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WORK, POWER, ENERGY

WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE:
Work done by a force on a body is the product of force and displacement of the body in the direction of
force.
Let F be the force acting on a body and S be the displacement produced. Then work done (W) by the
force is given by,
W = F ∙ S = F S Cosϴ
where ϴ is the angle between F and S.
Work is a scalar quantity. Its dimensional formula is [M L2 T-2].
Work done by a force can be positive, zero or negative.

Special cases:
1. When ϴ = 0o, i.e. when the displacement produced is in the direction of applied force,
W=FS
Eg. A bicycle rider applies a force on the bicycle in the forward direction and the cycle moves in the
forward direction.
2. When ϴ = 90o, i.e. when F and S are orthogonal vectors or when displacement produced is
perpendicular to the direction of force,
W=0
Eg. When a person carries a bag, displacement of the bag will be in the horizontal direction while the
force of gravity on it will be in vertically downward direction. Hence work done by force of gravity is zero
3. When ϴ = 180o, i.e. when applied force and displacement of a body are in opposite direction,
W=-FS
Eg. When a person moves up stairs, force gravity on him will be vertically downwards and his
displacement will be upwards. Hence work done by force of gravity is negative.
4. Work done by a force is positive if the angle between F and S is acute i.e. ϴ < 90o. It is maximum
When ϴ = 0o.
5. Work done by a force is negative if the angle between F and S is obtuse i.e. 90o < ϴ < 180o.
6. If S = 0, i.e. when force applied on a body does not produces any displacement,
Then W = 0.
Hence work done by a force can be zero if (i) displacement produced in the body is perpendicular to the
direction of force applied or (ii) no displacement is produced in the body.
7. Work done by centripetal force is always zero as the angle between centripetal force and displacement
vector is 90o.
8. Work done by the force of gravity on a vertically downward moving body is positive while that on a
vertically upward moving body is negative.
9. Work done by the force of friction on a body is always negative.
10. Work depends on force applied, displacement produced, angle between F and S and frame of
reference.

Unit of Work: The SI unit of work is joule (J).

One joule is the work done by a force of one newton when it moves a body through a distance of one
meter in its direction.

NOTE: The gravitational unit of work is kilogram – meter (kg – m). One kilogram – meter is the work
done by the force of gravity when a body of mass one kilogram is moved vertically through a distance of
one meter.
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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF WORK DONE BY

A CONSTANT FORCE:
Let a constant force F act on a body and displace it from xi to
xf in its direction. Hence magnitude of displacement, S = (xf –
xi). The force – position graph for the body is as shown.
Work done by the force = Area under the graph.
W = Area of rectangle ABCD
W = AD x DC = F (xf – xi)
W=FS

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE:

When the force applied on a body changes both in magnitude
and direction, the force – position graph is as shown.
The curve AB can be sub – divided into several small
segments of width dx such that the sum of all such
displacements from x1 to x2 is equal to total displacement.
The work done in each segment is calculated by calculating
the area under each segment.
i.e,
total work done is the sum of all areas of the rectangles from
x1 to x2

“The total work done by a variable force is given by the total area under force – position graph”.

POWER:

The rate of doing work is known as power. It is defined as the ratio of work done by a force to time taken
for doing the work.
If W is the work done by a force in time t, then its power, P is given by

Power is a scalar quantity. Its dimensional formula is [ M L2 T-3].

NOTE: When a force F acting on a body causes a displacement of S in its direction, it can be shown that
W = F v , where v is the velocity of the body.

Unit of Power: The SI unit of power is watt ( Js-1 = W).

Power is said to be one watt, if one joule of work is done in one second.
NOTE: The gravitational unit of power is meter kilogram per second (m kg s-1). The gravitational power
is said to be one meter – kilogram per second when a body of mass one kilogram is moved vertically
through one meter in one second.

