Module 1

Fundamentals of
Database Systems
Reference : Elmasri Chapter 1

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Module 1 - Motivation
Fundamentals of Database Systems
• The design and implementation of the
database component is a most significant
aspect of Information system development
• Success of the Information system depends
on the design of the database !
I think our smaller sized cans of
drink are selling faster than the Sorry but we can only obtain
larger ones. Can you give me a reports showing total cans sold
breakdown? to each store.

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Module 1 1
 Module 1 - Contents
Fundamentals of Database Systems
• Introduction
• concept of a database
• concept of a database management
system
• Describes the functions of a database
management system

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Introduction
• Databases and database systems are an essential component of life in
modern society.
• Traditional database applications, the information that is stored and
accessed is either textual or numeric.
• component of multimedia, store images, audio clips, and video streams
digitally.
• Geographic information systems (GIS), store and analyze maps, weather
data, and satellite images
• Data warehouses and online analytical processing (OLAP) systems are
used to extract and analyze useful business information from very large
databases to support decision making
• Real-time and active database technology, used to control industrial and
manufacturing processes

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Module 1 2
 What is a Database?

• A database is a collection of related data

• By data, known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning.

Hard disk full of data Library

Filing Cabinet

Diary

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Properties of a database
• A database represents some aspect of the real
world, sometimes called the miniworld or the
universe of discourse (UoD)
• A database is a logically coherent collection of
data with some inherent meaning
• A database is designed, built, and populated
with data for a specific purpose

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Module 1 3
 What is a DBMS?

• DBMS - DataBase Management System - is a collection of

programs that enables users to create and maintain a
database
• DBMS may be general purpose (business applications) or
special purpose (biological databases, geographic information,
...)
• The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that
facilitates the processes of defining, constructing,
manipulating, and sharing databases among various users
and applications.

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The DBMS facilitates ...

• Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures, and

constraints of the data to be stored in the data base. Or descriptive
information is also stored by the DBMS in the form of a database catalog
or dictionary; it is called meta-data
• Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some
storage medium that is controlled by the DBMS
• Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying the
database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect
changes in the miniworld, and generating reports from the data.
• Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the
database simultaneously (application program)
• Other important functions provided by the DBMS include protecting the
database and maintaining it over a long period of time

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Module 1 4
 What is a Database System?

DBMS
+
Database
=
Database
System

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Database System Components

• The Stored Database
– A collection of related facts
• The DBMS
– The software that defines, constructs and
manipulatesa database
• The Applications
– The programs (in specific languages) that
manipulate the database
• The Users
– People who use the database system, through
the DBMS interface or through application
programs

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Module 1 5
 Examples :

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Characteristics
of the Database Approach
• Traditional file processing, each user defines and
implements the files needed for a specific software
application as part of programming the application.
• Database approach, a single repository maintains data
that is defined once and then accessed by various
users.
• Main characteristics of the database approach versus
the file-processing approach are the following:
– Self-describing nature of a database system
– Insulation between programs and data, and data
abstraction
– Support of multiple views of the data
– Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

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Module 1 6
 Self-Describing Nature of
a Database System
• The database system contains not only the
database itself but also a complete definition
or description of the database structure and
constraints.
• The information stored in the catalog is called
meta-data, and it describes the structure of
the primary database
• In traditional file processing, data definition is
typically part of the application programs
themselves

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Insulation between Programs and Data,

and Data Abstraction
• The traditional file processing, the structure of data files is
embedded in the application programs, so any changes to the
structure of a file may require changing all programs that access
that file.
• DBMS access programs do not require such changes in most
cases. The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog
separately from the access programs (program-data
independence)

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Module 1 7
 Continue ….

• User application programs can operate on the data by

invoking these operations through their names and
arguments, regardless of how the operations are
implemented (program-operation independence).
• The characteristic that allows program-data independence
and program-operation independence is called data
abstraction

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Support of Multiple Views

of the Data
• A database typically has many users, each of
whom may require a different perspective or
view of the database

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 Sharing of Data and Multiuser
Transaction Processing
• A multiuser DBMS, must allow multiple users to
access the database at the same time. This is essential
if data for multiple applications is to be integrated and
maintained in a single database.
• The DBMS must include concurrency control software
to ensure that several users trying to update the same
data do so in a controlled manner so that the result of
the updates is correct
• These types of applications are generally called online
transaction processing (OLTP) applications

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Users of the Database System

• Database Administrators
• Database Designers and Application
Programmers
• End Users
– Casual End Users
– Parametric End Users
– Sophisticated End Users

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Module 1 9
 Database Administrators

• a person or a group of persons who is responsible for the

management of the database.
• responsible for authorizing access to the database by grant
and revoke permissions to the users, for coordinating and
monitoring its use, managing backups and repairing damage
due to hardware and/or software failures and for acquiring
hardware and software resources as needed.
• In case of small organization the role of DBA is performed by a
single person and in case of large organizations there is a
group of DBA's who share responsibilities.

