his city residence, but actually he is seldom
in Hew York City and when he is, remains only a
short time.
Very truly yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl46

Upon receipt of Dr. Smith’s letter in which he in­

formed Mr. Huntington about the "Creal Bill," Mr. Hunting­
ton replied:
April 8, 1948
My dear Mr. Smith:
I am glad to hear that the details of the
transfer of "Pine Knot" are nearing completion,
and I trust that your approaching visit to
Raquette Lake may not disappoint you as to fu­
ture advantageous use of the property.

146. Letter from D. V. Smith to Robert Killough, Deputy

Counsel for Law, State Education Department,
April 2, 1948.
 135
I send yon herewith the inscription which
you thought fitting, at the time of our meeting,
to he placed on the pedestal of the bronze por­
trait bust of my wife.
I am glad to hear that those who have been
to Raquette lake have found the possibilities
satisfactory.
As to Mr. Moore, I am glad that you will
explain the situation to him and have no doubt
he will be happy to become an employee of the
State. I have notified the bank here to dis­
continue his salary after this month.
I need scarcely add that I shall be glad to
talk over your plans at your convenience, and
trust that nothing may prevent their development
and the future utility of the property. I shall
be at your disposition throughout the summer as
I am remaining here in all probability.
With cordial regard,
Yours very sincerely,
Archer M. Huntington
Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President
State Teachers College
Cortland, N. Y.147
The inscription to which Mr. Huntington referred in
his letter reads as follows:
He hath departed us and hath gone back
Into the elemental, boundless dark.
Alas! the ones whose eyes beheld it not,
They looked upon a torrent in its course,
And from far distance of their littleness
Deemed some brook flowed. Those listened in the storm
And with their deafness heard a zephyr pass.
Insight— oh, gossamer from soul to soul—
Shall bear alone the voidfs eternal speech.
Charles A. Brind, Jr. wrote to Archer M, Huntington
on April 24, 1948, to express his gratitude for the gift
of land on Long Point.
147. Letter from Archer M. Huntington to D, V. Smith,
April 8, 1948.
148, Huntington, A. M. Inscription, April 8, 1948.
 156
April 24, 1948
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
Redding, Connecticut
Dear Mr. Huntington:
The Board of Regents, at its meeting on
April 16, 1948, formally voted to approve the
acceptance hy the Commissioner of Education of
the lands owned hy the Huntington family on
Long Point peninsula of Raquette Lake for the
use of the Teachers College at Cortland, as a
memorial to your father, Collis Porter Hunting­
ton, as provided hy Chapter 469 of the Laws of
1948.
On hehalf of the Regents and the Commis­
sioner of Education, permit me to express the
gratitude of this Department for your genero­
sity and foresight in conveying this property
to the State for the development of the pro­
gram at Cortland for training in camping and
camp leadership. This use of the land should,
I helieve, prove a most fitting memorial and
a suitable manifestation of your interest in
the program of outdoor education conducted at
that institution. I feel sure that every ef­
fort will he made hy President Smith and his
staff at Cortland and hy others concerned to
carry out the purposes for which the gift has
been made.
Sincerely yours,
Charles A. Brind, Jr.1^
On May 21, 1948, Dr. Smith wrote to Mr. Brind in­
quiring ahout the Enabling Act that was passed, and about
permission to use Camp Pine Knot.
May 21, 1948
Mr. Charles Brind
State Education Department
Albany 1, New York
Dear Charlie,
You will recall the recent session of
the Legislature passed an act enabling the

149« Letter from Charles A. Brind, Jr., Counsel for

State Education Department, Albany, N. Y., to
Archer M. Huntington, April 24, 1948.
 137
Commissioner of Education to accept a camp site
on Raquette Lake donated by Mr. Archer M. Hunt­
ington.
To date we have heard nothing further
about this matter. I am assuming of course
that it is perfectly allright to go ahead and
use this camp but would appreciate any infor­
mation you could give me on what has been done
since the enactment of the law.
Sincerely yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl50

In April, Dr. Smith notified Mr. Killough that an ef'

fort should be made to locate the deeds to the Huntington
estate. In order to speed up the process, Dr. Smith
wrote Mr. Killough a second letter in which he made re­
ference to a map and list of deed references. Smith
writes:
June 8, 1948
Mr. Robert Killough
The State Education Department
Albany 1, New York
Dear Bob:
I am enclosing herewith the map and list
of references to deeds that we have been able
to locate at Lake Pleasant. You will notice
on the map the designation of copper bolts
placed in locks around the property. These
bolts, I understand, were established some­
time in the latter half of the last century
and were used by Collis P. Huntington when he
bought the peninsula. The thing I am not
certain about is whether or not we have in­
cluded all of the deeds references. These
undoubtedly would be checked by the legal
firm that you might engage.

150. Letter from Donnal V. Smith, to Charles Brind,

Jr., May 21, 1948.
 138
Please let me know if there is anything
further I can do to expedite the transferral
of this property to the state.
Very truly yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl51
About three months had elapsed since the time Dr.
Smith had written Mr. Huntington concerning the survey
that was being conducted by the Attorney General*s office
to secure the deeds on the Huntington property on Long
Point. In the meantime, State Teachers College began
using Camp Pine Knot. The first program in camping and
training for camp leadership began June 29, 1948. The
program will be discussed in Chapter Pive.
With all the preparations and planning, Dr. D. V.
Smith neglected to write Mr. Huntington. On July 20, 1948,
Mr. Huntington wrote Dr. Smith concerning Camp Pine Knot.
Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President
State Teachers' College
Cortland, New York
My dear Dr. Smith:
Would it not be possible to hasten the
transfer of "Pine Knot" in the near future?
I know your difficulties in the matter and
am not insistent, but simply call it to your
attention as I know you are very busy.
Yours sincerely,
1*52
Archer M. Huntington '

151• Letter from D, V. Smith to Archer M. Huntington,

June 8, 1948.
152. Letter from Archer M. Huntington to Donnal V.
Smith, July 20, 1948.
 139
Upon receiving Mr. Huntington's letter, Dr. Smith
went to Albany, the office of State University of New York,
to see what he could do to expedite the completion of the
transfer of Camp Pine Knot. After his return to Cortland,
Dr. Smith replied to Mr. Huntington:
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
1 East 89th Street
New York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Huntington:
Monday, I went to Albany to see what I
could do to expedite the completion of the
transfer of Pine Knot. I there learned that
someone in the Attorney General's office had
already written you about the problems con­
cerned and that there was real hope that this
transfer could be made in the near future.
You may rest assured, Mr. Huntington, that I
am very anxious to have this done as expedi­
tiously as possible. I am extremely sorry
that we delayed this long.
As I told you when I visited you last in
New York, we have been using the camp all sum­
mer and our students have the greatest enthu­
siasm for it. Each time I talked to one of
them, I expressed the wish that it will be
possible for you to have opportunity to see
for yourself just how much benefit your gift
has brought to our college.
I expect to be in New York within a fort­
night and hope that by that time, I may have
more definite information to give you about the
completion of the transfer of the Huntington
Memorial Project.
Sincerely yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl53
In a letter dated July 30^, Mr. Huntington acknowl­
edged Dr. Smith's letter:

153. Letter from D. V. Smith to Archer M. Huntington,

July 28, 1948.
 140

Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President

State Teachers' College
Cortland, New York
Dear Dr. Smith:
I am very glad that you have been able to
hasten the completion of our transaction, which
I think is wise at this time. Please let me
know when you expect to be in New York as the
possibilities are that in August I may not be
there. But if I am not in town perhaps you
could find it convenient to take lunch with us
in the country when you come down if you are
passing our way.
Yours sincerely,

Archer M. Huntington***^

In his letter of July 28th, Dr. Smith informed Mr.

Huntington that the college had been using the camp all

summer. In order to ready the camp for use, a great deal

of planning and work had to be done. In Chapter Pive the

writer reveals some of the problems and preparations

that took place during the first summer of operation.

On August 23, 1948, seven months after Archer M.

Huntington first wrote his formal letter expressing his

interest in donating Camp Pine Knot to the State Teachers

College at Cortland, he was notified by Dr. Smith that

the final stages of drawing up the title to Camp Pine

Knot were in progress.

154. Letter from Archer M. Huntington to Donnal V.

Smith, July 30, 1948.
 141
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
1 East 89th Street
Hew York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Huntington,
Under separate cover, I am sending you a
copy of my annual report. I do this not only be­
cause it reports your gift of the camp to the
college, hut also because you have been generally
interested in the college and this will give you
a better picture of what we are doing.
I stopped in the Attorney General*s office
when I was in Albany this week and learned that
the Great Northern Abstract and Title Company
is completing the title search and recording of
deeds and I will undoubtedly have some definite
and final information and papers to be signed in
a very short time. When they are all prepared,
I will get in touch with you and meet you either
in Redding or at One East 89th Street, whichever
is more convenient.
Sincerely yours,
Donnal V. Smith
Presidentl55
Since his last correspondence with Mr. Huntington on
August 23rd, Dr. Smith had not received any information
concerning the final transaction of the Huntington pro­
perty. So, he wrote to Mr. Robert C. Killough concerning
this matter. Mr, Killough replied as follows:
Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President
State Teachers College
Cortland, New York
Dear Doctor Smith: ■
Recently I took up with Mr. Barry, in the
Attorney General's office, the matter of moving
the Northern Abstract Company into a spirit of
haste on the search of the Huntington property.

155. letter from D. V. Smith to Archer M, Huntington,

August 23, 1948.
 142
The probable consequences of any further delay
on this were fully explained and Mr. Barry
assured me that he would do what he could to
progress this to a point of closing very soon.
You may feel free to call Mr. Barry any
time that you desire to discuss the matter di­
rectly with him. He is in the land and Title
Bureau of the Attorney General's office and
his Albany telephone number is 45151.
I will be glad to keep the matter on my
calendar for weekly check-ups until we have
the same consummated.
Very truly yours,
Robert C . Killough^*^
On October 22, 1948, Dr. Smith wrote to Mr. Wilson,
Deputy Commissioner of Education, concerning the embarras­
sing situation in which he found himself with Mr. Hunting­
ton. He also suggested three resolutions and asked for
the approval of one of them.
Dr. 1, A. Wilson
State Education Department
Albany 1, Hew York
Dear Dr. Wilson:
I am enclosing herewith three resolutions
from which you may choose one as a basic draft
to be approved by the Board of Regents. Of
course, we are offering these as suggestions
and any alterations that you or the Board may
see fit to make will be all right with us.
Mr, Huntington called again asking why
the State had not taken up the Raquette Lake
property. Of course, I tried to explain as
best I could the reason for the delay but it
is exceedingly embarrassing and increasingly
difficult. Would it be possible for you to

156. Letter from Robert C . Killough to Donnal V. Smith,

September 28, 1948.
let me know about the time this resolution is
to be delivered to Mr. Huntington?
Yours very truly,
Donnal V. Smith
President
Resolution Ho. 1
Since, in the interest of the broader edu­
cation of prospective teachers, the Honorable
Archer M. Huntington has generously provided
the Cortland State Teachers College with a camp
on Raquette lake to be used in the teacher
training program.
Be it resolved by the Board of Regents of
the University of the State of New York that
this generous gesture be acknowledged with ex­
pressions of deepest appreciation and gratitude.
Be it further resolved that the Board of
Regents is of the belief that in establishing
the Collis P. Huntington Memorial outdoor edu­
cation project, Mr. Huntington has contributed
to the inauguration of an experiment that will
be a significant pioneer adventure in modem
education.
And further be it resolved that this reso­
lution of the Board be suitably inscribed and
presented to Archer M. Huntington as a testi­
monial of its studied consideration and respect
for an act so selfless, yet so fraught with
significance to the youth of the college.
Resolution No. 2
Since, in the interest of a broader educa­
tion for prospective teachers of New York State,
the Honorable Archer M, Huntington has gener­
ously donated to Cortland State Teachers College
a tract of 300 acres of land at long Point
Peninsula on Raquette lake, New York, with the
inclusion of buildings and other equipment.
Therefore, be it resolved, by the Board
of Regents of the University of the State of
New York that it acknowledge this valuable and
significant gift with deep appreciation and
gratitude. It is the belief of the Board of
Regents that increasingly throughout the years
the students of Cortland State Teachers College
will be aided greatly in their preparation for
the teaching profession by the experiences that
 144
camping, nature study and the democratic, co­
operative life in the out-of-doors afford.
The Board of Regents presents this in­
scribed resolution to Mr. Archer M. Huntington
as a testimonial of its gratitude for this
contribution.
Resolution No. 3
Out of his interest in the broader educa­
tion of prospective teachers, the Honorable
Archer M. Huntington has generously provided a
camp at long Point Peninsula on Raquette lake
for the use of Cortland State Teachers College.
Therefore, be it resolved that the Board
of Regents of the University of the State of
New York acknowledge this most generous gift
with expressions of appreciation and gratitude.
Be it further resolved that the Board of
Regents is of the conviction that increasingly
through the years, the students of the Cortland
State Teachers College will be materially aided
through the opportunities provided by the
Huntington Memorial outdoor education project
and that through it will come inspiration and
experience that will make their contribution
to the profession of teaching all the more
significant.
Be it further resolved that as an earnest
of the appreciation of the Board of Regents,
this resolution be suitably inscribed and pre­
sented to Mr. Huntington.157
On November 30, 1948, Mr. L. A. Wilson replied to
Dr. Smith concerning Resolution No. 3 adopted by the Board
of Regents. The tragedy of which Mr. Wilson refers per­
tains to a sorority house fire in which two coeds

157. letter from Dr. D. V. Smith to L. A. Wilson,

October 22, 1948.
158. Interview with Dr. D. V. Smith, Bov/ling Green,
Ohio, May 16, 1972.
 145
Doctor Donnal V. Smith
President, State Teachers College
Cortland, New York
My dear Doctor Smith:
I am enclosing for your information a copy
of the resolution adopted hy the Board of Re­
gents at its laBt meeting relative to the gift
of Me, Huntington to the State Teachers College
at Cortland. I am having this resolution en­
grossed. It will he ready for delivery to Mr.
Huntington sometime early next month,
I cannot tell you how sorry I am ahout the
tragedy at your school. It certainly must have
been a terrible ordeal for you. I am very hope­
ful that it will be possible to secure dormi­
tories for our students and insist upon more
rigid fire protection for those living in fra­
ternity and sorority houses.
YJith kind personal regards, I am as ever
Most cordially yours,
L. A. Wilson159
Attorney Nathaniel L. Goldstein wrote to Mr. Hunt­
ington on November 24, 1948 concerning the final draft of
the deed for Camp Pine Knot. In search of the literature,
the writer was not able to secure the original letter.
But, it appears that Mr. Goldstein was in error con­
cerning a few points in his letter to Huntington. In
correspondence Archer M. Huntington refers to these errors:
Nathaniel B. Goldstein, Esquire
Attorney General, State of New York
Department of Daw
Albany 1, New York
My dear Sir:
I have your letter of November 24th, which
is partly satisfactory, but there is a slight
159. Letter from L. A. Wilson. Deputy Commissioner of
Education, State University of New York, to D. V.
Smith, November 30, 1948.
 146
error when you state that my residence is 1
East 89th Street, New York. My residence is in
the Town of Redding, Fairfield County, Con­
necticut, and has been for a number of years.
Will you therefore send me another copy of this
indenture with that matter corrected?
As this is a memorial to my father, I
should be glad to have inserted in the deed a
condition as to the future name of the property.
Yours very truly,
Archer M. Huntington
P.S. The matter of the receipts will be taken
up later.160

Within'four days Attorney Goldstein acknowledged

Huntington*s letter and indicated he would make the neces­
sary corrections. The letter reads as follows:
Re. Department of Education
Proposed Acquisition for State
Teachers College at Cortland
by gift from Archer M. Hunting­
ton, Hamilton County
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
1 East 89tu Street
New York 28, New York
Dear Sir:
This is in reply to your letter of Decem­
ber 2, 1948, referring to the above mentioned
matter in which you state that the deed which
I prepared and Bent to you for execution is in
error in stating your residence as No. 1 East
89th Street, N. Y. instead of "Town of Redding,
Fairfield County, Connecticut." You also
state that as this is intended as a memorial
to your father you would like to have inserted
in the deed a condition as to the future of
the property.
I am sorry that we were misinformed as to
your place of residence and I also regret that

160, Letter from Archer M. Huntington to Nathaniel Gold

stein, Attorney General, State of New York, Depart
ment of Law, Albany, New York, December 2, 1948.
 147
I was not informed earlier of your desire to
make this gift as a memorial to your father.
Please return to this office the deed
which was sent to you in order that we may make
the necessary corrections without redrawing the
entire deed.
In returning the deed, please also advise
the name of the road, avenue, or street in the
(Down of Redding, including the street number,
if any, of your residence since the Law of the
State of New York requires that every deed must
state the place of residence including street
and street number, if any, of the grantor in
the deed.
Please also advise aB to your particular
desire respecting the name which you would
like to be given to this property and we will
endeavor to meet your wishes so far as it is
possible under the law, but we cannot make it
as an absolute condition of the conveyance be­
cause if the conveyance is not unconditional
we would not be able to accept it without a spe­
cific act of the Legislature of the State of
New York authorizing it to be done. I think
however, if you will state your own preference
in the matter we will be able to work out some­
thing which will be mutually satisfactory.
Very truly yours,
Nathaniel L. Goldstein,
Attorney GenerallSl
After receiving Attorney Goldstein's reply, Mr.
Huntington returned the deed in order that the errors
could be corrected. On January 11, 1949 (four days less
than a year since Archer M. Huntington wrote his formal
letter to Dr. Donnal V. Smith indicating his interest in
giving Camp Pine Knot to the State Teachers College at
Cortland), the final papers were signed transferring