ENERGY:
 The capacity of a body to do work is known as energy.
 Energy is measured and expressed in terms of joules.
 Mechanical energy, gravitational energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, wind energy, magnetic
energy, nuclear energy, etc are some of different types of energy.
 Mechanical energy is of two types – Potential energy and Kinetic energy.
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KINETIC ENERGY (Ek):

It is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.
Eg: A moving car, a running athlete, a free electron inside a metal has kinetic energy.

EXPRESSION FOR KINETIC ENERGY:

Consider a body of mass „m‟ at rest. Let ‟F‟ be the constant force applied on it due to which a uniform
acceleration „a‟ is produced in it. Let „v‟ be the final velocity and „S‟ be the distance covered by the body
in time „t‟.

Work done by the force,

……….. (1)
We have,
( )

Kinetic energy is measured in terms of the work done by the body

i.e,
This is the expression for kinetic energy of a body.

WORK – ENERGY THEOREM:

Statement: The work done by a force acting on a body is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body.
Explanation: Consider a body of mass m moving with a velocity v1. Hence Ek1 = ½ mv12 is its initial
kinetic energy. Let an external force F act on the body doing a work W on it. Let v2 be the velocity of the
body after time t. Hence final kinetic energy, Ek2 = ½ mv22.
Change in kinetic energy of the body, ΔEk = Ek2 – Ek1
According to work – energy theorem, W = ΔEk = Ek2 – Ek1
W = ½ mv22 – ½ mv12
NOTE: If the force is applied along the direction of motion of body, work done by the force will be
positive and kinetic energy of the body increases. If the force is applied in a direction opposite to the
direction of motion of the body, work done by the force will be negative and kinetic energy of the body
decreases.

NOTION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY (Ep):

 When a force is applied on a body, a work is said to be done and the body will have an increasing
kinetic energy when moving.
 If we throw the body in a gravitational field upwards, then its KE decreases.
 It means that, the work done on the body is getting converted into another type of energy which
is not kinetic.
 The force required to lift the body is proportional to the height from earth surface.
 Which means that, this new type of energy is a position dependent energy which stores the work
done on the body
 It is the energy possessed by a body due to its position or configuration in space.
 This stored energy is called as POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE BODY at a given position.

Eg: Water stored in a tank, compressed spring, a body placed in a height etc. has potential energy.

EXPRESSION FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY:

Let a body of mass „m‟ be lifted to a height „h‟ from the ground against gravity. Let F be the force applied.
Work done = force x displacement
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This work is stored in the body as its potential energy.

This is the expression for potential energy of a body.

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SPRING:

The work done in stretching or compressing a spring through a distance „x‟ is stored in the spring as its
potential energy.
Consider a spring of length l is placed over a horizontal
smooth surface as shown in the fig. when the object is
displaced through a displacement of x, a restoring force is
developed in the spring, which tends to bring the spring to its
initial length. Restoring force in the spring is opposite to the
applied force and displacement of the spring.
Restoring force is given by, where is spring constant.
Work done in increasing the lengthof the spring from x=0 to x=x against the restoring force is given by,

∫ ∫ ∫ ( )

This work done is stored as the potential energy of the spring

Thus, energy stored in the spring or its potential energy is given by

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:

Statement: “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can be converted from one form to another form. The
total energy of a system always remains a constant ”.

Explanation: Consider an oscillating simple pendulum. At the extreme position, the pendulum will have
only potential energy, but no kinetic energy. At the mean position, it will have only kinetic energy but no
potential energy. At any point in between, it will have both kinetic and potential energies. Hence when
the pendulum moves from extreme position to mean position, its potential energy gradually converts into
kinetic energy. When it moves from mean position to extreme position, its kinetic energy gradually
converts into potential energy. Thus the total energy of the pendulum remains a constant.

Principle of conservation of energy applied to:

(1) A BODY SLIDING DOWN AN INCLINED PLANE.