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Database Designers and Application

Programmers
• They are responsible for identifying the data
to be stored in the database and for choosing
appropriate structure to represent and store
the data.
• It is the responsibility of database designers to
communicate with all prospective of the
database users in order to understand their
requirements so that they can create a design
that meets their requirements.

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Module 1 10
 End Users

• End Users are the people who interact with the

database through applications or utilities. The
various categories of end users are:

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Casual End Users

• These Users occasionally access the database but may need

different information each time. They use sophisticated
database Query language to specify their requests.
• For example: High level Managers who access the data weekly
or biweekly.

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Module 1 11
 Naive/ Parametric End Users
• These users frequently query and update the
database using standard types of Queries.
• The operations that can be performed by this
class of users are very limited and effect
precise portion of the database.
• Example : Reservation clerks for
airlines/hotels check availability for given
request and make reservations. Also, persons
using Automated Teller Machines (ATM's) fall
under this category as he has access to limited
portion of the database.

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Sophisticated End Users

• interact with the system without
writing programs : They form requests
by writing queries in a database query
language. These are submitted to
a query processor that breaks a DML
statement down into instructions for
the database manager module.

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Module 1 12
 Why use a Database System?

 The database approach provides a central store

of data and meta-data, and thus
 Is not internal to an application program, as
in traditional file processing environments
 Provides shared access for multiple users
 Relieves the application programmer from
various tedious bookkeeping tasks
 Provides the facility to change the data
without affecting the applications

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The DBMS Software

26

Module 1 13
 Typical Functions of the DBMS
• Controlling redundancy
• Restricting unauthorized access
• Providing multi-user interfaces
• Representing complex relationships
• Enforcing integrity constraints
• Providing backup and recovery

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Controlling redundancy
• Users of traditional file processing systems, each had a
“copy” of relevant data, causing
o Duplication of effort
o Wastage of storage space
o Inconsistent data
• However, redundancy sometimes enhances performance
DBMS provides an environment where redundancy can
be controlled
Stud-No Name Degree Subject Grade
90 Smith BA CS182 7
87 Brown BA CS182 7
98 James BSc CS181 6
90 Smith BIT CS181 6

Stud-No Name Degree Finance-Type

90 Smith BIT Self
87 Brown BA UQ Scholar
98 Harrison BSc Self

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Module 1 14
 Restricting unauthorized access
• Different user groups may have different access
privileges (Create/Alter, Update, and Retrieve), which
are controlled through DBMS security sub-system,
through the use of Accounts & Passwords
• Casual users may not have access to confidential data,
e.g medical records, salary packages, police reports
• Parametric users may be given update access, but are
generally not allowed to change the structure of data
• Database administrators (DBAs) generally have highest
privileges, create user accounts and enforce
restrictions

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Providing multi-user interfaces

• Query Languages for Casual End Users
• Programming Language Interfaces for Application
Programmers
• Forms and Commands for Parametric Users
o Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)
o Interface for Web Enabling
o Natural Language Interfaces

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Module 1 15
 Complex relationships

DBMS has ability to represent complex relationships

among the data
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90 Smith BA CS182 7 James is doing BSc
87 Brown BA CS182 7
98 James BSc CS181 6
90 Smith BIT CS181 6 CS181 is the code for
Software Engineering
Sub-Code Title Credit Department
CS181 Software Eng 12 CSEE
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Enforcing integrity constraints

• The DBMS has the capability to define and enforce
integrity constraints which are restrictions placed on
the data, based on the semantics or meaning of the
data
o Every Subject must have a unique Code
o A student cannot have 2 different grades for the
same subject
o A student cannot enroll in more than four 12-credit
subjects in a semester
o Student No must be a 9 digit integer
• DBMS cannot check spelling or typing errors, for
example, if 5 was entered as the grade of a student
getting 7 - DBMS will not identify the error!

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Module 1 16
 Providing backup and recovery
Deposit $200 into ATM
system fails
DBMS provides facility to recover
from hardware and software
failures through its backup and
recovery sub-system
• An update program is executing
• Computer System fails in the
middle of the update
• DBMS restores the database to a
state prior to the update and
restarts the update program

Deposit not recorded in

your a/c

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Module 1 - Review

Key definitions:
• Database
• DBMS (Many Functions)
• Database System = DBMS + Database

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Module 1 17
 Recommended Readings

Elmasri & Navathe

Chapter 1

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Next ...

Module 2
Database system concept and
architecture

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Module 1 18
 Task :
1. Define the following terms: data, database, DBMS, database
system, database catalog, program-data independence, user view,
DBA, end user, canned transaction, deductive database system,
persistent object, meta-data, and transaction-processing
application.
2. What four main types of actions involve databases? Briefly discuss
each
3. Discuss the main characteristics of the database approach and how
it differs from traditional file systems.
4. What are the responsibilities of the DBA and the database
designers?
5. Discuss the differences between database systems and information
retrieval systems.

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Module 1 19