161. Letter from Nathaniel L. Goldstein, Attorney

General, State of New York, Department of Law,
Albany, New York, to Archer M. Huntington,
December 6, 1948.
 148
Camp Pine Knot and surrounding land on long Point to the
State Teachers College at Cortland. The deed reads as
follows;
This indenture, made the 11th day of
January nineteen hundred and forty-nine,
Between Archer M. Huntington and Anna
Hyatt Huntington, his wife, hoth residing at
Bethel (no street or street number) in the
Town of Redding, in the County of Fairfield
and State of Connecticut, parties of the first
part, and The People of the State of New York,
parties of the second part,
Witnesseth that the said parties of the
first part in consideration of their desire
to promote the interests and purposes of the
State Teachers College at Cortland, a State
institution under the jurisdiction of the New
York State Department of Education, and in
consideration of the sum of One Dollar (Si.00)
lawful money of the United States paid by the
parties of the second part, do hereby grant and
release unto the said parties of the second
part, their successors and assigns forever pur­
suant to the provisions of Section 5517 of the
Education Law of the State of New York, for the
uses and purposes of the State Teachers College
at Cortland, in the State of New York, and as
a memorial to Collis P. Huntington (now de­
ceased) who was the father of Archer M.
Huntington:
All that certain tract or parcel of land
situate, lying and being in the Town of Long
Lake, in the County of Hamilton and State of
New York, and on Long Point on Raquette Lake, in
Township No. 40, Totten and Crossfield's Pur­
chase, and more particularly bounded and de­
scribed as follows:
Beginning at a point on the center line of
Township 40 on the south shore of Long Point,
Raquette Lake, at low water mark as marked by
a bolt numbered 36 located at a rock in said
point, and running from said point of beginning
thence along the north-south center line of
Township 30, North 26 degrees 30' west to a
point on the north shore of said Long Point
marked by a bolt numbered 35; thence westerly
along the northerly shore of said Long Point as
it winds and turns, to a point marked by a bolt
 149
designated B which said point is the north­
westerly corner of a parcel of land formerly
known as "Under the Hemlocks" which was con­
veyed by Heloise H. Durant to Edward Bennett
by deed dated October 2, 1883 and recorded in
Hamilton County Clerk's Office October 12, 1883,
in Book 15 of deeds at page 381 and being the
first parcel described in said deed; thence
south 13 degrees 30* East along the westerly
line of said parcel so conveyed to said Edward
Bennett as aforesaid a distance of 6 chains to
the southwesterly corner thereof; thence north
75 degrees 30' east along the southerly line of
said parcel so conveyed to said Edward Bennett
as aforesaid a distance of 9 chains and 9 links
to the southeasterly co m e r thereof which is also
the northwesterly corner of a parcel of land con­
veyed by Forest Park and Land Company to Arabella
D. Huntington by deed dated January 18, 1897 and
recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office Janu­
ary 22, 1897, in Book 29 of deeds at page 209;
thence south 13 degrees 30* east along the wes­
terly line of said parcel so conveyed to said
Arabella D. Huntington as aforesaid to a point on
the southerly shore of said Long Point at low
water mark 22; thence in a generally southeasterly
direction along said southerly shore line of Long
Point at low water mark, as it winds and turns,
to the point and place of beginning.
Excepting however, from the above described
premises the property of St. William's Roman
Catholic Church, Raquette Lake, New York, which
was conveyed to said Church by three separate
deeds as follows, to wit: deed of Janet L. Durant
and V/illiam W. Durant, her husband dated Sep­
tember 14, 1890 and recorded in Hamilton County
Clerk's Office October 6, 1890 in Book 23 of
deeds at page 54; deed of John McLaughlin and
Rebecca McLaughlin, his wife dated April 8, 1891
and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office
April 15, 1891 in Book 23 of deeds at page 430;
and deed from Archer M. Huntington and Anna Hyatt
Huntington, his wife, dated March 1, 1928, and
recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office March
23, 1928 in Book 63 of deeds at page 215.
The premises above described and hereby
conveyed, except that portion thereof which was
conveyed as aforesaid to said Arabella D. Hunt­
ington by said deed recorded in Hamilton County
Clerk's Office in Book 29 of deeds at page 209
were acquired by Collis P. Huntington under the
following deeds to wit: Peed of Janet 1. Purant
and William West Purant to Collis P. Huntington
dated February 18, 1895 and recorded in Hamilton
County Clerk*s Office February 23, 1895 in Book
27 of deeds at page 21; deed of John McLaughlin
and Rebecca McLaughlin, his wife, to Collis P.
Huntington dated March 4, 1895 and recorded in
Hamilton County Clerk's Office March 11, 1895 in
Book 27 of deeds at page 40; deed of Frank H.
Pavis and Mary V* Pavis, his wife, to Collis P.
Huntington dated March 10, 1898 and recorded in
Hamilton County Clerk's Office Pecember 12, 1899
in Book 34 of deeds at page 562; deed of Walter
A, Weber to Collis P. Huntington dated June 23,
1899 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's
Office July 20, 1899 in Book 34 of deeds at
page 177; deed of Walter A. Weber to Collis P.
Huntington dated July 17, 1899 and recorded in
Hamilton County Clerk's Office July 20, 1899 in
Book 34 of deeds at page 183; deed of John J.
Paly and Kate Paly, his wife, to Collis P. Hunt­
ington dated October 6, 1899 and recorded in
Hamilton County Clerk's Office October 9, 1899
in Book 34 of deeds at page 369; deed of John J.
Paly and Kate Paly, his wife, to Collis P. Hunt­
ington dated October 6, 1899 and recorded in
Hamilton County Clerk's Office October 9, 1899 in
Book 34 of deeds at page 371J deed of William
Seward Webb and Eliza Osgood Webb, his wife, to
Collis P. Huntington dated November 29, 1899 and
recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office in
Book 34 of deeds at page 558 and deed of William
West Purant and Janet L. Purant, his wife, to
Collis P. Huntington dated February 1, 1898 and
recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office
February 24, 1898 in Book 31 of deeds at page
474, of which said premises the said Collis P,
Huntington died seized and possessed on August
13, 1900, leaving a Will dated March 13, 1897,
which was duly admitted to probate in the Surro­
gate* s Court of the County of New York on October
12, 1900 and recorded in said Surrogate's Office
in Book 644 of Wills at page 227, a certified
copy of which said Will was recorded in Hamilton
County Clerk's Office November 22, 1928 in Book
64 of deeds at page 191 by which said Will
Collis P. Huntington devised said premises to
Arabella P. Huntington and Henry Edward Hunting­
ton, the said Henry Edward Huntington having
 151
thereafter conveyed his interest in said pre­
mises to Arabella D. Huntington by deed dated
February 8, 1901 and recorded in Hamilton
County Clerks Office February 18, 1901 in Book
37 of deeds at page 6.
The said premises so acquired by said Ara­
bella D. Huntington under the Will of said Collis
P. Huntington and under said deed from Henry Ed­
ward Huntington aforesaid, together with the
premises acquired by Arabella D. Huntington under
a deed from Forest Park & Land Company dated
January 18, 1897 and recorded in Hamilton County
Clerk's Office January 22, 1897 in Book 29 of
deeds at page 209 were owned by said Arabella D.
Huntington at the time of her death on September
16, 1924, said Arabella D. Huntington having left
a Will dated August 30, 1923 and a Codicil there­
to dated September 5, 1923; which Will and Codicil
were admitted to probate as a Will of real and
personal property in the Surrogate's Court in
the County of Hew York on December 23, 1924 and
recorded in the Office of the Surrogate of the
County of Hew York in Book 1265 of Wills at
page 232, a certified copy of which said Will was
recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office Novem­
ber 22, 1928 in Book 64 of Deeds at page 201,
under which Will the said premises hereinabove
described and hereby conveyed were devised to the
said Archer M. Huntington, one of the parties of
the first part hereto.
{Together with the appurtenances and all the
estate, right and interest of the parties of the
first part in and to said premises.
To have and to hold the above granted pre­
mises unto the said parties of the second part,
their successors and assigns forever.
And the said parties of the first part
covenant that they have not done or suffered
anything whereby the said premises have been en­
cumbered in any way whatever.
In witness whereof, the parties of the
first part have hereunto set their hands and
seals the day and year first above w r i t t e n . 162
In a letter written in February 28, 1949, Mr. Killough

162. Archer M. and Anna Hyatt Huntington, Book of Deeds.

Hamilton County Clerk's Office, Lake Pleasant, Hew
York, recorded February 16, 1949, p. 269.
 152
expressed his appreciation to Archer M. Huntington for his
generous gift.
Mr. Archer M. Huntington
1 East 89th Street
New York 28, New York
Dear Sir:
On behalf of the New York State Education
Department, I herewith express our thanks and
appreciation for your very generous gift of
land and buildings on Long Point Peninsula of
Raquette Lake in the County of Hamilton.
The use of this property by the New York
State Teachers College at Cortland, New York,
in connection with its physical education pro­
gram will enable many teachers to become better
equipped to instruct the boys and girls in the
public schools in this state and will certainly
earn enduring gratitude through the years.
Sincerely yours,
Robert 0. Killough165
This letter ended the formal correspondence with the
Huntington family by most of the people and organizations
cited previously. In later years, Dr. Gold Metcalf made a
social visit to see the Huntingtons to enlighten them about
the programs being carried on at the camp.
In 1967 Mr. George Fuge and Dr. Gold Metcalf visited
Anna Hyatt Huntington to acquire the 55" high bronze bust
statue of Archer M. Huntington which she had sculptured.
While talking with Mrs. Huntington, it was found that the
Huntingtons had donated numerous lands and properties. To
Syracuse University, Archer and Anna Hyatt Huntington

165. Letter from Robert C. Killough to Archer M. Hunting­

ton, February 28, 1949.
 153
donated 13,000 acres, which is now known as the Huntington
Wildlife Forest Station. To the State of South Carolina
they gave their home on Huntington Beach, South Carolina,
and adjoining acres of land. To the State of New York,
500 acres and their home at Palisades Park were donated.
Seven hundred acres in Redding were given to the State of
Connecticut. The above mentioned are game preserves. In
addition, the Huntingtons donated a building for the
National Academy of Design and the Free Spanish and Portu­
guese Library in New York. Mrs, Huntington could not re­
call several other gifts, but she estimated their value
in excess of fifty million dollars.
At the time of his death, December 11, 1955, the New
York Tribune wrote of Archer M. Huntington:
Archer M. Huntington, eighty-five year old
poet, art patron and philanthropist, died today
at his home, Stanerigg Farm. Archer Huntington
held honorary degrees from Yale University, Har­
vard College, Columbia University, Kenyon Col­
lege, and The University of Madrid. He was a
former president of the American Geographical
Society and the founder and president of the
Hispanic Society of America.
In 1926, Mr. Huntington, among other gifts,
gave the Metropolitan Museum of Art two por­
traits by Rembrandt and one by Frans Hals. In
1934, Mr. Huntington gave 500 acres of land in
Bear Mountain, adjoining High Tor, to the
state for use as a bird sanctuary. He also es­
tablished the Marine Museum at Newport News,
Virginia, and Brookgreen Gardens at Georgetown,
South Carolina. Mr. Huntington was a trustee of

164. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake, New

York, June 22, 1972.
 154
the American Museum of Natural History, the
New York Historical Society, the Museum of The
American Indian, and the Heye Foundation.
Surviving is his wife, Mrs. Anna Hyatt
Huntington, sculptress.165
From January 19, 1949 until May 26, 1965, the State
Teachers College at Cortland (which became State Univer­
sity of New York, College at Cortland in 1951), owned
only the 201.32 acres deeded to them by the Huntingtons,
In the year 1962 Mr. Wallace Yeaple died leaving a parcel
of land referred to as Camp Marion, also known as the
Yeaple Tract, to his widow. Mrs. Yeaple realized that
without the aid of her late husband she would be unable to
maintain the property. So, she made it known that she
wanted to sell it, Mr. George Fuge, director of the
Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, heard about
her intentions. After talking to Mrs. Yeaple on several
occasions, she indicated to Mr. Fuge that she would con­
sider selling the property to the State University of
New York, College at Cortland. Mr. Fuge wrote to Dr,
Donovan Moffett, president of the State University of New
York, College at Cortland, recommending the college pur­
chase the Camp Marion property. On December 18, 1962,
Dr. Moffett corresponded with Mr. Fuge directing him to
negotiate with Mrs. Yeaple concerning the property.

165. "Archer Huntington Dies; Poet and Philanthropist—

Son of Western Railroad Pioneer Was Art Patron and
World Traveler," New York Herald Tribune, December
11, 1955.
 During the period of time that Mr. Fuge and Mrs.
Yeaple were negotiating over the property, Dr. Moffett
died. Dr. Benjamin Sueltz became acting president and
Mr. Fuge completed his negotiations under Dr, Sueltz. The
final acquisition of the property came with the approval
of the Board of Directors of the Faculty Student Associa­
tion at Cortland College. Mr. Fuge completed the final
transaction on the property on May 26, 1963. The land and
buildings were acquired for $15,000.00. In the deed, State
University of New York, College at Cortland, obtained 240
acres of land plus the main lodge, a cabin, and three
additional structures. With the purchase of this property,
the Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center totaled
166
441.52 acres. Appendix X refers to this additional
tract of land.
Camp Marion is situated on Long Point at Raquette
Lake near the famous winding Marion River, which connects
it with Utowana, Eagle, and Blue Mountain Lakes to the
east. Camp Marion was built during the latter part of the
nineteenth century. Mr. Joseph P. Grenon, who spent many
years of his life on Raquette Lake, was the proprietor of
Camp Marion Lodge. Camp Marion became the paradise of the
fisherman, hunter, and canoeist. Boating was a favorite
diversion and Mr. Grenon was known to rent canoes and

166. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake,

New York, June 22, 1972.
"boats. He also provided his guests with comfort and made
their stay enjoyable with outdoor recreation and sports.
The camp was equipped with bath, hot and cold water, and
many other modem conveniences such as excellent tennis
courts. Mr. Grenon charged eighteen dollars per week for
his guests.1^
This parcel of land offered great potential for fu­
ture use and provided protection for existing holdings.
This 441.32 acres of land included all of Long Point from
Silver Beach on the south shore to the Marion River on the
north shore. The only two parcels of land on Long Point
not belonging to the college are twelve acres owned by
Echo Camp and one acre of land belonging to St. Williams
Catholic Church.
In addition to Camp Marion, State University of New
York, College at Cortland, was in need of shore line pro­
perty with a road accessible to the main road. Mr. George
Puge requested permission from Dr. Ben Sueltz to investi­
gate the possibilities of acquiring shore line property
along Raquette Lake, During his investigation, Mr. Puge
heard that Mr. Donald Langham was interests 1 in selling
property at Antlers, a parcel of land on the north shore
of Raquette Lake. Mr. Puge informed Dr. Sueltz about the
Antlers property. On November 25, 1964, Dr. Sueltz gave

167. Joseph P. Grenon, Camp Marion (pamphlet, no date

indicated), pp. 1-5.
 157
Mr* Puge a personal check for $2,000,00 in order to make
a deposit on the property. The Faculty-Student Associa­
tion at Cortland had to make the final decision on the pro­
perty. On January 15, 1965* the final closing was made on
the property with Mr. Puge acting as the agent for the
■tgo
Paculty-Student Association. According to Mr. Richard
Margison, the total amount of land purchased was five
acres, which included several very fine buildings. The
purchase price was $45*000.00.
Dr. Kenneth Young was appointed president of the col­
lege in 1964. Shortly after his appointment he initiated
two actions that have been vital to the continued utili­
zation of the outdoor facilities. First, recognizing the
limitations of existing facilities, he established a Camp
Planning Committee. The committee was charged with pre­
paring a proposed master plan for the long range develop­
ment of Huntington Memorial Camp and related lands. This
proposed master plan appears in Chapter Six.
Dr. Young*s second action concerned the difficulty
of access to the outdoor education center. Since the camp
began in 1948, it had been necessary to use the services
of Bird's Boat Livery to transport personnel and supplies

168. Interview with Mr. George Puge, Raquette Lake, New

York, June 22, 1972.
169. Interview with Mr. Richard Margison, Director of
Business Affairs, State University College at
Cortland, New York, August 15* 1972.
 Aerial view showing properties of State University of New York,
College at Cortland Outdoor Education Center, Raquette Lake, New York 1972
 159
across the lake to long Point. Due to the increase in
business at the livery, congestion at the dock and parking
presented problems. The final transaction of purchasing
additional property at Antlers was taken up by Dr. Young.
In August of 1965, under the direction of Dr. Young, the
State University of Hew York, College at Cortland Paculty-
Student Association (the governing financial body at Cort­
land College) purchased the main building at Antlers, The
request to purchase this building came from Mr. George
Puge. This parcel of land with buildings adjoining the
holdings purchased in January, 1965, gave the college an
access to Raquette Lake, plus additional sleeping and
dining facilities. According to Margison, "The property
and buildings were acquired on March 9, 1966. The fee for
this parcel of land with buildings cost $16,000.00. Mr.
170
Puge made the arrangements for purchasing the property."

Summary
The land now referred to as Huntington Memorial Out­
door Education Center was once a part of the Totten and
Crossfield Purchase of 1772, a land grant from King
George III. The history of land ownership in the Adiron-
dacks of early years is not complete. But it is clear
that after Totten and Crossfield the lands of Hamilton
County became the property of Alex Macomb. After Macomb,

170. Ibid.
 160
several other absentee owners held the land until about
the middle of the nineteenth century. I received the
literature, no reference to deeds was made concerning the
sale of property.
The first reference to a deed that pertained to the
above mentioned property was in 1895. At this time William
West Durant and his wife, Janet, sold the property to
Collis P. Huntington, the property waB inherited by his
son Archer.
In 1948, Archer M. Huntington generously gave this
parcel of land to State Teachers College at Cortland as a
memorial to his father. According to the Daws of Hew York
State, the title to such property may be transferred to
the state by deed or deeds. In order for State Teachers
College to accept this property, there had to be an en­
abling law enacted by the state legislature authorizing
the acceptance of this property. The enabling act had to
have the support of the people living in Hew York State,
especially those living in Hamilton County. The main
issue behind the enabling act was the matter of taxes.
To take land out of a private domain and transfer it to
public domain meant fewer tax dollars and less state sup­
port for those people living in the State of Hew York.
On February 4, 1948, an act was passed to accept all
the premises of Archer M. Huntington located on long
Point peninsula of Raquette lake in the County of Hamilton.
 161
The Commissioner of Education was authorized to ac­
cept title to this land in memory of Collis P. Huntington
for use by the State Teachers College at Cortland, These
were Archer Huntington's only two stipulations. What
seemed in the beginning to be a simple transfer of pro­
perty resulted in a lengthy process. Completion of the
transfer of title took approximately one year due to prob­
lems in enacting an enabling law and searching the deeds.
In 1963 and 1965» State Teachers College at Cortland
purchased additional properties adjacent to the above men­
tioned property. The legal matters pertaining to the
transfer of titles to these two parcels of land were
quite simple compared to the gift by Huntington. These
two additional land purchases added to the 201.32 acre
gift of Huntington, gave the Center an estimated 450
acres.
 CHAPTER VI

OUTDOOR EXPERIENCES PRIOR TO ACQUISITION OP HUNTINGTON

MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER

Since 1937, students at State TeacherB College at

Cortland have had the opportunity to take an outdoor lead­
ership training course at the college or at camp. The camp
at which the training took place was called Tanager Lodge.
It was located on Upper Chateaugay Lake about thirty miles
north of Lake Placid in the Adirondack Mountains. Appen­
dix X refers to Tanager Lodge.
The leadership training course was originally organ­
ized by Miss Katherine Sibley and Mr. Pay Welch of the
Department of Physical Education at Syracuse University.
Mr. Pay Welch was the owner of the lodge. The course was
originally established for the physical education majors
at Syracuse University. They were required to take the
course, but it was not limited to this group. Some stu­
dents from the Colleges of Pine Arts, Liberal Arts, Busi­
ness Administration, Home Economics, and Education
171
elected the course. '

171. Pay Welch, Eleven Years of Outdoor Leadership

Training (Syracuse University- Pamphlet,^194^7, p. 2.