Consider a smooth inclined plane of height H and length l. Let ϴ
be the angle of inclination. Let a body of mass m slide down the
plane from top to bottom.
(i) At position A
Since the body is at rest,
Potential energy,
Total energy,

(ii) At position D
Let v1 be the velocity and x be the distance covered by the body from the top. Let h be the height
from the ground. The acceleration due to gravity can be resolved into two components
perpendicular to inclined plane and along the direction of motion of the body.
causes the body to slide down the inclined plane.
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Using with , and we get,

+

Hence kinetic energy at D,

( - )
In ΔADE, –

– –

Potential energy,
Total energy, –

(iii) At position B
Since the height from ground, potential energy
Let be the velocity of the body.
But

In ΔABC,

Total energy,

From equations (1), (2) and (3), it is clear that for a body sliding down an inclined plane, the total
energy is conserved.

(2) A FREELY FALLING BODY:

Consider a body of mass m at a height h from the ground. Let it fall freely towards the ground.
(i) At position A, m
The body is at rest.
A
Potential energy,
Total energy, x
C
(ii) At position C, h
Let be the velocity of the body and x be the distance ( h - x)
covered by it from the top.
Kinetic energy at C, B
But

Potential energy, – –
Total energy, –

(iii) At position B
Since the height from ground, potential energy,
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Let be the velocity of the body.

But

Potential energy,
Total energy,
From equations (1), (2) and (3), it is clear that for a freely falling body, the total energy is conserved.

CONSERVATIVE FORCE:
A force is said to be conservative if the work done by or against the force is independent of the path
between the initial and final positions of the body.

Eg: Gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force and spring force are some of the conservative
forces.

To show that gravitational force is conservative:

Consider a particle of mass m projected upwards from A to B with an initial velocity u.
Its KE at A is given by
As the particle moves upward, its KE decreases and becomes zero at the point B.
Work done on this process is
From work –energy theorem, work done = change in KE
( )
OR,
When the particle moving down from B to A, work done on the object change in KE
i.e ( )
Thus the net work done on a closed path A-B-A is zero.
Hence, gravitational force is conservative.

NON – CONSERVATIVE FORCE:

A force is said to be non – conservative if the work done by or against the force depends on the path
between the initial and final positions of the body.
Eg: Frictional force, viscous force, air resistance are some of the non–conservative forces.

Differences between Conservative and Non–conservative forces:

Conservative force Non – Conservative force

Work done by a conservative force is independent
of the path between the initial and final positions
of a body.
Work done by a conservative force over a closed
path is zero.
Work done by a conservative force is recoverable.
Work done by a non – conservative force depends
on the path between the initial and final positions
of a body.
Work done by a non – conservative force over a
closed path in not zero.
Work done by a non – conservative force is not
recoverable.
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MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A VERTICAL PLANE

Consider a particle of mass m suspended by a light string of length L. let the
other end of the string be fixed at a point O. in static equilibrium, at P, the
string will be vertical. The forces acting on the object are its weight mg acting
vertically downwards and the tension in the string T vertically upwards.
If we give a horizontal velocity vo to the particle so that, the particle moves
along the circumference of the circle keeping O at the centre and having a
radius of L.
Since the particle is moving against gravity, its PE increases and KE decreases.
At the Point P:
KE of the particle is at the point P is given by
PE of the particle at P is zero.
Therefore total mechanical energy at the point
At the Point Q:
If v‟ is the velocity ogf the point at Q, then KE of the particle is at the point Q is given by
PE of the particle at Q is = mg (increase in height PN)
From the triangle ONQ,,
Therefore, height
PE at Q =
Therefore total mechanical energy at the point

From the law of conservation of energy,

Thus,
OR, √

CASE (1) : Particle to complete the vertical circle:

For circular motion, there should be a centripetal force acting on the particle
towards the centre of the circle O.
The centripetal force at the lowest point P is given as

At the highest position S, let v be the speed of the particle. Tension in the
string decreases as the particle moves from P to S. let T‟ be the tension in the
string at S such that T‟=0