162
 163
The students who enrolled in the outdoor leadership
course took a regular three hour course during the second
semester of their junior year: two lectures of discus­
sions each week and one-half day of field work at neigh­
boring camps or nearby state parks. Camps at Tully and
DeRuyter, New York were used for this purpose. Following
this experience, the students went to camp at Tanager
lodge for a two week period in June. During this two week
period, there were several levels of training to be accomp­
lished. Among them were: (l) training in the fundamental
skills and techniques of the out-of-doors, (2) training in
program planning and personnel work, and (3) training in
172
camp administration and maintenance.
In 1937 State Teachers College at Cortland began re­
quiring all its young women majoring in physical education
to attend the June training camp with the Syracuse Univer­
sity students. The first women's camp took place on
June 9, 1937. Twenty-four Cortland physical education
majors accompanied by Miss Bessie Park, chairman of the
women's physical education department, Hiss Harriet
Rodgers, instructor at Cortland, and twelve Syracusans ar-
173
rived at Tanager Lodge.
Once the students arrived at the camp, two weeks of

172. Ibid., p. 5.
173* 3?ay Welch, "Tanager Lodge— Our Adirondack Wilderness
Camp," Cortland Alumni Magazine, Winter, 1945, p. 1.
 164
fun, excitement, and training took place. Miss Stell
Meadoff described these experiences as follows:
The cold blue waters of Upper Chateaugay
surrounded on all visible sides by the towering
splendor of mountains— does this recall Tanager
lodge with its many precious camping memories?
Remember the trips up Averill and Lyon? Nothing
like sitting on top of the world to view mice
and men. As for the evening campfire with its
songs and strumming guitars— it holds quite a
big niche in our memory book, I know. Nor can
we forget the joy of that first pan of bread or
the fondness with which we cradled that hand
made bow. The day the sailboat tipped over and
our two colleagues had to grin and bear it gave
us quite a stir. I can still hear the clatter
of those chattering teeth. 'Treasure Island*
may have its thrills, but Tanager Lodge with its
surrounding ice mines and hidden bat caves cre­
ates plenty of excitement. Thus passed fourteen
days— all new, all different; the only adequate
phrase to sura up the experience is, 'A Perfect
Grand T i m e . ,17 4
In June, 1938, a September training camp was added for
men students majoring in physical education at Cortland.
Mr. Fred T. Holloway was the first staff member at State
Teachers College at Cortland to direct the men's physical
education outdoor training camp. Until 1937 the camps
were held at DeRuyter Lake and Tully Lake. These first
training camps were held for a two week duration. Due to
the many details and financial problems that came about in
using these camp sites, the faculty decided to abandon
the training camps there. The Adirondack camp experience
at Tanager Lodge became the new training site.

174. Stell Meadoff, "A Perfect Grand Time," Didasaleion

(State Teachers College at Cortland, 1938), p. 150,
 165
In moving to Tanager Lodge, Mr. Holloway lost his
title as director and became a faculty representative from
Cortland. Mr. Pay Welch directed the camps. The men stu­
dents continued to use Tanager Lodge until the summer of
1941. Due to the outbreak of Wcrld War II, the men's camps
were suspended. The training camps for women continued
until 1948.175
Once at Tanager Lodge, the students lived in tents,
did their own share of the work involved in camp life, were
trained in camping techniques, and had the opportunity to
explore the forest, streams, caves, cliffs, and mountains.
The students who took the course were concerned with
solving, by cooperative effort, the problems involved in
simple camp living. They helped set up camp, put up tents,
sun mattresses, make beds, anchor docks, paint boats and
varnish canoes, dig latrines, and cut wood. Everyone did
their share to keep the camp moving.
After a day and a half of orientation work, the stu­
dents could choose to major in one of three subjects:
waterfront, campcraft, or nature lore. Thereafter, during
regular activity periods, they could work at either their
*

major or minor subject. Work in those activities was de­

signed to equip the students with the essential skills for
living and adventuring safely and happily in the open,

175. Interview with Dr. EredT. Holloway, Cortland,

New York, September 22, 1972.
 166
under primitive conditions (e.g., use of knife and axe,
fire building, camp cooking, sanitation, shelters, map and
compass work, boat and canoe safety, edible and poisonous
plants, etc.), and to prepare them to give this training
to others,^^
The camp philosophy was to teach those things that
could not be taught back at the college campus. The
feeling was that camp activities should be unique, charac­
teristic of the environment, and related to the camping
experience. For example, "typical shop and handicraft
projects at camp are building fireplaces, docks, bridges
and tent platforms; making packsacks and mending moc­
casins; pounding out and weaving black ash splits into
pack baskets; making tipis, paddles, bows and arrows;
plus birchbark, pine-needle and porcupine quill
crafts."
Evaluation of students in camp was based on a daily
process by all the staff members. The students were
evaluated on their work, attitude, and relationships with
other people in camp. In addition to the evaluation pro­
cess, an active placement program was carried on. The
emphasis was on locating students in camps where they could
render valuable service and acquire additional experience.

176. Fay Welch, Eleven Years of Outdoor leadership

Training, p. 3.
177. Ibid., p. 4.
 167
The follow-up work by the director of the college camp
training program consisted of visiting the camps where the
students were working and sending autumnal letters to the
camp directors asking for reports on the students placed
in their camp. This procedure was similar to the way the
present student teaching programs operate. The reactions
of the camp directors and the students were considered
whenever the training program was modified.
Recognizing that the first season's work at camp was
perforce somewhat elementary, a plan was worked out in
1943 whereby young women who wished to return for a second
season could do so. To these students the camp offered
scholarships ranging from #4.00 to #25.00 per week de­
pending on their previous camp grade and experience.^8
As aforementioned, the leadership training course was
offered during the second semester of the junior year.
Eventually the course was put into the sophomore year at
both Cortland and Syracuse. By doing this, the students
were able to make better use of this training by acting
as counselors between their junior and senior years.
Although World War II necessitated a halt to the
men physical education majors attending the Tanager lodge
camp, the women physical education majors from Syracuse
University and State Teachers College at Cortland

178. Ibid.. p. 4.
 168
continued to attend the camp. In 1945 women students from
Ithaca College, New York, "began attending the June camps
at Manager Lodge.

Summary
The first Outdoor Education experience made available
to students at State Teachers College at Cortland was in
1937. This experience was made available through a co­
operative program with students from Syracuse University
and Ithaca College at Tanager Lodge. This first experi­
ence was required of all women majoring in physical educa­
tion at Cortland. In 1938, a September training camp was
added for men students majoring in physical education at
Cortland. The men students continued to use Tanager
Lodge until the summer of 1941. Due to the outbreak of
World Wax II, the men's camps were suspended. The
training camps for women continued until 1948 at which
time the college acquired its own camp.
 CHAPTER VII

THE INITIAL PROGRAMS AND PERSONNEL AS RELATED TO THE USE

OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER

In Chapter Pour it was mentioned that State Teachers

College at Cortland had established a Recreation Educa­
tion and Outdoor Education Department in the fall of 1947*
Through the efforts of President D. V. Smith, Dr* Harlan
Metcalf, and other interested faculty members, State
Teachers College at Cortland received a parcel of land,
known as Camp Pine Knot, to be used as an outdoor educa­
tion center. The camp was later renamed Huntington Memo­
rial Outdoor Education Center.
The first program in outdoor education at Camp
Huntington was directed by Dr. Franklin Coolidge. Dr.
Coolidge came to State Teachers College in 1946 and be­
came principal of the College Campus School the following
year. In the spring of 1948, he directed the first Out­
door Education Camp to be held for the children of the
Campus School. He continued to direct the Campus School
Camps until 1958. Some of the staff members who assisted
Dr. Coolidge during these ten years were: Stan Kullman,

169
 170
Audrea Hellmar, William Davenport, Doug Bull, Helen Bull,
Jim Timmons, Gerald Kelley, Tom Curri, Joel Holiper, and
Joe Helper, The first outdoor education program to take
place at Huntington Memorial Camp was a camp for seventh
and eighth grade students. This first camping experience
took place during early spring. Although it was labeled
"outdoor education," the program was centered around
children living together with their peers in social pat­
terns different from those found in their home or school.
Dr. Coolidge indicated that the majority of the children
who attended the campus school came from well-to-do fami­
lies whose parents taught at the college or owned busi­
nesses in the community. The remainder of the students
were from families of lower socio-economic status. Mand
writes: "The 1930*8 ushered in the social orientation
phase of camping in order to promote a laboratory for
social value formation. Camps have, since the beginning,
been considered a splendid medium for teaching and getting
to know the boys and girls, In this period of the thir­
ties attempts were made to explore systematically the
value of small group living in an outdoor environment for
an extended period of time." 17 9
Dr, D. V. Smith and Dr. Coolidge felt that by getting
these children into a camp situation they would learn to

179. Charles Mand, Outdoor Education (J. Dowell Pratt &

Company, New York, 1947J, p. 2£->.
 171
associate with children other than those they called their
friends, The week experience proved to accomplish their
goal. For after the children returned to the campus, they
wrote a pamphlet, entitled "The Outdoor Yforld," in which
they expressed their impressions of their new experiences
and the new friends they had made. The pamphlet was to be
distributed to other schools, but due to a fire the pamph-
\QO
lets were destroyed.
The first outdoor education program to be offered to
students attending State Teachers College at Cortland, at
Huntington Memorial Camp, began June 16, 1948. Dr. Harlan
Gold Metcalf, the newly appointed chairman of the Recrea­
tion Education and Outdoor Education Department was ap­
pointed to direct the Huntington Camp.
With the appointment of Harlan G. Metcalf, things
began to develop. Prior to the summer of 1948, Dr, Met­
calf began making plans and developing programs to be
used at the center. In Chapter Two, Donaldson described
Thomas C. Durant as "one of the most farsighted, dynamic,
and successful promoters of his day." The writer feels
that the same could be said of Dr. Metcalf. No one, ex­
cept perhaps himself and his wife, Peg, will ever realize
the amount of time, energy, planning, and preparation that
Dr. Metcalf put into Huntington Memorial Camp in order to
give it new life.
180. Interview with Dr. Eranklin Coolidge, Cortland,
New York, September 26, 1972.
 172
One of the programs that Dr. Metcalf devised for the
newly acquired property at Raquette Lake was described in
an article in the Cortland Standard. The article read,
in part:
One of the objectives in the camping educa­
tion program is the ability to live comfortably
in a wilderness environment. Typical of the in­
struction for this will be finding and preparing
native wild edible foods and constructing wind-
and rain-proof shelters.
learning conservation education by an in­
telligent use of natural resources is the second
objective of the program set up by Dr. Metcalf.
As instruction on this subject he proposes
learning basic principles of soil conservation,
game and fish laws of New York State, basic
principles of forestry and the sequence of growth
of plant life in the forest.
The third point is learning to appreciate
the beauty of nature through a study of flowers,
trees, birds, wild life and the elements.181
Previous to his assignment at State Teachers College
at Cortland, Dr. Metcalf was Chairman, Department of
Health, Physical Education and Recreation at George Pea­
body College for Teachers in Nashville, Tennessee, for
sixyears, and Associate Professor of Physical Education
at Ohio State University from 1928 to 1936. Besides
several teaching and supervisory assignments, Dr. Metcalf
was Executive Director of the Committee on Physical Fit­
ness of the Federal Security Agency, Yfashington, D.'.,. and
Special Representative of the National Recreation

181. "Tentative Program for Teachers College Camp An­

nounced by Dr. Metcalf," Cortland Standard. Cort
land, New York, February 21, 1^48, lpT~2.
 175
Association in service to State governmental agencies in
the 22 Northeastern states from 1945 to 1947. Founder of
the Ohio Archery, Golf and Hunting Association, "Gold"
Metcalf shot the first Prussian Wild Boar with bow and
arrow in the United States in the Cherokee National Forest
of Tennessee in 1958. He was awarded the Doctor of Archery
Degree at the National Archery Training Camp, Roxbury, Ver­
mont, in June 1952. Dr. Metcalf is consultant in nature
recreation, fishing techniques and archery for the National
Outdoor Education Project of the American Association of
182
Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
Since 1925, Dr, Metcalf has been writing, teaching,
and talking to groups about nature, the out*-of-doors, and
nature recreation. His list of publications include over
sixty articles. He has been very much interested in com­
bining sports and crafts with nature lore. A review of
one of his speeches, given after taking the position of
chairman at Cortland, appeared in the New York Times. The
article read, in part, as follows:
Camp directors have become ” too concerned
with the scientific approach rather than the
fun approach to camping," Dr. Harlan Metcalf of
New York State Teachers College declared yester­
day at the convention of the Association of Pri­
vate Camps in the Hotel New Yorker.
In a panel discussion on "New Techniques
in Outpost Camping," which he termed the *cream

182. Recreation Education Students, Harlan Gold Metcalf

(Testimonial Dinner Program, May 15, l9£>5}, p. 5.
 174
of the camping program,1 he urged counselors
to adopt a new approach to their craft activi­
ties for campers. Declaring that 'every camp
can do a better job in crafts and conserva­
tion,' he said that the two could be inter­
related by the interest of the campers.185
In reviewing the literature the writer came across a
great deal of material that pertains to Dr. Harlan G, Met­
calf and the development of Huntington Memorial Outdoor
Education Center. It is very apparent that Dr. Metcalf
was very influential in many of the early programs and de­
velopments which took place at the Center.
Although Camp Pine Knot was not officially turned
over to State Teachers College at Cortland until January
11, 1949, Dr. D. V, Smith began making plans for its use
during the summer of 1948. One of the first responsibili­
ties he delegated to Dr. Metcalf was to go to Raquette
lake and make an inventory of the buildings, facilities,
and other structures on Pine Knot Point. He felt that
the inventory would help them in planning for the use of
the site during the summer. Dr. Metcalf, his wife, Peg,
and their son, Jim, went to Raquette lake early in April,
1948. They spent the weekend at Camp Pine Knot.^®^ With
the aid of John Moore, the caretaker, the following inven­
tory was compiled:

183, "Pun Guide Urged for Camp leaders," The Hew York
Times. February 14, 1946.
184. Interview with Dr. Harlan Metcalf, Tully lake, New
York, August 16, 1972.
 175
Structures at Huntington Outdoor Education Center
1. Durant's cabin
2. Trapper's cabin
3. Old maid's cabin
4. Unfinished cabin
5. Boathouse
6. Old Swiss cottage
7. lantern house
8. Kitchen and dining area
9. Ice house
10. Nursery
11. Servants' cabin
12. Kirby camp
13. Recreation building
14-. Houseboat
15• Lumber shed
16 • Baml85
With the inventory of the structures, Dr. Metcalf in­
cluded a list of the furnishings and condition of the
facilities. Eor a map showing the layout of these struc­
tures, see Appendix Z, This is a copy of the original map
prepared by William Clemens in July, 1948.
When Dr. Metcalf arrived back at the college, he pre­
sented Dr. Smith with the inventory list of the structures
on the camp site. He informed Dr. Smith that the camp waB
basically in good condition, but a great deal of work had
to be done in terms of maintenance and renovation. After
reading Metcalf's report, Dr. Smith began making inquiries
concerning the renovation of the camp. Mr. Art Howe, a
close friend of Dr. Smith, was very knowledgeable in camp
construction and outdoor education. He wrote Mr. Howe

185. Harlan Metcalf, Structures at the Huntington Out

door Education Center. April. 1948, pp. 1-5. ”
concerning the camp and asked for his help. In reply,
Howe writes:
Dr. Donald V. Smith, President
State Teachers College
Cortland, Hew York
Dear Don:
I've done a great deal of thinking since I
saw you last and it might he well to put some
of those thoughts on paper before they get cold.
The camp affords greater possibilities than
I read from the newspaper clipping. I can see
the development of summer school classes as well
as a pioneer camp working in conjunction with
each other.
In order to make the best use of existing
and future developments, it would seem to be
advisable to have more electric power than can
be developed by several lighting plants. The
day after you left I checked the power of that
area and found that it came from the Old Porge
Electric Co. They had some trouble with the
Public Service Commission and it is expected
that the Electric Co. will lay a submarine cable
to serve the west shore of the lake. Would it
not be advisable to contact them to see where
the cable will run and whether or not it could
be extended to serve the camp?
I do not know the condition of the roofs.
Maybe they can get through this season and some
of them for several seasons. To preserve the
buildings, however, it would be well to check
leaks and re-roof accordingly.
As an expedient I believe pit type toilets
could be built in numbers to take care of current
needs. Eventually it would be well to think in
terms of flush toilets and the installation of a
pump and pump to a large cesspool back in the
pasture. This type of sewage disposal is used
in many camps and hotels in areaB where shore
lines are rocky and not suitable for leach beds.
The matter of water presents two problems
and yet with adequate storage it may be possible
to find a source of supply that would be suffi­
cient. lake water and well water were discussed
while we were at camp. If someone goes in be­
fore all the snow is off, samples could be taken
 177
out and kept refrigerated until tests can be
made. Too, it would be well to have elevations
of the point and the land back of it (mainland)
to see what pressure could be developed from a
well in the pasture area.
Boat transportation will undoubtedly be
developed in preference to a road. Canoes, sail­
boats and a speed boat are eventualities. To
begin with an inboard boat with a large carrying
and towing capacity would be more useful. The
cost of these is not prohibitive and would serve
the greatest need.
I wish that I could spend a day or two at
camp sometime as I feel that the appraisal made
last week was not of too much value. If you can't
get estimates of roof areas to be covered, I can
get them, I can lay the roofs, too, if necessary
as well as any other jobs that have to be done.
My experience in this sort of thing is perhaps of
more value than any knowledge I may have in other
areas of camp training.
Advise me where I can be of the most help.
Sincerely yours,
Arthur L. Howe'1'8^
On April 9, 1948, Dr. D. V. Smith corresponded with
Mr. Howe acknowledging his letter of April 7, 1948. Smith
writes:
Mr, Arthur I. Howe
Hamburg Public Schools
Hamburg, New York
Dear Art:
Thanks for the tip concerning the Old Porge
Electric Company. We are checking into it imme­
diately.
We have already undertaken the planning for
re-roofing the most essential places and hope
that can be gotten underway immediately.
The sanitation problem really has us stopped.
I plan to take some of our men up in the very
near future and make a complete inventory of what
we have and what needs to be done.
186. Letter from Arthur L. Howe to Dr. D. V. Smith,
April 7, 1948.
 178
It was swell seeing you and I hope that it
was the first of many occasions when we meet at
the camp, I still think it would have been a
good idea had you and your wife stopped off at
Cortland, Why not make a special trip of it,
who knows— Jack might get interested in coming
to Cortland for Physical Education,
Sincerely yours,
Donnal V, Smith
Presidentl87
While Dr. Smith continued to contact people concerning
the problem of renovation of the camp, Dr, Metcalf was
also working diligently to plan and prepare for the coming
summer. Many sources of the present data media were used
to publicise the camp and the programs to be offered there.
In a radio interview, Dr. Metcalf informed the listeners
about the outdoor education program to be offered at Camp
Huntington. Metcalf stated:
The State Teachers College at Cortland
places special emphasis on Outdoor Education,
An increasing number of educators recognize:
that many basic types of education cannot be
taught in the school; that many areas of in­
struction now taught in the school could best
be taught outside of the school where the ex­
periences gained are true to life and the ma­
terials used are in their natural setting.
Furthermore, camping and camps are recognized
as essential educational methods and facilities
for teaching the part ofthe educational cur­
ricula best taught outside of school. Another
way of saying the above is that in order to
make the education of youth more complete
either: the school must embrace and include
the camp, its methods and environment in its

187. Letter from Dr. D. V. Smith, President, State

Teachers College at Cortland, Cortland, New York,
to Arthur 1. Howe, April 9, 1948.
curriculum, or the community must recognize that
the out of doors, the camp, its environment and
camping methods are essential educational sup­
plements to the education gained in the school.
The curriculum of outdoor education and
camping will not duplicate experiences available
to youth at schools and on playgrounds but will
be basic social living experiences in the en­
vironment of our natural resources under demo­
cratic leadership. This means that groups of
youth through the processes and problems in­
volved in living together under good democratic
leadership learn the basic essentials and appre­
ciations of, and love for, democracy by living
democracy. It also means that these youth are
learning the wise use of natural resources
(which is the essence of modern conservation),
by becoming acquainted with forests, swamps,
meadows, ponds, lakes, streams, mountains and
the wild life living therein by having their
interrelatedness and their usefulness to man
pointed out, and through actual wise utilization
of the natural resources under intelligent
leadership.
Since modern educators and their schools
are insisting more and more on the necessity
for providing these basic living experiences as
a part of the child's heritage of education,
the need for facilities and leadership to pro­
vide this education becomes more apparent.
School camps although highly desirable are
not essential as facilities for outdoor educa­
tion. Successful patterns for school outdoor
education program include: day camping, visits
to and use of school forests, tom, county,
state and federal forests and parks; leased
lands; and private lands whose owners have
given permission for their use.
The common essentials in this program are
two: (1) educational administrators big enough,
brave enough, and flexible enough to change
their schedules for this curriculum enrichment,
and (2) teachers with adequate special training
to give leadership to the outdoor education
program.
The State Teachers College at Cortland,
New York, has committed itself to the training
of teachers who can give leadership in camping
and outdoor education in schools and communi­
ties. In order that its training be as broad
 180
as 500811)16 and meet the various leadership
needs of as many different patterns of school
and community camps and outdoor education pro­
grams it has through the gift of Archer Milton
Huntington of Redding, Conn. and Hew York City,
acquired the C. P. Huntington Outdoor Educa­
tion Center of Cortland College.
A program of pre-service training of
teachers for camping and outdoor education
leadership is being developed.188
Eager to see the facilities at Camp Pine Knot, Presi­
dent D. Y. Smith organized several staff members to travel
with him to Raquette Lake during a weekend in April, 1948.
According to MacPhee, Dr. Smith asked four other staff
members besides himself to make this trip to Raquette
Lake. They were: Dr. Ben Sueltz, Dr. Roger Bancroft,
Dr. Gold Metcalf, and Dr. MacPhee. Upon arrival at
Raquette Lake, these men had to walk from Golden Beach to
Pine Knot Point, a distance which took about three hours.
As the ice had begun to thaw, it was thin and unsafe to
cross; the only way to get to Camp Pine Knot was to walk
the shore line.
Once the party arrived at Camp Pine Knot, Mr. John
Moore showed them around the camp. Besides viewing the
site, Dr. Smith talked with Mr. Moore about staying on as
caretaker. Mr. Moore agreed to stay on. Dr. Smith and
his party then made the journey back to their car and
returned to Cortland.18^

188. Interview with Dr. Harlan Metcalf, WKRT Radio,

Cortland, Hew York, April 9, 1948.
189. Interview with Dr. Jack MacPhee, professor, State
Teachers College at Cortland, Cortland, New York,
September 25, 1972.
 Once back at the campus, Dr. Smith wrote Mr. John
Moore the following letter:
Mr. John Moore
Pine Knot Point
Raquette Lake, IT. Y.
Dear Mr. Moore:
This will confirm our conversation over the
weekend. I realize, of course, that all the
things that I shall list in this letter can not
be accomplished by you alone but they are the
things that Dr. Metcalf and the boys that come
with him will try to do.
The first thing to be done is to prepare
the kitchen for meals and you can help out there
by sweeping out the kitchen. In the pantries
are materials which should be left and used in
the kitchen. All of the items in the kitchen
should be placed in boxes and stored in a closet
or simply set in one of the rooms in the nursery
which probably won't be used this summer.
The servants' quarters will be used by the
boys who are in camp. You will recall it was
suggested that you might have it cleaned and
ready for the first group. We would also like
to have beds set up in the servants' quarters.
If you don't get them set up, they could be
placed in the rooms and the boys could set them
up when they arrive. I suggested, you will re­
member, that rooms large enough to accommodate
2 beds should be so set up.
Also it was suggested that you spot timbers
that could be used for porch posts and also for
the replacement of the sills around the Swiss
Chalet. I am very anxious that this building be
repaired because it is, by far, the most valu­
able of the buildings erected on the property
even though it is the oldest.
You will recall that we made provisions
for making an outdoor toilet out of the one lo­
cated near the servants' quarters.
I doubt whether there is much that you can
do alone about cleaning out the wells at Kirby
Cottage and near the tank. But it would be
wise if you knocked together either a pole or
timber ladder to get directly to the wells.
Perhaps it would be a good idea to have several
ladders so that we can have several jobs going
 182
on at once. I think we should take steps this
summer to keep hoth of these wells in opera­
tion so that should the kitchen well get low,
we would have a water supply.
I think we should have a one-half dozen or
perhaps more of those lamps in the lamp house
fixed up and ready to go. You can get a 5 or
10 gallon can of kerosene from the dealer of
Raquette lake Village who sells Standard Oil
Products. You can tell the dealer that Dr,
Metcalf will take care of the deal when he comes
up June 16.
Mr. Clemens will want to talk to the Evin-
rude and Johnson dealers at the village to see
what kind of a buy we can get on an outboard
motor. We would like to get an exact price
but we do not want a second-hand one. I sug­
gested that for our purpose we should have one
that develops 8 to 10 horsepower. Of the 2
which would you advise buying?
We enjoyed the weekend at Raquette Lake
very much and look forward eagerly to coming
again.
We have just received notification from
the State Employees Retirement System that you
are now registered in retirement. Your number
is 323974. Each check will be $8.06 less than
the one you received the last time. You will
have received a copy of the letter which came
to us June 2 giving us this information. In
the next few weeks we will have this difficulty
straightened out and Mr. Comi will give you an
exact statement of your salary, cost of living
bonus, withholding tax, and retirement.
Sincerely yours,
Donnal V. Smith
President^0
After Dr. Smith had visited the camp, he and Dr. Met'
calf agreed that the tentative program previously men­
tioned would have to be disregarded for the coming summer

190. Letter from Dr. D. V. Smith to Mr. John Moore, Care­

taker at Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, New York,
June 3, 1948.
 185
due to the condition of the camp. Rather than train stu­
dents in camp leadership, the first camp was designated
as a "Work Camp."
In a report by Metcalf, he indicated that on June 16,
1948, he, Mrs. Metcalf, Mr. Jack MacPhee, Mrs. Iris Eaton,
and fifteen men students from State Teachers College at
Cortland journeyed to Pine Knot Point on Raquette lake.
The report indicated that Mr. MacPhee assisted Dr. Met­
calf, Mrs. Eaton was the camp cook, and Mrs. Metcalf as­
sumed the responsibility of mail and food procurement from
Raquette Lake Village. This first men's camp was referred
to as a "Work Camp." The purpose of the camp was to re­
store or renovate the present facilities. Some of the jobs
that were completed during the two weeks include: (l)
trails were constructed, (2) buildings were cleaned, (3)
old docks were dismantled and new ones constructed, (4)
roofs were repaired, (5) privies were constructed, (6)
canoe rack was built, and (7) fallen trees were cleared
away. 191
J
The following is a copy of the daily schedule fol­
lowed while at camp:
8:00 - 8:30 A.M. Breakfast
8:30 - 9:00 Personal chores
9:00 - 9:15 Meeting to plan work projects
9:15 -12:45 P.M. Work on projects

191. Harlan Metcalf, Report of State Teachers College

Boys Work Camp on Long Point, Raquette lake. July.
1948, p. 1.
 184
Dr. Gold Metcalf, Jim Metcalf an John Moore fishing on Raquette Lake
 185
12:45 -1:00 P.M. Clean up
1:00 - 1:30 Lunch
1:30 - 2:30 Rest
2:30 - 5:00 Instruction period or extended
work period
5:00 - 6:00 Free time atwaterfront
6:00 - 6:30 Pinner
6:30 - 6:45 Camp singing
6:45 -10:30 Free time, campfire program,
exploratory timel92
These students worked at the camp from June 16th
through July 1st. Mr. George Fuge, a student at this first
camp and presently director of the Huntington Memorial Out­
door Education Center, writes of this experience as fol­
lows : "'Old Timers * well remember the early years at
Huntington. Many chores were necessary to keep the place
going. Pigging latrines, building docks, cutting fire­
wood, hauling water, and roofing buildings were all part
of the daily chores that comprised an integral part of
193
this regular program."
Although this first experience at the college camp was
not structured as the programs during the past decade, in
his report Pr. Metcalf characterized the following fifteen
students as having the willingness to share needed ex­
periences with others; the desire to learn new skills and
new ways of doing things; and the willingness to volunteer
for any hard or dirty job that needed to be done. The

192. Ibid., p. 2.
193. George Fuge, "Cortland’s Outdoor Camps," Cortland
Alumni Magazine. Spring 1967» p. 3.
 186
members of the Boys Work Camp included: Jack Bowman,
William Brandt, William Bub, Bruce Dick, Lloyd Elmer,
G-eorge Euge, Harry Herbold, Joel Holiber, William Hurley,
Robert Lays, Charles Meisenzal, Albert Molnar, Edward
1Q4-
Olivari, Richard Stedman, and Roy Vanderburg.
In addition to the work that was accomplished during
the two weeks spent at Pine Knot Point, Dr. Metcalf gained
a great deal of insight into some things that needed at­
tention before future camps could be conducted. Such
things included: (1) the sanitation and water situation,
(2) water transportation, (3) electrical power, and (4)
building maintenance. Upon returning to the Cortland
campus, Dr. Metcalf presented President Smith with a com-
1QC
plete statement of the situation at Camp Pine Knot.
After reading Dr. Metcalf1s report, Dr. Smith wrote
a letter to Mr. Carl W. Clark of the New York State Educa­
tion Department, Bureau of Budget. In reply, Mr, Clark
informed Dr, Smith, in a seven page document, of the esti­
mated cost of replacing or repairing the following items:
Water supply...................... $ 3,850.00
Sanitation....................... 5,000.00
Electric power...... 6,000.00
Masonry repairs.................. 2,750.00

194. Metcalf, Report of State Teachers College Boys Work

Camp, p. 3.
195. Interview with Dr. Harlan Metcalf, Tully Lake, New
York, August 16, 1972.
 187

Roofing replaced $ 900.00

Tractor........ 6 ,000.00
Miscellaneous... 3,000.00
Total $ 27,500.00196
Mr. Clark mentioned that the matter pertaining to

the need for water transportation waB outside his field

of endeavor. He suggested to Dr. Smith that he contact

Hiram Gandelman of the New York State Maritime Academy at

Fort Schuyler, New York. With this suggestion, Dr. Smith

contacted Mr. Gandelman.

Through the efforts of Mr. Gandelman, Vice Admiral

Herbert F. Deary of the United States Navy approved the

transfer of a twenty-foot cabin mahogany launch to State

■ Teachers College at Cortland, The following letter in­

forms Dr. Smith of this action.

Dr. Donnal Smith, President

Cortland State Teachers College
Cortland, New York
Dear Don:
The Admiral has approved the transfer
to you of a 20 ft. 'cabin mahogany launch,
gas driven,1 which is surplus to the Academy,
The launch is in excellent condition and will
not need any overhauling or repairs; however,
it does need usage. If it interests you,
please prepare a letter addressed to Dr.
Wilson, with a provision that it be forwarded
to the Academy for the preparation of final
papers,

196. Letter from Carl W. Clark to Donnal V. Smith,

August, 1948.
 188
The removal and transfer of this "boat
remains with you. Please let me know what
your action is.
Sincerely,
197
Hiram Gandelman
Ahout the same time Dr, Smith was attempting to get
the Bureau of Budget to approve an allocation for the re­
habilitation program at Camp Pine Knot, he received word
that the children*s camp on Long Point, Echo Camp, was for
sale. The going price for the property was $10,000.00.
Dr. Smith wrote the State Education Department in Albany to
inform them of the property. In reply, Dr. Smith was in­
formed that his request for the rehabilitation of Camp
Pine Knot had been approved, but additional monies for the
purchase of Echo Camp had been denied.
With the rehabilitation program well on its way,
Dr. Smith turned his attention to the formation of a
faculty committee to study the educational programs to be
offered at the newly acquired outdoor education center.
On November 8, 1948, Dr. Smith sent the following memo­
randum to the faculty:
MEMORANDUM TO: Mr. Moench Dr. Sueltz
Dr. Thurber Miss Brown
Mrs. Holsten Dr. Metcalf
Mr. Coolidge Miss Corey
Mr, Stell
197. Letter from Mr. Hiram Gandelman, New York State
Maritime Academy, Port Schuyler, New York, to
Donnal V. Smith, November 5, 1948.
198. Interview with Dr. D, Y. Smith, Bowling Green,
Ohio, May 16, 1972.
 189
PROM: Donnal V. Smith
I have requested each of the above to serve
on a committee to study the educational program
for the Cortland State Teachers College Camp.
This committee will also consider the usage of
the camp in the furtherance of the proposed edu­
cation program.
Members of the faculty and students will he
encouraged to bring their suggestions for the
camp program and usage to the attention of this
committee,199
Under the leadership of President Smith, Dr. Moench,
Director of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation,
and Dr. Metcalf, the above mentioned committee worked dili­
gently in developing programs to be conducted at the col­
lege outdoor education center. These programs will be
discussed in Chapter VIII.

199. Donnal V. Smith, Memorandum, State Teachers College

at Cortland, to Paculty Members, November 8, 1943.
 A Memorial to:
COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON

He hath departed us and hath gone back

into the elemental, boundless dark.

Alas! the ones whose eyes beheld it not,

They looked upon a torrent in its course,
And from far distance of their littleness
Deemed some brook flowed. Those listened in the storm
And with their deafness heard a zephyr pass.
Insight - oh, gossamer from soul to soul -
Shall bear alone the void's eternal speech.

A.M. Huntington
 CHAPTER VIII

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS AND DEVELOPMENTS PROM 1948-1972

In Chapter Pive it was mentioned that Dr. Pranklin

Coolidge directed the first outdoor education program for
those hoys and girls in the seventh and eighth grades at
the college's Campus School. Since 1948 the camp has
continued to grow and many changes have taken place. In
spite of the many changes in the program and facilities,
much of the original spirit, dedication, and uniqueness
have prevailed throughout the years. According to Mengel,
"the Campus School's purpose is establishing an Outdoor
Education program is to enhance and implement the aca­
demic development of the children in the sixth, seventh,
and eighth grades. Teaching can he accomplished in many
settings, hut perhaps the most motivating is a change
from the common classroom to the out-of-doors. The pro­
gram is designed to contribute to the growth of the
"whole" child not only in an academic sense, hut in the
areas of aestheticism, conservation, physical development
and social growth."200

200. Gordon Mengel, "Camping Philosophy of the Campus

School Report, State University College at
Cortland, October, 1968.
191
 192
In a recent report by the Campus School Outdoor Edu­
cation Program Committee, the following set of objectives
were set forth:
Teacher Objectives
1. To make instruction more meaningful and
practical to the pupils.
2. To instill an appreciation of the beauties
of nature, and so develop a realization of
the need for conserving our remaining
natural resources.
3. To teach the skills for the proper use of
our outdoor resources.
4. To develop worthy outdoor recreation skills
that will carry over into leisure time ac­
tivities.
5. To provide experiences which contributes to
the pupil's creativity.
6. To provide experiences for pupils to evalu­
ate and or reconstruct their social pat­
terns.
7. To provide experiences for pupils to gain
additional self reliance and individuality
away from the distractions of modern day
technology.
8 . To provide an experience in democrativ
living.
Student Objectives
1. To learn to live with other children and
with adults in a "small" community situation.
2. To practice ruleB of healthful living,
3. To learn to practice rules of individual and
group safety as well as survival.
4. To develop ability to observe and question.
5. To recognize the satisfaction obtained when
new knowledge is acquired.
6. To grow in spiritual values and conscious­
ness.
7. To acquire the dignity and satisfaction dr-
rived from work that benefits others as
well as one's self.
8. To widen the circle of classroom friendship
thus broadening social relationships.
9. To enjoy living in a camp setting,201

201. Campus School Outdoor Education Program Committee,

"General Objectives for the Campus School Outdoor
 193
The Campus School program is multi-disciplinary in­
volving several of the study areas which make to the
child*s educational curriculum. According to Mr. Harry
Bellardini, the on-campus instruction is geared to the
practical field work that students undertake at the outdoor
center. The program is constructed so that there is a
follow-up program of instruction integrating the outdoor
experiences with the classroom instruction. The outdoor
education experience includes instruction in: art,
sketching, biology, ecology, nature, mathematics, orien-
202
teering, social studies, and camp craft skills.
During the past decade the Campus School Outdoor Edu­
cation program has seen several new innovations. In 1969
the Campus School underwent a Pilot Program which involved
fifth and sixth grade students. This program was designed
in order to fill the gap in the spring and fall outdoor
education program which was created when the seventh,
eighth, and ninth grades were phased out of the Campus
School. A program for the fifth and sixth grade studentB
waB developed and these students attended Huntington
Outdoor Education Center during those weeks previously

Education Program" Camping Philosophy of the Campus

School. State University of New York, College at
Cortland, New York, October, 1968, p. 4.
202. Interview with Harry Bellardini, Director of Campus
School Physical Education, State University of New
York, College at Cortland, New York, September 28,
1972.
 194
occupied by students in grades seven, eight, and nine.
Bellardini states, "This Pilot Program has met with the ap­
proval of the students and staff."20^
Another program which has developed in recent years,
due to ecologically-minded groups, is a Winter Environ­
mental Studies Program. Mengel states, "The experimental
program was developed to provide the fourth, fifth, and
sixth grade youngsters with an opportunity for ecological
enrichment experiences during the harsh conditions of
winter."204
The Campus School Outdoor Education program has gained
wide recognition due to the initial efforts of Dr. Franklin
Coolidge. Since 1958 other educators such as Gordon
Mengel, Harry Bellardini, Mary Blann, Frank Langsner, and
William Henry have continued to provide leadership and
innovations in the Cortland Campus School Outdoor Educa­
tion program.
In addition to the outdoor education program provided
by the Campus School, the college provided an outdoor edu­
cation program for college students majoring in physical
education or recreation education. From 1948 to 1950, the
Campus School, the men's physical education, women's

203. Ibid.
204. Interview with Gordon Mengel, professor, Campus
School, State Teachers College, Cortland, New York,
at Raquette lake, June 21, 1972.
 195
physical education, and recreation education departments
were the only disciplines to offer an outdoor education
program at Huntington Memorial Camp. During these years,
Dr. Gold Metcalf directed the camps.
In the spring of 1949, Dr. Metcalf announced the
courses to he offered at Huntington Memorial Outdoor Edu­
cation Center. An article appearing in the Cortland
Standard explained Dr. Metcalf*s proposed course offerings.
The article read as follows:
The State Teachers College at Cortland,
N.Y., now has its own outdoor education cen­
ter for training its students, to give leader­
ship in camping and outdoor education to the
youth of schools and communities of Hew York
State.
The courses to be taken at the outdoor
center this summer will be open as electives
without pre-requisites to all men of Cortland
State Teachers College the first two of the
three camping periods. The third period will
be open to women students.
Professional work planned for each three
week period will carry a total of four semes­
ter hours of credit and will be divided into
four major areas of experience:
I Nature and Conservation Experiences
II Camp and Survival Crafts
III Waterway Experiences 205
IV Conduct and Management of Camps 0
When the summer of 1949 arrived, thirty-seven men
students had enrolled for the July 4th through July 23rd
session, thirty-five men students enrolled for the July
28th through August 13th session, and eighteen women