OR, …………..(A)
From the law of conservation of energy , total energy at S = PE + KE= energy at P
………………(B)
Putting (A) in (B), we get

OR, √
This is the minimum horizontal velocity to be given for a particle at the lowest point so that it completes
the vertical circle.
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COLLISION:
Collision is a short – time process in which two or more particles physically strike against each other or
path of motion of one particle is affected by the other.
During collision, (i) linear momentum of the system is always conserved, (ii) total energy of the system is
always conserved and (iii) total kinetic energy of the system may or may not be conserved. Hence collision
may also be termed as a process in which an impulsive force acts on each of the colliding particles and total
momentum of the system is conserved.
Collision is broadly classified into two types: (i) Elastic collision and (ii) Inelastic collision.

ELASTIC COLLISISON:
It is a type of collision between two bodies in which both the momentum and kinetic energy of the
system are conserved.
Explanation: Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with initial velocities u1 and u2
respectively in the same direction. Let the bodies collide and after collision move in the same direction.
Let v1 and v2 be their velocities after collision. If the collision between them is elastic, then
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 +m2v2 (conservation of linear momentum) and
m1u12 + m2u22 = m1v12 + m2v22 (conservation of kinetic energy).
Eg: 1. Collision between atoms or molecules in a solid.
2. Collision between an alpha particle and a nucleus.
3. Collision between two smooth billiard balls.

Characteristics of Elastic Collision:

1. Total momentum of the system is conserved.
2. Total energy of the system is conserved.
3. Total kinetic energy is conserved.
4. Forces involved during collision are conservative in nature.
5. Mechanical energy is not converted into any other form of energy.

Elastic collision in one dimension (head –on Collision)

When two elastically colliding particles move in a straight line before and after the collision, then such a
collision is known as elastic collision in one dimension.
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 moving along the straight line with velocities u1 and u2
(u1 > u2 ) respectively as shown in the figure. After the head-on collision they continue to move in the

same direction with a change in their velocities v1 and v2 respectively.

From the law of conservation of linear momentum we have,

OR, ………..(1)
In an elastic collision total KE is also conserved. Hence,

OR, ……………….(2)

Dividing (2) by (1)

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OR,
OR,

Thus, for an elastic collision in one dimension, the relative velocity of approach between the particles
before collision is equal to the relative velocity of separation after collision.

Expression for final velocities after collision:

Let u1 and u2 be the initial velocities of the two head-on colliding particles of masses m1 and m2 . after the
collision let their final velocities be v1 and v2 respectively.
In one dimensional elastic collision, we have

OR
OR
From the law of conservation of momentum,
from (1)

OR
Therefore,

From the law of conservation of momentum,

from (2)

OR
Therefore,

CASE (1): When two bodies of equal masses collide

That is, m1 =m2=m
We have,
and

The bodies exchange their velocities after collision

CASE(2): When one of the bodies is at rest:

Let m2 be at rest. Hence, u2 =v2= 0
We have,
and
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CASE(3): When a lighter body of mass m1 collides with a heavier mass m2 initially at rest.
Let m2 be at rest. (m1 >>m2, u2 =0)
Such that, m1 /m2 =0
We have,
and

And
The lighter body rebounds with almost the same speed.

CASE(4): When a heavier body of mass m1 collides with a lighter mass m2 initially at rest.
Let m2 be at rest. (m1 >>m2, u2 =0)
Such that, m2 /m1 =0
We have,
and

And
The heavier body moves without change in its velocity, where as the lighter body starts moving with
double its initial velocity.

ELASTIC COLLISION IN TWO DIMENSIONS:

Consider a small object of

mass m1 moving with a
velocity u1. Let it collide
with another object of
mass m2 at rest. After
collision, let the velocities
of them be v1 and v2
respectively as shown in
the figure.

To find the velocities of particles after collision, we have to resolve the velocities after collision along two
perpendicular axes X and Y.
Such that
sum of X-component momentum before collision = sum of X-component momentum after collision

sum of Y-component momentum before collision = sum of Y-component momentum after collision

Total KE must also be conserved.