205. ’'Outdoor Education and Camping Courses Offered at

Huntington Memorial Camp," Cortland Standard.
Cortland, New York, May 1949.
 DIRECTOR
Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf
19^8 - 1950
 197
Btudents enrolled In the August 17th through September 7th
session. This was the first time any women students from
State University College at Cortland had the opportunity
to use the facilities. Prior to this experience, the women
had been attending the camp held at Tanager Lodge.
Some of the early staff members who gave their time
and energy in providing instruction included: Fred Hollo­
way, Jack MacPhee, Harriet Holsten, Dorothy Amsdorff,
Jean Berger, June Holcomb, Walt Thurber, Carl Davis, Roland
Eckard, David Miller, and W. T. Pete Corey.
According to Miller, the early physical education
camps were restricted in their travels about Raquette Lake
due to administrative philosophy and limited equipment.
The trips that the students took were short trips to Golden
Beach, Indian Point, West Mountain, and Forked Lake. Due
to limited equipment, half the group would go on a three
day trip while the remaining group would stay at Huntington
Memorial Camp and work on repairing or renovating the
facilities. After the first group returned from their
pQt
trip, the remaining group would go out.
Because of limited budget and the lack of maintenance
personnel, the "work camp" theme prevailed for several
years. Work projects at Huntington Memorial Camp have

206. Interview with Mr. David Miller, professor, State

University of New York, College at Cortland, New
York, September 28, 1972.
 198
always been an Interest to the students. In 1970 some in­
terested students and faculty members from State University
of New York, College at Cortland, started a fund-raising
drive in order to "Save the Barque." This theme of the
fund-raising campaign was started with hopes of developing
a museum out of the old houseboat. The goal of this cam­
paign was to raise enough money to finance the relocation
and rehabilitation of the houseboat and its development as
a museum which would enhance the Outdoor Education Center's
educational programs and promote a general awareness of
the Adirondack history. The museum fund planning committee
consists of:
Faculty and Staff Student Members
Dr. Gold Metcalf— chairman Barbara Hemink— chairman
Mary Blann Mary Austin
Marcia Carlson Mark Cowan
Roland Eckard George Gifford
George Fuge Eileen Horwitz
Leonard Gath James Keough
Norb Haley Jane Kindlinger
Gordon Mengel Marcia Matiss
Louise Moseley Richard Reiner
Nicholas Pauldine
Dave Price
Eugene Waldbauer
During the summer of 1972, the first stage of the
renovation project was begun. The original marine hard­
ware from the Barque was photographed and recorded before
it was removed. Additional work is planned during the
summer with hopes of relocating the houseboat to a site
on high ground. Once the houseboat has been secured on

v
 199
its new site, it will "be restored to a near pristine con­
dition with a simulated "barge structure serving as a "base.
As camp continued to grow, along with the State
Teachers College at Cortland, new faculty members began to
appear at the camp. Such educators as: Robert Weber,
Charles Wilson, Pat Allen, Joan Tillotson, Gene Waldbauer,
and numerous others began contributing to the program.
Dr. Weber states that the physical education camp experi­
ence was based on skills that could be done in camp as
opposed to trip camping. A good deal of the camp experi­
ence dealt with camp craft skills. In addition to camp
craft, some canoeing, nature study, and waterfront safety
was also a part of the program. The evening programs were
very popular with both staff and students. Dr. Weber es­
timated that approximately fifty percent of the time at
camp was spent on work details such as: painting, re-
207
pairing docks, and repairing roofs. '
During the early years at Huntington Memorial Camp,
no distinction was made between the Phusical Education and
Recreation Departments. The men in these departments were
scheduled at camp during the month of June and the women
were so scheduled during July. Since this original set
up, the scheduling of camps has changed only slightly.
The men still attend the camp during August.
207. Interview with Dr. Robert Weber, Chairman of the
Men's Physical Education Department, State University
of Hew York, College at Cortland, New York, Sep­
tember 28, 1972.
 The usage of Huntington Memorial Camp by the stu­
dents in the Physical Education and Recreation Depart­
ments, plus the Campus School, continued to flourish. Due
to growing class enrollment and programs being pursued by
other departments, a need was created for a full time camp
adminstrator. Dr. Metcalf was no longer able to direct
the camp along with his full time duties as Chairman of
the Recreation Department at the Cortland College campus.
Dr. D. V. Smith, with the aid of some interested faculty
members, began seeking a person to assume the administra­
tive duties at Huntington Memorial Camp. Mr. Arthur Howe
of Hamburg, Hew York was contacted for the position. As
mentioned in Chapter Five, Dr. D. V. Smith had had previous
correspondence with Mr. Howe concerning the use and reno­
vation of the camp. In May, 1950, Mr. Howe was assigned
the position of camp director. Mr. Howe was well suited
for the job both physically and mentally.
Prior to his assignment as Director of Huntington
Memorial Camp, Mr. Howe spent thirty years as Director of
Health and Physical Education at the Hamburg Public
Schools, Hamburg, New York. In addition, he was a
licensed guide for the Adirondacks; he had been a park
commissioner, and president of the New York State Asso­
ciation for Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
He also was affiliated with many other associations too
 201

DIRECTOR

ARTHUR L. HOWE

1950 - 1961
 202
numerous to list. Mr. Howe directed the camp until his
death. He died of cancer on November 8, 1961,
An editorial in the Hamburg Sun said in
. part, that 'his practical' idealism went beyond
mere physical development, but sought to en­
hance the spiritual aspects of life, thereby
giving the thousands of boys and girls who
have passed through his classes a new vision
and new strengths from which to draw in later
life.*208

In an article, George Fuge writes of Art Howe: "Art is

well remembered for his booming voice and repertoire of
Adirondack stories.
In 1950 Dr. Walt Thurber started a Science Oamp at
Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center. Dr. Thurber
directed the camp until 1951 at which time he turned the
camp over to his assistant Mr. George McDermott. For the
next four years, Mr. McDermott continued to direct the
science camp. In 1956 Mr. Chuck Wilson took over the
directorship.
The science camp folded in 1959 due to changes in
the science curriculum at Cortland College. Mr. McDermott
describes the early science programs as follows: the camp
operated for three weeks during the last week in August
and the first two weeks in September. It was held at

208. "In Memoriam," The Cortland Alumni, State Univer­

sity of New York, College at Cortland, Winter 1962,
p • 47 •
209. George Fuge, "Cortland's Other Campus," The Cortland
Alumni, State University of New York, College at
Cortland, Spring 1967, p. 4.
 203
Daley*s Clearing on long Point, Raquette Lake, New York.
The science course carried four semester hours of credit.
The program remained essentially the same for the majority
of the years it was operated. Usually the campers would he
divided into groups and the campers would rotate within
groups every two or three days. The leadership posts of
the groups were rotated so that everyone would have a
chance to serve as trip master at least once. The group
leaders were selected hy each group.
The instructional periods were in canoeing, rowing,
map and compass, weather, axemanship, and nature crafts.
Once the instructional periods were completed, the campers
took various trips throughout Raquette Lake and the cen­
tral and upper Adirondack area. Such trips consisted of
bushwacking into Silver Beach to study bog plants, canoe
trip to Eldon Lake to study marine biology, a three-day
trip to Mt. Marcy in order to have an extended period of
time to study in the mountainous area. A number of short
and extended trips were taken to various places along
Raquette Lake.^*1*^
After Mr. Art Howe became director of Huntington
Memorial Camp, new additions were made to the camp. Some
of the improvements that took place were: the construction

210. George McDermott, "Science Camp— Course 706," Hunt­

ington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives.
Raquette Lake, New York, August 12, 1971-
 204
of a new kitchen, new docks, the installation of electri­
city (which brought about electric cooking and heating
units, water heaters, and refrigerators), and the instal­
lation of septic tanks.
For the next decade, the programs at the center were
those conducted by the physical education, recreation edu­
cation, Campus School, and science departments. In addi­
tion to these programs, several administrative workshops
were held at the center. Other programs were operating on
a limited basis.
In the fall of 1951, Dr. Metcalf began making plans
to offer graduate courses at Huntington Memorial Camp in
Recreation and Field Studies in Science. The first
graduate class in outdoor education at Huntington Memorial
Camp consisted of four men and seven women. The course
offered two semester hours of credit and met for two
weeks. The course was available to superintendents, prin­
cipals, teachers, recreation employees, camp leaders, and
social workers with three or more years of college
training. The topics included in the course were: The
Philosophy of Outdoor Education and School Camping, Use
of Outdoor Education Resources in Every School, Planning
Outdoor Education Trips, Methods, Programs, and Organiza­
tion of the School Camp and Evaluation of Outdoor Educa­
tion and School Camping.
 205
Other graduate courses offered in Recreation Educa­
tion were: (l) A Seminar in Organization and Administra­
tion of Recreation and Recreation Education, and (2) Ap­
praising Community Recreation Resources. These courses
featured lectures hy: Dr. Jay B. Rash, Dana Caulkins,
Mark A. McCloskey, George Nesbitt, Willard B. Stone,
211
Helena Hoyt, Henry McEarland, and William Moench. Al­
though only eleven students attended the first graduate
course in outdoor education, this program led the way for
future graduate courses in physical education, recreation
education, and other disciplines.
During the summer of 1956, representatives from the
Presbyterian faith scheduled a week at Huntington Memo­
rial Camp to hold a retreat. They were the only organiza­
tion who sought the facilities for retreat purposes until
1968. During the years 1968 and 1969 other organizations
began holding retreats at Huntington Memorial Camp. Most
of the organizations that hold retreats in this isolated
center do not do so for a functional purpose in environ­
ment or outdoor education. The people involved are more
concerned with humanistic studies and discussions relative
to the nature of the group. Locked into the remoteness
of the center, they function as a community with all

211. Harlan G. Metcalf, "Recreation Education— Summer

School," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Cen­
ter Archives, Raquette Lake.' fcew York, April 1951»
 206
details and chores assigned through committees. The fol­
lowing are examples of the ten to twelve retreat programs
that are offered during the year.
I. Health Department Retreat
This is an example of a curriculum and human­
istic studies retreat program. Students and
staff members of the department live together
while discussing curricula of the major pro­
gram. The retreat operates for three days in
early fall.
II. Theta Phi Sorority Retreat
Students, faculty advisors, and alumni spend
three days discussing the function of the
sorority, its place in the function of the
college and general sorority business.
III. College Roundtable Retreat
This is a four day program involving Cortland
City businessmen, city administrators and
Cortland College administrators. Operated
annually in mid-winter, participants usually
include the Mayor of the City of Cortland and
the President of State University College at
Cortland.212

212. Collegefs Public Relations Office, Outdoor Educa­

tion Center. State University College at Cortland,
New York, February 1972, p. 17.
 207
As aforementioned, the early years at Huntington
Memorial Camp were spent in repairing and renovating the
camp in addition to learning camp skills. Art Howe writes
of some of the projects that were accomplished between
1950 and 1955. The men students built a dining hall, a
new boat house, installed new electric stoves and refriger­
ators in the kitchen, installed a power cable to enable
the generators to function, and built trails. The college
Campus School children in grades seven and eight planted
10,000 white spruce trees about the site in order to re­
place the trees that were lost during the heavy storms
that occurred during the mid-thirtieB.213^
In the early 1950's, according to Dr. Franklin
Coolidge, Mr. Howe built a sawmill on a farmer's field
which was located northeast of the main camp. Mr. Howe
had two purposes in mind when he built the mill. The
first was to cut timber in order to replace logs on the
present buildings. The second purpose for the mill was to
cut up timber and sell it. With the sale of the lumber,
he hoped to purchase additional materials to maintain the
camp. His second purpose never materialized. 214-
During the fall of 1961, Mr. Arthur Howe died. Im­
mediately following his death, Dr. Ben Sueltz, as acting

213. Art Howe, "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial Out­

door Education Center Archives, Raquette Lake, New
York, June 1950-June“l95^
214. Interview with Dr. Franklin Coolidge, Cortland,
New York, September 26, 1972.
 208
president, began seeking a person to replace Mr. Howe.
Mr. Roland Eckard, who had spent several summers at Hunt­
ington Memorial Camp as a staff member, was appointed
acting director for one year. In the fall of 1962, Mr.
George Fuge was appointed as director of the center.
Since 1962 Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Cen­
ter has grown both in facilities and programs. This tre­
mendous growth is largely due to the leadership and dedi­
cation of George Fuge. Mr. Fuge brought to Huntington
Memorial Camp fourteen years of teaching, coaching, and
administrative experience. He received his Bachelor of
Science and Master's degrees from Cortland College in
physical education and administration. He was at Ramapo
Central School for fourteen years as physical education
teacher, coach, and director of athletics. He was also
the Director of Recreation for the town of Ramapo. The
out-of-doors was not new to him. For fourteen summers he
and George Link ran canoe expeditions into Northern
Canada.
After returning from a trip into the Canadian wilder­
ness in the fall of 1962, George Fuge, his wife, Margaret,
and their three daughters, came to Huntington Memorial
Camp. According to Metcalf, no man was better suited for
this wilderness country than Beorge. His prior experi­
ence at the camp as a junior instructor, plus his fourteen
 DIRECTOR

GEORGE FUGE

HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL CAMP

1962 - Present
 210
years in the Ramapo Public Schools, made George a very
valuable asset to this unique center. J
During Mr. Fuge's first two years at Huntington Memo­
rial Gamp, he had the camp dining hall and kitchen reno­
vated. A new automatic dishwasher, an electric water pump,
and electric range were installed. He also convinced the
State of New York to allocate funds for the renovation of
buildings and the installation of a new sewage disposal
system.21^
Upon his arrival, Mr. Fuge began to encourage other
departments to use the center. As a result, several pro­
grams developed in the department of biological science in
the mid-1960's. Dr. Gene Waldbauer had a great deal to do
with most of the programs described.
The field studies program was one of the first in
operation. This program was designed to be required
during the student's sophomore year. The duration of the
program was fourteen days. The subjects included were:
plant taxonomy (ecology), entomology, limnology, ichthy­
ology* ornithology, and mammalogy. Students were required
to classify and prepare a definite number of specimens in
appropriate areas. They were permitted to use the center

215. Interview with Harlan G. Metcalf, September 16, 1972.

216. George Fuge, "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center Archives. Raquette Lake.
New York, June 19^2-June 19&3.
 211
facilities to add to their collections and undertake
individual study projects during the next two years. The
course is required for biology education majors but others
217
may take it as an elective, '
The course in taxonomy of vascular plants, offered in
the biological science program, is offered for twenty-one
days during the summer. The emphasis is on studying
natural life support system relationships and developing
attitudes of appreciation for natural resources. Students
are required to collect, classify, and mount specimens of
120 plants. Collections and studies include aquatic,
local and alpine flora.
Mr, Art Cook, Associate Professor of Biology at Cort­
land College, describes the limnology course offered at
Raquette lake during the summer. According to Mr. Cook,
limnology is a research oriented program in which the stu­
dents take physical and chemical tests of Raquette Lake
and chart portions of it. The course lasts about 17 days.
A floating laboratory, the "Barque,” is used for imme­
diate analysis and the greater percentage of time is
spent on the lake testing the physical and chemical at­
tributes of freshwater and their effect on the composi-
218
tion of the aquatic ecosystem.

217. Interview with Dr. Gene Waldbauer, professor, State

University of New York, College at Cortland, New
York, October 18, 1972.
218. Interview with Arthur H. Cook, associate professor,
State University of New York, College at Cortland,
Raquette Lake, New York, June 11, 1972.
 212
The "Barque" Is not to "be confused with the Barque
of Pine Knot Point mentioned in Chapter One. In recent
years a flat fiberglass raft was purchased by the college.
This raft, with its few innovations of sun roof, desk and
benches is used as a floating laboratory or classroom.
The raft is propelled by an eighty-five h.p. outboard
motor. The name "Barque" was given to the vessel as a bit
of nostalgia, as one recalls the past. Buoyed stations
are located in key areasof the lake. In order to take
the various samples fromthe lake, students use instru­
ments, including: Ross Pine Bine Recorder, Yellowstone
Instrument Thermister, Kemmerer Sampler, Eckman Dredge,
Hellige Colorimeter, Beckman portable meter, and a variety
of glassware and chemicals.
A course in Preshwater Algae is also offered as an
advanced study course which is held for sixteen days at
the center. The contentof the course involves collec­
tion, identification, classification, ecology, and estab­
lishing life histories of major groups of freshwater
algae.
The years 1964 and 1965 were very important ones for
Huntington Memorial Camp. Three very noteworthy things
took place. The first was the purchase of Antlers Camp.

219. College's Public Relations Office, "Programs in

the Biological Sciences," Outdoor Education Center.
State University College at Cortland^ New York,
February 1972, p. 9.
 213
Aerial view c? Antlers Camp, Raquette Lake, New York 1965
 214
The land acquisition of Antlers, a parcel of land on the
west shore line of Raquette Lake, provided the college
with dock accessibility to Huntington Memorial Camp. Un­
til this time the college used Birds Marina landing re­
ferred to in Chapter Four.
The second important accomplishment during this
period was the founding of the Work Study Program. This
program was designed to employ college students during the
summer months. Due to the remote location of Huntington
Memorial Camp, help is difficult to obtain. The majority
of the people who frequent the area during the summer
months are tourists. Once the summer is over, very few
people make their residence at Raquette Lake,
Recognizing the many maintenance problems too numerous
for him and the camp caretaker to handle, Mr. Fuge began
inquiring about possible sources of income which could be
made available to hire the necessary help. As a result of
his inquiries, Mr. Fuge became aware of some federal funds
that could be acquired under a Work Study Program. After
obtaining the literature on the program, Mr. Fuge began to
realize that many of his maintenance problems could be
solved through employment of college students under the
220
newly created Work Study Program.

220. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, director of Hunt­

ington Memorial Camp, Raquette Lake, New York,
June 22, 1972.
 215
In the spring of 1965, Mr. George Fuge began formu­
lating plans for the implementation of the Work Study Pro­
gram. Many departments of State University of New York,
College at Cortland, were called upon to assist in plan­
ning the program. Through a cooperative effort of many
college staff members, the program became a reality. The
college administration and the Faculty-Student Associa­
tion allocated the necessary ten percent for the student
salaries in addition to the federal funds allocated.
Through the Office of Financial Aids and the College Busi­
ness Office, a system for payroll procedures was set up.
On June 28, 1965, the Work Study Program was ini­
tiated at Huntington Memorial Camp. This was the first
program of its kind to be initiated in State University
of New York, College at Cortland's education system.
Eighteen students from Cortland College arrived at Antlers
to begin a ten week Work Study Program. Dr. larry Martin,
associate professor in the men's physical education de­
partment, was employed to supervise the program. Ac­
cording to Dr. Martin, "The Work Study Camp Program was
established along the lines of the Civilian Conservation
Corps (C.C.C.) camps of the depression years."
Charles Mand writes:

221. Interview with Dr. Larry Martin, associate professor,

State University of New York, College at Cortland,
New York, September 15, 1972.
 216
The C.C.C. camps were aimed at reorienting
young men, adrift in the wake of an economic up­
heaval, to a purpose in life. These youth were
taught useful skills, motivated to productivity
and reintroduced to a value structure for many
years had ceased to have a basis in reality.
Almost 500,000 young men found a more profit­
able and meaningful use of their time through
the camp programs.222
Although these young college students were not faced
with economic problems as those young men in the 1930's,
they, too, found a more meaningful and profitable use of
their time. The work study projects were organized into
five basic categories: (l) land improvement, (2) building
improvements, (5) development projects, (4) transportation
of equipment, and (5) general camp clean-up and mainten­
ance. The projects completed by the students included:
the construction of new docks, painted buildings, built a
new camp sign, replaced logs on buildings, repaired ramps,
repaired roofs, and many other tasks too numerous to
223
mention. ^
The third important accomplishment during this
period was the formation of the Huntington Memorial Out­
door Education Center long Range Planning Committee. On
September 18, 1964, President Kenneth E. Young appointed
the following educators to serve on this planning

222. Charles Mand, Outdoor Education (J. Lowell Pratt &

Company, Hew York, 1967J7 p. 126,
223. Interview with Dr. Larry Martin, Cortland, Hew
York, September 15, 1972.
 217
committee: Dr. Ross Allen, chairman, Dr. Carl Evans,
Dr. Harlan Metcalf, Dr. Frank Nania, Mr. Charles Wilson,
and Mr. George Fuge.
The president charged the committee with preparing a
proposed master plan for the long range development of
Huntington Memorial Camp and adjunct lands. The plan was
to be for ten to twenty years with anticipated revisions
every five years. With the appointment of the committee,
President Young suggested that the members study the pos­
sible use of the camp in the following ways:
1. Supporting instructional activities of the
college by studying all areas of the cur­
riculum.
2. Supporting research activities of the col­
lege.
3. Providing the site for a Conference Center
for in-service training, professional im­
provement, etc.
4. Providing recreational and other facili­
ties for college personnel, faculty, stu­
dents, alumni and others.
5. Providing a source of funds through the
operation of certain facilities, and the
lease or sale of land.224
Under the guidance of Dr. Ross Allen, the Huntington
Memorial Outdoor Education Center Long Range Planning Com­
mittee arrived at the following proposal for a master plan
for Huntington Memorial Camp. The plan reads as fol­

lows :

224. Kenneth Young, Huntington Camp Planning Committee,

Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center
Archives, September ITT, ~1964. Pp T 1-2.
 218
Basic Premise
Huntington Memorial Camp and its adjunct
properties located at Raquette Lake, New York,
is an integral part of State University College,
Cortland, New York and its instructional and
ancillary programs.
Objectives
1. The wise, proper and adequate use of an en­
vironment, such as the Huntington Memorial
Camp offers, can enrich the lives of our
college students, the pupils of our Campus
School, our faculty and staff, and others who
experience living in this setting.
2. The camp should furnish opportunities for the
education of children, youth and adults that
can be found only in a natural, outdoor set­
ting where total group living is predominant,
but where privacy is possible.
5. The program and use of the camp can be sig­
nificant adjuncts to the formal educational
programs of the college and augment and en­
rich the programs of continuing education of
the college.
4. The camp offers an opportunity for many to
make better and fuller use of their leisure
time, and will help them to develop, maintain
and enjoy recreational pursuits which are in­
digenous to the camp setting.
5. The camp should provide for the development
of an appreciation of our natural habitat—
to study it, to use it intelligently, and to
conserve it.
6. The camp should be used as a center for re­
search, particularly in the areas of the
sciences, outdoor education, camping,and in­
digenous outdoor sports.225

225. Huntington Camp Planning Committee, "A Master

Plan for the Immediate and Long Range Development
of the Huntington Memorial Camp of State Univer­
sity College, Cortland, New York and Its Adjunct
Properties," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education
Center Archives," June 19^5» p. 3.
 219
The Functions of the Camp
A. Functions Indigenous to the Camp Environment
1. Camping in all its aspects and ramifications should
be taught.
2. Outdoor Education (education in the out-of-doors
about and for appreciation and use of the out-of-
doors) should have a significant place in the pro­
gramming of the camp.
3. The Camp should provide opportunities for research
in outdoor education and in camping.
4. The Camp will make available to its participants
opportunity to participate in and learn about
sports natural to the camp environment including
those associated with the water.
5. The Camp should be concerned in many aspects of
conservation education. It should maintain an
adequate area of its acreage for study and re­
search of its natural environment.
6. The Camp should direct its efforts to providing
a desirable environment for experiences in and
study of group living (behavioristic studies,
sociometric studies, etc.).
B. Functions Related to Formal Education Programs
1. Continued use of the Camp should be made for
camping and camp leadership experience as part
of the professional preparation of teachers of
 physical education and of recreation leaders
and instructors.
2. An opportunity should he made available to
actual and prospective teachers of elementary
school children to observe and instruct
children in a camp setting.
3. Campus school children, certainly those in the
intermediate and upper grades, should be given
a supervised camping experience— the possi­
bility of extending such an opportunity to all
children in the Campus School should be explored.
4. Some of the content in specific science courses
offered by the College could best be taught in
the environment provided by Camp Huntington.
5. Opportunities for research, particularly in
the sciences and the behavioral sciences, should
be provided in the camp setting.
Functions Related to Continuing Education including
short term conferences, institutes, clinics, etc.
The Camp may well be used for many forms of con­
tinuing education. Some of the possible uses in this
category include:
1. Certification programs structured for school
dental hygiene teachers and Bchool nurse teachers,
2. Programs for Humanistic Studies might be developed
using the Camp as a site.
 221
3. In-service programs for such groups in the
College as the faculty, staff, etc. could make
use of the Camp site.
4. The Camp could become a center for conservation
education.
5. The Camp could also be used for Peace Corps
Training Programs, American Red Cross Certified
Waterfront Clinics, Sport Clinics, College Work
Study Program, research for the exceptional
child, Job Corp Center, and study conferences.
D. Functions Related to Recreation
A wide variety of uses of the Camp and its adjunct
properties can be made to contribute to recreation in
general. Fundamentally, our concern should be just
with the recreational needs of our own College per­
sonnel— faculty, students, and staff. The recreational
activities indigenous to the camp setting should be
offered to the fullest.22**
In accordance with the functions mentioned above,
the committee suggested the following uses of the camp
facilities:
1. Avoidance of over-population of Long Point.
2. A section of the camp property must be con­
served in its natural state.
3. The property now occupied by Echo Camp should
be purchased if it becomes available.

226. Ibid.. pp. 4-8.

 222
4. The Marion River acquisition should he de­
veloped as a conference site under present
land holdings.
5. It is imperative that the camp have a road
that will make it accessible twelve months
of the year.
6. Camping facilities for faculty, staff, and
family use should he constructed on the
south shore of the camp property.
7. Three distinct camps should he constructed
on the north shore of the camp property,
each to accommodate 30-35 campers.
8. The Antlers property should he developed into
a small conference site for its potentiali­
ties as income property from its cahins.
9. The acquisition of the Uncas property should
he considered in long-range planning if a
large development with a completely self-
contained area is desired.
10. It is strongly recommended that a well quali­
fied consultant he used in all future site
planning.227
During the summer of 1966, an outdoor recreation
program was hegun on a limited hasis. This program was
established for student groups who have had previous
camping experience at the center. The students, in co­
operation with Mr. Fuge, are permitted to use the facili­
ties and equipment at Huntington Memorial Camp for the
pursuit of outdoor recreational skills. These outdoor
sessions were scheduled during a period when there were
limited programs in operation at the center. The purpose
of this outdoor program was to encourage students to em­
bark on wilderness canoe and mountain trips in order to
use those skills acquired at the center.
The programs in operation at Huntington Memorial Camp

227. Ibid.. pp. 9-11.

 223
during the latter part of the 1960's included: the Men's
Physical Education Camp Program, the Women's Physical Edu­
cation Camp Program, the Recreation Education Camp Pro­
gram, the Field Biology Programs, and the college Recrea­
tion Program for previous campers. Two additional pro­
grams were included in 1967. The first was a College Pre­
paration Program directed by Dr. Frank Nania. The program
was designed as a specialized program utilizing the isola­
tion of the camp facility and quiet atmosphere of the out­
door environment in order to provide an intensive program
of reading, study skills, and comprehension for college
bound students. The program was scheduled for a six weeks
period.228
A second program in art, sketching, and landscape
painting was initiated by the Art Department for under­
graduate and graduate students. It was scheduled for
three weeks during the month of July. The program concen­
trated on sketching and painting in the natural setting
or observing and interpreting nature. According to Fuge,
during 1967 the center operated for thirty-one weeks of
instruction. The classes at Huntington Memorial Camp
Outdoor Education Center functioned seven days a week for
a total of 217 days.22^

228. Interview with Dr. Frank Nania, professor, State

University of New York, College at Cortland, New
York, October 5, 1972.
229. George Fuge, "Cortland College Outdoor Education
Center-Course Offerings," Huntington Memorial
 224
The 1968-69 outdoor education season was quite simi­
lar to the previous year except for an experimental
Winter Camp Program offered by the Men's Physical Educa­
tion Department at Cortland College. Under the direction
of Mr. Roland Eckard, the winter camp was offered in lieu
of the regular summer camp program. The winter camp pro­
gram was designed to place special emphasis on compara­
tive, seasonal ecology. The students enrolled in this
course also enrolled in a seven-day summer program.
At the close of the 1960's, the physical education
and the recreation education programs underwent a few
changes and assumed a new title. The experience in the
physical education departments was now referred to as an
Outdoor Education Practicum. The following is a descrip­
tion of the practicum:
The practicum is conducted in four fourteen
day sessions each year, two for men and two
for women. The course is required for physi­
cal education majors. It covers nature,
conservation, wilderness travel, and empha­
sizes appreciation of the natural resources,
practical knowledge of the natural sur­
roundings and wise use of these resources
for outdoor recreation and multi-discipline
educational programs for elementary and
secondary school teaching. Considerable time
is spent in teaching basic camping skills,
canoeing, mountain climbing and orienteering.

Outdoor Education Center Archives. Raquette lake,

New York, May-No vemb er 1967, pp. 2-3.
230. Interview with Mr. Roland Eckard, professor, State
University of New York, College at Cortland, New
York, October 9, 1972.
 225
The session includes a five day wilderness canoe
trip for women, and a five day canoe or moun­
tain climbing trip for the men. There also are
optional classes conducted in conjunction with
the program leading to certification as boating
safety and hunting safety instructors.251
The Outdoor Education Practicum for the Recreation
Education Department is explained as follows:
The practicum is a required course for re­
creation education majors. It lasts for four­
teen days and places special emphasis on de­
velopment of attitudes of appreciation for the
natural resources, particularly in relation to
outdoor education. Supervision and administra­
tion of outdoor recreation facilities and out­
door education programs are emphasized. There
is training in camping skills, canoeing, water
skiing, and sailing. Special study areas in­
clude boating safety, waterfront administration,
campcraft instructor certification and nature
studies, while optional activities include nature
crafts, casting, and fishing. Also, a four day
wilderness canoe trip is r e q u i r e d . 232
In addition to these programs or practicums, several
meetings and conferences were sponsored by various college
organizations and scheduled periodically at the center
during the 1960's. These include: the Faculty Executive
Council, the House of Delegates, the Cortland Board of
Cooperative Education Services, the State Outdoor Educa­
tion Association, the Pure Waters Authority, and the
Alumni Association. Orientation and staff workshops were

231. College's Public Relations Office, "Outdoor Educa­

tion Practicum," Outdoor Education Center. State
University College at Cortland, New York, February
1972, p. 10.
232 Ibid., p. 11
 226
also conducted for instructional staff who participated
in the programs offered at the center.
When George Fuge became director of Huntington Memo­
rial Camp in 1962, eleven programs were functioning.
During the 1969-70 season, forty-eight programs were in
2'5‘5
operation. "
During its twenty-two years of operation, a great deal
of maintenance and repair was necessary to restore the
camp to its original condition. With the exception of a
dining hall and sewage plant, no other buildings were
erected. Over the years, new programs and enlarged classes
have placed a heavy burden on Huntington Memorial Camp. A
new dormitory was needed to house the increasing number of
students. This new unit was completed at the center in
the fall of 1970. The one-story structure was designed to
house an additional twenty-four campers.
Since 1970 the college, through the Outdoor Education
Center, has established a policy of assisting Cortland
graduates in developing resident outdoor programs in their
respective schools. These pilot programs are implemented,
when possible, at the college's Outdoor Education Center.
Examples of these New York State high school programs are
as follows:
1. Setauket's Gelinas Junior High Biology pro­
gram which takes place at the Center for one

235. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake, New

York, June 22, 1972.
 227
week during the spring and fall. The stu­
dents are instructed in units which include
plant taxonomy, limnological research and
algae studies, plus additional instruction
in recreational skills.
2. Thornwood's Yfestlake Environmental Studies
program. This is a voluntary program which
consists of senior high school students who
participate in the resident program for one
week in mid-winter. Science, ecology,
social studies and language arts constitute
the base of the program. The emphasis is
on appreciation of the beauty of the natural
world and concern for others.
3. Cortland High School Special Class Resident
program centers on a one-week resident pro­
gram in spring and fall. The program is de­
signed for students having difficulties in
reading and writing. The objectives of the
one week experience is to develop an attitude
of appreciation for the natural environment,
encourage a feeling of concern for others,
and motivate students into areas that will
stimulate their interest in reading and
writing.
4. Aurora's Cayuga Central School Camping pro­
gram emphasizes training in campking skills
and conservation for senior high girls. The
program consists of weekend training sessions
at the Center and overnight canoe trips in
the Raquette lake area.
5. New Hartford High School Advanced Ecology
program is an advanced study program for
junior and seniors who have completed at
least one year of biological studies. In­
cluded in the program are thermal and chemi­
cal research, algae studies and aquatic plant
classification.234
Programming at the Outdoor Education Center undergoes
continual review. Some of the ideas which have been newly
implemented, or are under consideration during the past

234. College's Public Relations Office, "Outdoor Educa­

tion Programs," Outdoor Education Center, State
University College at Cortland, New York, February
1972, pp. 13-15.
 228
year include the following: (1) Save the Barque project
which was mentioned in Chapter Two, (2) Limnological
Pilot Research programs, (3) Pishing and Conservation
Workshops to investigate aquatic life systems related to
environmental conditions necessary for fish reproduction
and growth, and (4) Outdoor Education Practicum for ele­
mentary and secondary education majors to gain practical
environmental knowledge.
The year 1971-72 was the twenty-fourth consecutive
year of operation of State University of New York, College
at Cortland, Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center.
The operation which started on a two week basis, under the
direction of Dr. Harlan Metcalf and Pranklin Coolidge, now
operates seven days a week throughout most of the year.
The camp is not used during March and April as the thawing
ice is impossible to cross. In 1952, under the direction
of Mr. Art Howe, the center's facilities were utilized for
a total of 109 days by 232 students.
According to Puge, during the year 1971-72 the facili­
ties at Huntington Memorial Camp were utilized for a total
of 303 days by 1,923 students. He indicated that the
center achieved a peak of utilization within the limita­
tions of its present facilities and resources. During
the 1971-72 year, the following programs were in opera­
tion: (1) forty-six resident programs included eighteen
college courses, (2) four conferences, (3) thirteen
 229
support programs, (4) four college retreat programs, (5)
eleven recreational programs, and (6) sixteen non-resident
day programs* Fuge also states that there have been over
fifty different programs of instruction carried on at the
235
center within the past twenty-four years.
The center is in full-time operation 10 months out of
the year, and in part-time operation the remaining months.
The operating budget for the past three years are as fol­
lows:
1970-1971
Salariesand Wages (regular) 032,848.00
Salaries and Wages (temporary) 3,600.00
Supplies and Expenses 4,311.00
Equipment 4.000.00
$44,759.00
1971-1972
Salaries and Wages (regular) $36,300.00
Salaries and Wages (temporary) 3,600.00
Supplies and Expenses 4,311.00
Equipment 4.000.00
$48,211.00
1972-1973
Salariesand Wages (regular) 035,949.00
Salaries and LWges (temporary) 2,200,00
Supplies and Expenses 4,513.00
Equipment 600.00
043,262.00
The above monies are allocated through the State Uni­
versity of New York, Bureau of Budget. Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center under Organized Activities. The
director of the center submits his proposed budget to the

235. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake, New

York, June 22, 1972.
 230
Vice President of Graduate and Continuing Education. The
final review of the budget is taken up by the Dean of Edu­
cation, the Vice President for Academic Affairs and the
College’s Business Manager.
The three regular salaries covered employees which
include George Fuge the director, Jay Cummings the assis­
tant director and Mr. Spencer McCoy a Park Ranger.
The maintenance expenses for the Center do not come
out of the above, but rather from the Plant Superinten­
dent’s budget at the College. All the heating, lighting
maintenance supplies are charged against Plant Superinten­
dent’s budget. In reviewing the literature, there was no
breakdown of monies spent on these items, therefore it was
hard to determine actual costs. The Plant Superintendent
sends some of his workers to the Center periodically to
help with the maintenance problems.
There is no income generated by the college classes
conducted at the Huntington Center. The students do pay
room and board. The room portion is deposited with the
State University of New York, and the F.S.A. (Faculty-
Student Association) in order for them to operate the food
services.
The instructional cost for classes taught at Hunting­
ton Memorial Outdoor Education are allocated by depart­
ments. Such departments as the Men's Physical Education,
Women’s Physical Education, Recreation Education, etc.
 231
The expenses for some of the non-credit conferences,
meetings, etc. held at Huntington Center are financed out
of income allocated to the Department of Continuing Edu­
cation.2*^

Summary
State University of New York, College at Cortland is
a state supported school with an on-campus enrollment of
approximately six thousand students. In 1948 State
Teachers College at Cortland established its outdoor edu­
cation center at Raquette lake, New York. Students from
the college, college campus school and off-campus groups
have been attending the camp for the past twenty-four
years. The first program to be offered at the camp for
students attending the college was a two-week work camp.
Since this haphazard beginning the camp has grown tre­
mendously in programs and course offerings.
Several individuals can be cited as Important figures
in establishing the camp and initiating its first pro­
grams. Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf was the tower of strength in
the beginning. Dr. Franklin Coolidge initiated the campus
school program. And Arthur Howe carried on as camp di­
rector after Metcalf. The person most responsible for
the development of the camp during the past decade is

236. Interview with Mr. Richard Margison, Director of

Business Affairs, State University College at Cort­
land, New York, August 15, 1972.
 232
Mr. George Fuge. When Fuge took over the directorship in
1962 eleven programs were in operation. The facilities
were utilized for approximately 109 days by some 232 stu­
dents. During the 1971-72 year, the facilities at Hunt­
ington Memorial Camp were utilized for a total of 303
days by 1,923 students. The program has grown from a two-
week work camp to one providing some fifty different out­
door experiences.
The diversity and application of the programs which
have been instituted at the Center are a reflection of the
capabilities of these educators.
The Center which started out as a two-week operation
has become a full-time operation ten months out of the
year. About sixty percent of the funds to operate the
Center come from college appropriations, the remaining
funds come out of fees and charges to participating groups.
 CHAPTER IX

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

If we view the Adirondacks in 1972 as a point in time,

as an instant in the flow of history, we can look back­
ward down the path from whence we came and hopefully gain
some perspective of the changes that have influenced the
development of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Cen­
ter. The history of the Adirondacks evolves around three
themes. The first pertains to the coming of the early land
barons who sought this wilderness region only for the
natural resources that were so abundant. This very abun­
dance, this magnitude of natural resources, bred a spirit
of unconcern. Exploitation and consolidation of private
ownership marked this first period of resource development.
Some of the resources endured for only a short while.
Others were exploited far beyond the point at which their
exploiters became wealthy. Of the many resources, the
misuse of the forest typifies the lack of concern and poor
foresight of these early land barons.
Luring the 1860's the Adirondacks led the nation in
the production of lumber. Prom 1860-1900 the philosophy
was to "cut out" and "get out." The rapid depletion of

233
 234
the Adirondack forest, and other forests across the
country, provided the impetus for Congress to enact laws
in order to create forest reserves. The first federal
initiative in resource preservation occurred in 1872 with
the establishment of Yellowstone National Park. By the
end of the nineteenth century an estimated half of the
original forest cover of nearly one billion acres had been
lost. In 1891 Congress finally enacted a far reaching law
authorizing the President to withdraw land from the public
domain to create forest reserve under the jurisdiction of
the Department of Interior.
land in the Adirondacks was set aside in 1886 under
jurisdiction of a forest commission which proved weak in
administration. Timber interests maintained a free hand
and widespread lumber stealing was carried on in utter
contempt for the law. In 1894 public confidence in the
forest commission reached an all time low arousing strong
sentiments for constitutional provisions to safeguard the
forests. In that same year the State legislature enacted
Section Seven, Article II of the Constitution— the "for­
ever wild" clause forbidding the sale or lease of any
forest preserve land and the sale, removal or destruction
of timber.
The backgrounds of men promoting this new philosophy
were varied. The movement for forest preservation in
New York was well established when Theodore Roosevelt
 235
■became Governor in 1898. Although he served for only two
years before being elected Vice President of the United
States in 1900, he devoted considerable attention to con­
servation problems. Roosevelt writes: "All that I strove
for in the nation in connection with conservation was
foreshadowed by what I strove to obtain for New York State
237
when I was Governor." Thus, the twentieth century began
to emphasize a new era of conservation rather than ex­
ploitation.
The second theme which appears in the history of the
Adirondacks is the discovery of the region as a tourist
area. Among the great entrepreneurs of the Adirondacks,
loomed the figures of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant and his son,
William West Durant, builders of stagecoach lines, rail­
roads, steamboats, and beautiful camps. The story of the
Adirondacks, and Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education
Center, is a story of William West Durant. He first
visited the Adirondacks in 1876. Donaldson writes of
Durant thus:
He succeeded his father as president of the
Adirondack Railroad and carried on his many de­
velopment schemes with an enthusiasm born of
genuine delight in the woods. He built the
first artistic camps the woods had ever seen,
and opened up the Raquette lake region by
facilities of transportation unknown before,

237. Sandy Marvinney, "Theodore Roosevelt Conserva­

tionist," The Conservationist, June-July, 1972,
p. 20.
 236
Indeed, he was conspicuously the developer of
the Central Adirondacks.238
Durant's transportation system of railroads, stage­
coaches, and steamboats all progressed to bring about the
results for which they were planned— to increase tourist
travel to the Central Adirondack region. In 1886 W. W.
Durant was quoted as saying, "I firmly believe the Adiron­
dacks are the resort of the future, and I am aiding heart
and soul in the progress northward.»,2^9
With the development of Durant's transportation sys­
tem, tourist travel did come to the Adirondacks. Such
wealthy and highly respected people as the Vanderbilts,
Huntingtons, Morgans, Whitneys and the Colliers came'to
this wilderness region and added spice to the history of
the land.
With the completion of Durant's steamboat line, the
fame of Camp Pine Knot (the first of his artistic camps),
began to spread and the camp became a showplace of the
woods. Within the next few years, scores of places simi­
lar to Durant's Swiss chalet-type buildings were being
erected throughout the Adirondacks by other builders.
Prom this first camp sprang a distinctive school of Adiron­
dack architecture. After Camp Pine Knot was completed,

238. A. Ii. Donaldson, A History of the Adirondacks. p. 30.

239. New York Daily Tribune, quoted by Harold Hochschild
in Dr. Durant and the Iron Horse (Adirondack Museum,
Blue Mountain Lake,1962),— p7~!L0.
 237
Durant acquired more property and constructed two addi­
tional camps: Uncas and Sagamore.
In 1890 in search of an Adirondack home, Collis P.
Huntington (a famous railroad builder and frequent guest
of W. W. Durant), purchased Gamp Pine Knot from Durant.
Huntington and his family occupied Camp Pine Knot from
1895 until his death in August 1900. During the latter
part of the nineteenth century, elegant camps and cottages
were being built along the banks of Raquette Lake and
along many of the other lakes. The Adirondacks were, in
part, becoming the playground for the wealthy.
The third theme of the Adirondacks pertains to
camping and outdoor education. This new interest was in
response to change; an attempt to preserve some of the
values of the past. A new concept began to prevail—
learning from nature as a developmental process of man.
One of the most significant aspects of the outdoor
education movement in New York State was the development
of college camps. In 1948 State Teachers College at
Cortland acquired Camp Pine Knot, as a gift from the
Huntingtons, to be used as an outdoor education labora­
tory to train students.
The first program to be offered to students attending
State Teachers College at Cortland, was a two-week work
camp. Since this haphazard beginning, the programs have
grown in quality and quantity. Huntington Memorial
 258
Outdoor Education Center is truly becoming, if not al­
ready, one of the leading outdoor education centers in
the country. This camp, which was once a showplace of
the woods, a resort for the wealthy, is still very much a
part of the Adirondack heritage.
As the Center moves into its twenty-fifth year of
operation, an increasing awareness of the need for en­
vironmental education will place new demands on the pro­
grams to be offered. The ecological changes within the
Adirondacks themselves will be matched by continuing cul­
tural changes within society in general, by forces that
are for the most part beyond our control. The upward pro­
gression in the standard of living will probably continue;
people, ever more affluent, will be financially able to do
more of the things they have dreamed of. And the four-day
work week, gradually becoming a reality for many, will
give them the time to do it.
With more leisure time and opportunities for vacation
any month of the year, we will see recreation become a
year-round activity. Witness, for example, what has hap­
pened already in winter sports within our own generation:
the increase in skiing and snowmobiling. We no longer
abandon the woods in the off-season. These kinds of
changes in the societal environment will in great measure
determine what is to be taught in our schools, colleges,
sind outdoor education centers.
 239
As one studies the changes that have taken place in
the Adirondacks over the past seventy-five years, since
the first federal initiative in resource preservation, one
will realize that the forces now molding public use and
enjoyment of the Adirondacks are in fact sufficiently pre­
dictable to give us some insight into the future character
and utilization of our wilderness heritage. By examining
the trends and anticipating the future, we can gain the
option of exercising some control over the direction we
take. If nothing else, such a projection should help to
remind us that whatever we do today, in the 1970*s, will
definitely affect much of the history soon to be written.
 CHAPTER X

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the growth and development of programs that

have taken place at Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education
Center over the past quarter of a century and the antici­
pated demands that will he placed onthe center during the
next decade, the following recommendations for a future
ideal outdoor education center can be made:

Personnel for the Center. The director of the center

should possess at least a master*s degree, preferably in
outdoor education or a related field. He should hold
faculty rank as opposed to staff rank at the supporting
institution. The assistant director should be a full­
time person with a similar background. The remaining
staff consisting of: instructors, maintenance people,
cooks, office workers, and specialists may be hired on a
full- or part-time basis.

Program of the Center. The primary function of the center

is to provide a training site in environmental education
for those who will be working with youth and adults in

240
 241
outdoor settings. In order to meet the demands that will
he placed on the natural environment as a laboratory for
learning, and on teaching skills and appreciation for the
out-of-doors, the State University of New York, College at
Cortland, should adhere to the center*s Master Plan es­
tablished in 1965. Serious consideration should be given
to the revision and updating of this plain. In this revi­
sion emphasis should be placed on the four functions of the
center as outlined by the Camp Advisory Committee in
Chapter Eight.
In order to cope with the recreational movement now
underway, and the flood of people coming into the woods,
colleges and universities will need to prepare people in
recreation resource management and people management.
Also, the development of a research program should be con­
sidered at the center to aid program development.
The center should be made available for use at all
times during the year as needed for outdoor educational
purposes. In order to provide for these outdoor experi­
ences, priorities should be established for both college
and non-college use of the center under the following
four categories: (1) purpose of the program, (2) function
of the program (outdoor-vs-classroom) instruction, (5) use
of the intrinsic resources of the center, and (4) outdoor
recreational activities. Within each of the four
 242
categories, an order of priorities is established which
relates to that particular type of program,
First Priority programs are those that
are part of the regular College curriculum, are
credit courses and are concerned with study in,
for and about the natural environment. These
programs must need to utilize the intrinsic
natural resources of the center as the educa­
tional laboratory. Within this category, the
following order of priorities is established:
A, Required courses (graduate and under­
graduate) .
B. Elective courses (graduate and under­
graduate) .
C. Field trips as part of functioning
on-campus courses.
D, Teacher training workshops carrying
in-service credit.
Second Priority programs are those that
function to complement the environmental educa­
tion program development needs of the College
community. These may be non-credit, educa­
tional programs that involve studies in, for
and about the natural environment. They must
need to utilize the intrinsic natural re­
sources of the Center as the educational media.
Within this category the following order of
priorities is established:
A. Outdoor education-environmental educa­
tion workshops (non-credit),
B. Outdoor education-environmental educa­
tion support programs.
Third Priority programs are those uti-
lizing primarily the intrinsic isolation of the
facility for group conferences and concerned
with humanistic studies. Within this category
the following order of priorities is estab­
lished.
A. Continuing education programs re­
lated to environmental problems
or studies.
B. College-centered retreat programs.
C. Other seminars or meetings.
Fourth Priority programs are those uti-
lizing the natural'resources of the Center for
outdoor recreational activities. These
 245
programs are restricted to students and staff
desiring to continue the outdoor recreational
skills developed as a result of prior course
work taken at the center.240

Administration of the Center. At the present time, at the

State level the center is categorized under the heading of
Organized Activities in terms of budget allocation. At
the local college level, the center comes under the Divi­
sion of Graduate and Continuing Education.
The ideal center should he administered by some
structure other than a department or division within the
college. If the center were a separate entity within the
institution, administered by someone such as a Vice Presi­
dent for Academic Affairs, its scope would be broadened
to the various factions of the college. An interdisci­
plinary advisory committee from within the college should
be established to assist in the administration of the
center.

Financial Support of the Center. The Huntington Memorial

Outdoor Education Center should be supported by the State
University of New York Purpose Funds (State budget allo­
cation) and from State University Income Funds (S.U.N.Y.
allocations) with budget division approval, as far as both
operating expenses and capital improvement funds are

240. College^ Public Relations Office, "Priorities,"

Outdoor Education Center. State University College
ai Cortland, New York, February 1972, pp. 708.
 244
concerned. If the college considers the center as an
integral part of the campus facility, then it should he
financed in the same manner as any indoor education pro­
gram. Some percentage of capital improvement funds could
he provided for from gifts to the center and from groups
outside the college. The present limited funds prevents
the center from accomplishing its objectives.
In view of the social and economic influences present
in our society today, and the recreational movement under­
way, one can anticipate some of the changes that will take
place. As recreational demands increase and more and more
people use the woods for recreation, pressures will in­
crease to develop the remaining lands. In order to pre­
vent the over-use and misuse that our forefathers experi­
enced, the future lies in the attitude of reverence we in­
still in youth. By involving these youngsters in environ­
mental issues, hy getting them into the field and forest
to see and experience living things, we can he instru­
mental in assuring that in their adult lives they will
have a concern for the remaining wildlands. In order to
meet the challenges of the future, Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center should continue to do its part in
providing a training site for those who will he working
with youth and adults in various outdoor settings.
'APPEND! CBS
 246

APPENDIX A

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS IN NEW YORK STATE

 247

appendix B
 APPENDIX c
« W show ing northwest
s e c t io n o p Ad ir o n d a c k
MOUNTAINS

vi

assss
 249

APPENDIX D

MAP SHOWING SOUTHEAST SECTION OF ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS

 250
APPENDIX E

MAP SHOWING SOUTHWEST SECTION OF ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS

Al>.FOININ(i*TEHKITOUY
aanuo m
J I A l ’ H A h ti P I K L D N O T K H

STATt DEPARTMENTS if ALBANY. N.T.

TUPOGttAPHlCALSHEETBo*r** U.B. GEOLOGICAL SURYKY

taW*A&LMQ«*&MACI.
 251

APPENDIX F

MAP SHOWING THE TOTTEN AND CROSSFIELD PURCHASE

A d ir o n d a c k
M ountains
 252

APPENDIX G

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ADIRONDACK FOREST PRESERVE

ADI
Oft

tali vrotiHC
o ru c o

c*rr«R4ucus
 253

APPENDIX H

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF WOODS POINT ON EAST SHORE OF RAQUETTE LAKE

 APPENDIX I

MAP SHOWING ADIRONDACK RAILROAD FROM SARATOGA TO NORTH CREEK, N.I.

 255

APPENDIX J

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF DURANT VILLAGE ON LONG POINT, NEW YORK

 256

APPENDIX X

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PINE KNOT POINT ON LONG POINT, NEW YORK

Lot*6
 NORTH
V
CO
BAY ffpOINT a
P BEECHER §
& ISLAND
£
o

MAN BAY BLUFF

POINT
BOULDER BROOK *n s
GREEN PT OULDEK BA' & o
I 3,
rt^^^EEDLE ISl/AND _ 2;
/
>
t-3
t7>
I OGA PT^r
Cortland's s *>TJ
BROOK o
H untington Gy.-3 *TJ
/! N Y ? * ' M em orial O
30 FT a *0
ts H y
•25
t! M
1^ WOODS POINT
VER BAY ^ S3
- O
MARION RIVER
HUNTERS
y
ANTLERS LONG POINT I*5
POINT r

SILVER BEACH
CO
l PINE G
CARLIN*
RAQUETTE LAKE
VILLAGE T
j KNOT PT
SOUTH BAYsj
[I9FTMAJ<] \ /
GOLDEN BEACH j
I '— —._ , i fO
BROWN'S TRACT DEATH I
Q VJ1
-'J
INLET BROOK
-TO INLET HIRD’S
o /-vaT 1 t\(COV
 APPENDIX M

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SAGAMORE AND UNCAS LAKES

 INUrrm aynuk ,
bay ( r p o m
„ & BEECHER *
X3
& ^-' ISLAND CO
sc
a
STILLMAN BAY BLUFF
o
POINT
BOULDER BROOK so
GREEN PT > ■
•-3
\ "-CgOULDER BA'
s
\ ^ a
rt®4!^EDL/E ISLAND
S
I
SUCKER f« Cortland’s
BROOK BAY '1
Huntington n
CO
30 FT M em orial

VER BAY p
/ WOODS POINT
I
o
CO

i\ MARION RIVER a
Bro
HUNTER'S IVI I
REST \l V i
ANTLERS LONG POINT
POINT /s'|
I SILVER BEACH
I 0
a
Bl
ELAN I PINE
CARLIN’.S 1 KNOT PT
RAQUETTE LAKE GOLDEN BEACH
1
a
VILLAGE , SOUTH BAYn
19 FT MAX I \ y.
BROWN'S TRACT DEATH Eg
INLET BROOK
<^s*r-— ■ —7
-TO INLET BIRD'S '
BCAT LIVERY ro
SOUTH INLET R28 — TO BLUE MT LAKE ui
VD
 260

APPENDIX 0

RAQUETTE LAKE RAILROAD, FEBRPARY 2ND. 1899

DIRECTORS

1. Collis P. Huntington, President and Executive Committee

2. Dr. W, Seward Webb

3. J. Pierpont Morgan

4. W. C. Whitney

5. Harry Payne Whitney, Executive Committee

6. S. R. Callaway, President New York Central Railroad

?. William West Durant, Executive Committee

R. Senator Chauneey M. Depew

9. Ma.jor E. M. Burns, Vice President and General Manager

10. C. E. Snyder, Legal Advisor and Executive Committee

11. I. E. Gates, Vice President, Southern Pacific Railroad, Treasurer

12. Robert Bacon, (of J. P. Morgan).

13. John A. Dix

INCORPORATORS ONLY

14. Dr. A. G. Garster

15. Joseph H, Ladew

 261

APPENDIX P

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF DURANT LAKE IN HAMILTON COUNTY

H IG H V W DCMR1MCN?
MAAOf

HAMILTON COUNTY
NEW YORK
o i h i i. m ill
M i **

&
&
 262

APPENDIX Q
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PROPERTY PURCHASED BY C.P. HUNTINGTON

§ §
* * *
S Co

t
^ /
 APPENDIX R

MAP SHOWING PARCELS OF LAND ON LONG POINT AND DATES COLLIS

P. HUNTINGTON PURCHASED THESE PROPERTIES
 264

APPENDIX S

MAP OF PINE KNOT POINT

 265

APPENDIX T

MAP SHOWING REFERENCES TO DEEDS OF C. P. HUNTINGTON

J o <£•

v»
—G
 266

APPENDIX U

LAW AUTHORIZING THE ACCEPTANCE OF A SITE BY THE STATE OF NEW YORK

......... * vi
LAW S OF NEW YORK.— By Authority
t

CHAPTER 485
A X A C T autlioriziijpr the acceptance of a site by the state in the c ity of
Buffalo for the htate college for teachers
Became a law March 31, 1044, w ith the approval of the Governor. Passed,
threc-fifthB being present
The People of the Hta te of N e w Y o rk , represented i n Hcnatc and Assembly,
do enact ae fo llo w s :

Section 1. The commissioner of education, with the consent of

the superintendent of public works, is hereby authorized to take
title, free of encumbrances and existing easements and without cost
to the state, to a site to bcjocated in the city of Buffalo for the
erection thereupon of a building or buildings for “ New York State
College for Teachers at Buffalo” . Title to such property may be
transferred to the state by deed or deeds of conveyance and other
necessary instruments of transfer delivered to the commissioner of
education, accompanied by a certificate of the attorney general
approving the title and form and sufficiency of execution of such
conveyance and instruments. Such conveyance and instruments
may contain the condition that such property shall revert to the
grantors, their heirs, successors or assigns, in the event that con­
struction of such buildings is not commenced within ten years from
the passage of this act. *
§ 2. This act shall take effect immediately.

S t a te o f N e w Y o h k ,1 . '
D epartm ent of State, j SB!
I have compared the preceding w ith the original law on file in this office, and
do hereby certify th a t the same ia a correct transcript therefrom and of tho
wholo of said o rig inal law.
T H O M A S J. C U R R A N ,
Secretary o f S ta te

I J
 267

APPENDIX V

ARTICLE ON A.M. HUNTINGTON'S DONATION OF 300 ACRES

Huntington Gives
College Properly
C O R TL A N D .— Archer M . H unt­
ington of Reading, Conn., and New
Y o rk city has donated 300 acres of
land to Cortland state teachers col­
lege for a camp.
’ The property, which includes 17
buildings, is situated on Raquette
Lake and has been given by H un t­
ington as a memorial to his father,
the late Collis Potter Huntington.
The state legislature must approve
the gift.
Most of the buildings on Long
Point peninsula, con be used w ith ­
out alteration and include a serv­
ant's house of approximately 20
rooms: a guide house large enough
to accommodate about 10 students:
the D urant camp of eight rooms; a
new house of 10 rooms: nursery of
seven r o o m s : recreation hall;
K irb y camp w ith a large living
room, four bedrooms, a bath and
service rooms.
Besides Ihcsc buildings there arc
a number of Adirondack ICanto's
along the shore. Most o fthe build­
ings arc lurnis'ned.
T he camp is badly nccded'by the
college which has been using a
camp at Chatcaugay Lake that no
longer can be rented. Cortland
teachers college has in operation
the largest physical training pro­
gram in any such school in the
country and included is traaining in
outdoor education and camping.
College authorities point out the
camp would be staffed by regular
instructors now on the college fac­
ulty. O nly a caretaker would be
necdd at present. ; .. . '
*.r 1______ ^ _ rr# > r^ U

241. The Post Standard, "Huntington Gives College Property

At Eaquette Lake", February 18, 1948
 268
APPENDIX W

AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE ACCEPTANCE OF CERATIN LANDS IN HAMILTON

COUNTY BY THE STATE FOR THE STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE AT CORTLAND

S T A T E OF N E W YORK
No. 1569 Int. 1524

February 4, 1948 / f//

Introduced by M r, CREAL— read onee and referred to the

Committee on Ways and Means

Authorizing the acceptance of certain lands in Hamilton county

by the state for the New York state teachers' college of
Cortland'

The People o f the State of New Y ork, represented in Senate and

Assembly, do enact as follows:

^ Section 1. The commissioner of education is hereby authorized

2 to take title, free of encumbrances and easements and without cost

3 to the state, to certain lands, being all the premises of-Archer M.

£ Huntington, located on Long Point peninsula of Raquette lake

) in the county of Hamilton, Such title shall be taken in memory of

0 Collis Potter Huntington on behalf of the state for the use of the

7 New York state teachers’ college at Cortland.

8 Title to such property may be transferred to the state by deed

9 or deeds of convcyunee and other necessary instruments of transfer

 269

APPENDIX X

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF CAMP MARION ON LONG POINT, RAQUETTE LAKE

0NG PoiNf
 270

APPENDIX Y

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF TANAGER LODGE ON UPPER CHATEAUGAY LAKE

A d ir o n d a c k
M ountains
 271

APPENDIX Z

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF FACILITIES ON PINE KNOT POINT

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

Aber, Ted and Stella King. History of Hamilton County.

Great Wilderness Books, Lake Pleasant, New York, 1965.
Applegate, Howard Lewis. The Story of Sagamore. Univer­
sity College of Syracuse University, May 1961.
Conservation Committee. The Forest Preserve of New York
State. Adirondack Mountain Club, Inc., 1965.
Dana, Samuel T. Education and Outdoor Recreation. United
States Government Printing Office, 1968.
Donaldson, A. L. A History of the Adirondacks. Appleton-
Century Crofts, Inc., 1921.
Evans, Cerinda W. Collis Potter Huntington. The Mariners
Museum, Newport News, Virginia, Vol. I.
Freeherg, William H. and L. E. Taylor. Programs in Out­
door Education. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing
Company, 1953.
Gabrielson, M. A., and Charles Holtzer. Outdoor Education.
New York, Center for Applied Research in Education,
Inc., 1965.
Hochschild, Harold. Adirondack Steamboats on Raquette and
Blue Mountain Lakes. Adirondack Museum, Blue Moun-
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Hochschild, Harold. An Adirondack Resort in the Nineteenth
Century— Blue Mountain Lake 1870-1900. Stagecoaches
and luxury Hotels. Adirondack Museum Library. New
York, 1952.------
Hochschild, Harold. Durant and His Iron Horse. Adiron­
dack Museum Library, New York, 1962.

273
 274
Hochschild, Harold K. life and leisure in the Adirondack
Backwoods> Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain lake,
Itfew York, 1962.
Hochschild, Harold, lumberjacks and Rivermen in the Cen­
tral Adirondacks, 1850-1950. Adirondack Museum,
Blue Mountainlake,19 52.
Hochschild, Harold. The MacIntyre Mine, from Failure to
Fortune. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain lake,
5few' York, 1962.
Hochschild, Harold. Township 34. Adirondack Museum, Blue
Mountain lake, New York, 1954.
Jamieson, Paul F. The Adirondack Reader. The Macmillan
Company, New York, 1964.
lieberman, Joshua, Creative Camping; a coeducational ex­
periment in personality development and social living.
New York Association Press, 1931.
longstreth, Thomas M. The Adirondacks. The Century Com­
pany, New York, 19l7.
Mand, Charles 1. Outdoor Education. J. lowell Pratt and
Company, New York, 1947.
Masten, Arthur H. The Story of Adirondac. The Adirondack
Museum, Syracuse University Press,1968.
Miles, G. E. Collis P. Huntington. 1897.
Miller, William J. The Adirondack Mountains. The Univer­
sity of The State of New York, Albany, 1917.
Porter, Eliot. Forever Wild: The Adirondacks. Adiron­
dack Museum, Blue Mountain lake, New York, 1966.
Reid, Robert W. The Development of a School Education
Camping Program! Recordak Corp., New York, 19^0.
Sharp, 1. B. Outdoor Education for American Youth.
Washington,1),0,, American Association for Health,
Physical Education, and Recreation, 1957.
Smith, H. Perry. The Modem Babes in the Woods or: Sum­
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Syracuse , llew York,lS72.
 275
Smith, Julian W. Outdoor Education. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1963.
Smith, Julian W. Outdoor Education for American Youth.
American Association for Health, Physical Education,
and Recreation, Washington, D.C., 1957.
Smith, Julian, R. E. Carlson, H. B. Masters, and G. W.
Donaldson, Outdoor Education. Prentice Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972.
Sylvester, Nathaniel B. Historical Sketches of Northern
New York. Published, “1877~.
Thomas, Howard. Tales of the Adirondack Foothills. Pros
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Warner, Charles D. In the Wilderness. Boston, Houghton,
Mifflin and Company, 1906.
Wessels, William. Adirondack Profiles. Hamilton Adver­
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White, William Chapman. Adirondack Countrv. Little,
Brown and Company, Boston, 1954.

B. ARTICLES and PERIODICALS

. nA Millionaire's Adirondack Camp," Illustrated
Saturday Magazine. August 25, 1900. p. 5.
Campus School Outdoor Education Program Committee.
"General Objectives for the Campus School Outdoor
Education Program," Camping Philosophy of the Campus
School, State University or Uew York, College at
Cortland, New York, October 1968, p. 4.
College's Public Relations Office, "Outdoor Education
Practicum," Outdoor Education Center, State Univer­
sity College at Cortland, New^ork, February 1972,
p. 10.
College's Public Relations Office, "Programs in the Bio­
logical Sciences," Outdoor Education Center, State
University College at Cortland, New tork, February
1972, p. 9.
Cooper, Hermann, "Teacher Education for the Out-of-Doors,"
Camping and Education, The Bulletin of the National
Association of Secondary School Principals, 1947.
 276

Portland Standard. "Albany Okays Gift of Estate to the

College," April 28, 1948.
Cortland Standard.. "Outdoor Education and Camping Courses
Offered at Huntington Memorial Camp," May 1949.
Cortland Standard. "Tentative Program for Teachers Col-
lege Camp Announced by Dr. Metcalf," February 21,
1948, p. 2.
Department of Conservation and Outdoor Education, Explana­
tion of the Programs in Conservation and Outdoor
Education at Southern Illinois University. Carbon-
dale, Illinois, 1972.
Donaldson, George W, "Living and Learning— Outdoors,"
The School Executive. February 1945, p. 65.
Ford, Phillis M. Recreation and Mark Management Option in
Outdoor Education with Teacher Certification.Univer­
sity of Oregon, 1971, p. 1.
Fuge, George. "Portland's Other Campus," Cortland Alumni
Magazine, Vol. XXIV (Spring 1967), pp. 1-5.
Grenon, Joseph P. Camp Marion, pp. 1-5.
Harvey, Ellen E. Outdoor Education, University of Maryland,
1972.
Harvey, Ellen E. "In Memoriam," The Cortland Alumni Maga­
zine (Y/inter 1962), p. 47.
Marvinney, Sandy. "Theodore Roosevelt Conservationist,"
The Conservationist, June/July, 1972, p. 20.
Meaddoff, Stell. "A Perfect Grand Time," Didasaleion.
State Teachers College at Cortland, 1958, p. 150.
Metcalf, Harland G. "Outdoor Education Relations . . .
In Context," Mature Study. 1970, p. 1.
Hew York Herald Tribune. "Archer Huntington Dies; Poet
and Philanthropist— Son of Western Railroad Pioneer
was Art Patron and World Traveler," December 11, 1955.
New York Journal, "Collis P. Huntington," August 14,
1900, p. 1.
Mew York Tribune. "Lake Created by C.C.C, to be Named
for Durant," August 11, 1936.
 277
New York Tribune. "William West Durant Dies; Developer
of Adirondacks," 1934.
Raney, Edward, "Minnows of New York," The Conservationist,
April/May, p. 22,
Shaffer, David. "Adirondacks 1Forever Wild' Wins Rocky's
Approval," The Portland Standard, July 26, 1972, p. 8,
Shaffer, David. "State Decision Will Decide Future of
Adirondacks," The Cortland Standard, September 6,
1972, p. 7.
Sharp, I, B, and E, DeAlton Partridge, "Camping and Out­
door Education," The Bulletin of the National Associa-
tion of Secondary’"SchooT^ Principals^-Vol. 3l CMav
1947;, pp. 53-59.
Smith, Julian. Outdoor Education for American Youth.
Washington: American Association for Health, Physical
Education and Recreation, 1957.
Smith, Julian. "Springfield College," Community and Out­
door Recreation. 1970-1973, pp. 30,” 31^ 78, 79.
Syracuse Post Standard. "Huntington Gives College Pro-
periy at Raquette lake," February 18, 1948.
The New York Times. "Fun Guide Urged for Camp leaderB,"
i’ebruary 147 1946 •
Welch, Fay, "Eleven Years of Outdoor Leadership Training,"
Syracuse University, Pamphlet. 1946, p. 2,
Welch, Fay. "Tanager Lodge . . . Our Adirondack Wilder­
ness Camp," Cortland Alumni Magazine (Winter 1945),
p. 1.
Wells, Samuel. "Thomas Clark Durant," American Phreno­
logical Journal. March 1867, p. 70.

C . REPORTS
Assembly Document. Report of the Geological Survey of
New York. Report No. 200, 1938.
Fuge, George. "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center Archives. Raquette Lake,
ifew York, June 1962-June 1963.
 278

Fuge, George. "Cortland College Outdoor Education Center—

Course Offerings," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Educa­
tion Center Archives^ kaquette lake, Hew York,
November 1967, pp. 2, 3.
Gerhard, Victor J. A Report of the Scope (Suffolk County
Organization for the Promotion of Education). Educa­
tion Facilities Laboratories. Scope, 1970.
Howe, Art. "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial Outdoor
Education Center Archives." Raquette Lake. New York.
June l9i?0-June 195^.
Huntington Camp Planning Committee. "A Master Plan for the
Immediate and Long Range Development of the Hunting­
ton Memorial Camp of State University College, Cort­
land, New York and Its Adjunct Properties," Hunting­
ton Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives.
June 1965, p* 3.
Metcalf, Harlan G. "Recreation Education— Summer School,"
Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Ar-
chivesT Raquette Lake, New York, April 1951.
Metcalf, Harlan G, "Report of The State Teachers College
Boys Work Camp on Long Point, Raquette Lake," Hunting­
ton Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives" July
1948, p7 1.
Metcalf, Harlan G. "Structures at the Huntington Out­
door Education Center," Huntington Memorial Outdoor
Education Center Archives^ April 1948, pp. 1-5.
Mengel, Gordon. "Camping Philosophy of the Campus School,"
Campus School Report. State University College at
Cortland, October 1968.
McDermott, George. "Science Camp— Course 706," Huntington
Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives.
5aquette~Lake, New York, August 12, 1971.

Vandermeer, John H. and Lawrence Slobodkin. "Ecological

Resources in New York State's Colleges and Univer­
sities," Rensselaer Research Corporation. Troy,
New York," i97l.
Young, Kenneth. "Huntington Camp Planning Committee,"
Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Ar­
chives. September 18, 1964, pp. 1-2.
 279
D. DOCUMENTS
Durant, Rev. William. "Durant Piles." Manuscript 1870-
1908. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake,
New York.
Durant, William West. Book of Deeds. Office of the
County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, Book 23,
P. 54.
Durant, William West. "Inventory List of Buildings on Camp
Pine Knot," Documents. Adirondack Museum, Blue
Mountain Lake, February 7, 1895.
Durant, William West. Manuscript 2-11. Adirondack Museum,
Blue Mountain Lake,_ N ew Yorlc.
Durant, William West. Manuscript 3-11. Adirondack Museum,
Blue Mountain Lake, New York.
Durant, William West. Manuscript 6-10. Adirondack Museum,
Blue Mountain Lake, New York.
Durant, William West. Manuscript 61-13. Adirondack
Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York.
Durant, William West and Janet Durant. Manuscript 63-238.
(Folder 10-11), Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain
Lake, New York.
Huntington, Arabella D. Book of Wills 1265. Office of
Surrogate, Hamilton County, November 22, 1928,
p. 201.
Huntington, Archer Milton. Book of Deeds. Office of the
County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, p. 215.
Huntington, Archer M. and Anna Hyatt Huntington. Book of
Deeds. Hamilton County Clerks Office, Lake
Pleasant, New York, February 16, 1949, p. 269.
Huntington, Collis Porter. Book of Deeds. Office of the
County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, 1895, p. 21.
Metcalf, Harlan G., William Clemens and Walter Thurber.
References of Deeds. Office of the County Clerk,
Lake Pleasant, New York, December 1947.
Smith, Donnal V. "Letter of Intent," Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center Archives” December 18.
i w r . --------------------------------------
 280
E. LETTERS
Brind, Charles A., Counsel for the State Education Depart­
ment, Albany, New York, to Archer M. Huntington,
April 24, 1948.
Gandelman, Hiram, New York State Maritime Academy, Fort
Schuyler, New York, to Donnal V. Smith, President
of State Teachers College at Cortland, November 5*
1948.
Goldstein, Nathaniel, Attorney General, State of New York,
Department of Law, Albany, New York, to Archer M.
Huntington, December 2, 1948.
Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, January 1, 1948.
Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, January 15,
1948.
Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, April 2, 1948.
Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, July 20, 1948.
Huntington, Archer M,,to Donnal V. Smith, July 30, 1948.
Huntington, Archer M., to Harlan G. Metcalf, November 11,
1947.
Huntington, Archer M., to Harlan G. Metcalf, January 1,
1948.
Huntington, Archer M., to Nathaniel Goldstein, December 2,
1948.
Howe, Arthur !., Director of Physical Education and
Athletics, Hamburg High School, Hamburg, New York,
to Donnal Smith, April 7> 1948.
Killough, Robert C., Deputy Counsel for law, State Educa­
tion Department, to Archer M. Huntington, February 28,
1949.
Killough, Robert C., to Donnal V. Smith, September 28,
1948.
Metcalf, Harlan, to Archer M. Huntington, October 23, 1947.
Metcalf, Harlan G., to Archer M. Huntington, November 11,
1947.
 281
Metcalf, Harlan G., to Donnal V. Smith, December 7, 1947.
Metcalf, Harlan G., to Archer M. Huntington, December 18,
1947.
Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, December 18,
1947.
Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, January 10,
1948.
Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, January 27,
1948.
Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, January 20,
1948.
Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, April 8, 1948
Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, June 8, 1948.
Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, July 28, 1948
Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, July 28, 1948
Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, August 23,
1948.
Smith, Donnal V., to Arthur L. Howe, April 9, 1948.
Smith, Donnal V., to Charles Brind, Jr., May 21, 1948.
Smith, Donnal V., to Faculty Members, State Teachers Col­
lege, Cortland, New York, November 8, 1948.
Smith, Donnal V.,to John Moore, caretaker at Camp Pine
Knot, Raquette Lake, New York, June 3, 1948.
Smith, Donnal V., to Lewis A. Wilson, Commissioner of Edu­
cation, New York State Education Department,
October 22, 1948.
Smith, Donnal V., to Robert Killough, April 2, 1948.
Wilson, Lewis A., to John E. Burton, Director of Budget,
January 22, 1948.

P. UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
Lewis, Charles A., "Outdoor Education: A Summary of Basic
Concepts and Factors Influencing Its Growth and De­
velopment in New York State," Unpublished Ph.D. dis­
sertation, Print Shop, Port Washington, New York,1969.
 282
G . OTHER SOURCES
Bowling Green, Ohio. Personal interview with Donnal V.
Smith, former president, State Teachers College at
Cortland, Cortland, New York, May 16, 1972.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with David Miller
professor, State University of New York, College at
Cortland, September 28, 1972.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Prank
Nania, professor, State University of New York, Col­
lege at Cortland, October 5# 1972.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Pranklin
Coolidge, former Principal of State Teachers College
at Cortland Campus >chool, September 26, 1972,
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Pred T.
Holloway, professor, State University of New York,
College at Cortland, September 22, 1972.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Gene
Waldbaurer, professor, State University of New York,
College at Cortland, October 18, 1972.
Cortland, New York. W.K.R.T. radio interview with Dr.
Harlan G. Metcalf, April 9, 1948.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Jack
MacPhee, professor, State Teachers College at Cort­
land, September 25# 1972.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Larry
Martin, associate professor, State University of
New York, College at Cortland, September 15# 1972.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Robert
Weber, Chairman of the Men's Physical Education
Department, State University of New York, College
at Cortland, September 28, 1972.
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Harry Bel-
lardini, Director of Physical Education, State Uni­
versity of New York, Campus School, College at
Cortland, September 28, 1972,
Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Richard
Margison, Director of Business Affairs, State Uni­
versity of New York, College at Cortland, August 15#
1972.
 283
Cortland, New York. Personal Interview with Roland
Eckard, professor, State University of New York,
College at Cortland, October 9, 1972.
Raquette lake, New York. Personal interview with Arthur
Cook, associate professor, State University of New
York, College at Cortland, June 11, 1972.
Raquette lake, New York. Personal interview with George
Fuge, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Edu­
cation Center, June 22, 1972.
Raquette lake, New York. Personal interview with Gordon
Mendel, professor, Campus School, State University
of New York, College at Cortland, June 21, 1972.
ITully lake, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Harlan
G. Metcalf, former director of Huntington Memorial
Outdoor Education Center, September 3, 1972.
lully lake, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Harlan
G. Metcalf, September 15, 1972.
Q?ully lake, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Harlan
G. Metcalf, August 16, 1972.