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In order to study the dynamics of two dimensional collisions, we have to solve for 4 parameters v1, v2, 1
and 2 from three independent equations in which we cannot solve for all the four parameters.
However if any one of the parameters is specified, then the other three parameters can be uniquely
determined.

INELEATIC COLLISION:
It is a type of collision between two bodies in which only momentum of the system is conserved but
kinetic energy is not conserved.
Explanation: Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with initial velocities u1 and u2
respectively in the same direction. Let the bodies collide and after collision move in the same direction.
Let v1 and v2 be their velocities after collision. If the collision between them is inelastic, then
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 +m2v2 (conservation of linear momentum) but
m1u12 + m2u22 m1v12 + m2v22
i.e. total kinetic energy before collision total kinetic energy after collision.
Eg: 1. Collision between a wall and a ball.
2. Collision between two vehicles.

Characteristics of Inelastic Collision:

1. Total momentum of the system is conserved.
2. Total energy of the system is conserved.
3. Total kinetic energy is not conserved.
4. Some or all of the forces involved during collision are conservative in nature.
5. A part or whole of mechanical energy may convert into other forms of energy like heat, light etc.
NOTE: A collision in which two particles stick together after collision is called as „perfectly inelastic
collision‟.

INELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION:

When two elastically colliding particles move in a straight line before and after the collision, then such a
collision is known as elastic collision in one dimension.
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 moving along the straight line with velocities u1 and u2
(u1 > u2 ) respectively as shown in the figure. After the head-on collision, some of the KE is lost and the

bodies continue to move in the same direction with a change in their velocities v1 and v2 respectively.
From the law of conservation of linear momentum we have,

OR, ………..(1)
In an Inelastic collision total KE is not conserved. Hence,

OR, ……………….(2)
On dividing eq(2) eq(1) we get,

OR

Thus in inelastic collision, velocity of separation is always less than the velocity of approach.
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ELESTIC AND INELESTIC COLLISION:

Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision
Total kinetic energy of the system is Total kinetic energy of the system is not conserved
conserved
Forces involved during the collision are Some or all of the forces involved are non – conservative
conservative in nature in nature.
Mechanical energy is not converted into any A part or whole of the mechanical energy may be
other forms of energy converted into other forms of energy.

COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION (e):

When two bodies collide head on, the ratio of relative velocity after collision to relative velocity before
collision is known as „coefficient of restitution‟.
Or when two bodies collide head on, the ratio of velocity of separation to velocity of approach of the two
bodies is known as „coefficient of restitution‟.
Consider two bodies moving in the same direction. Let u1 and u2 be their velocities before collision. Let
they collide head on and move along the same direction after collision with velocities v1 and v2. Then,
v2 v1
coefficient of restitution , e = ….. (1)
u1 u2
It is a dimensionless quantity. It is a constant for two given bodies.
For a perfectly elastic collision, e = 1. For a perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0. In general, for most of the
collisions, 0 < e < 1.

NOTE:
1. Equation (1) is sometimes referred as Newton‟s law of restitution and is stated as “the ratio of relative
velocity (or speed) of separation to that of approach is constant for two given bodies”.
2. Coefficient of restitution is a measure of degree of elasticity of a collision. Higher the value of e, the
collision will be more elastic and vice versa.
3. Collision can also be classified as (i) head on (or direct) collision and (ii) oblique (or indirect) collision.
If the direction of motion of the two colliding bodies is same as the direction of impulsive forces during
collision, such a collision is „head on collision‟. If the direction of motion of at least one of the bodies is
different from that of impulsive forces during collision, then such a collision is known as oblique
collision.
4. The energy possessed by a mechanical system by virtue of its motion or position (or configuration) or
both is known as „mechanical energy‟.
5. Kinetic energy of a moving body depends on the magnitude of velocity but not on its direction.
6. Kinetic energy of a body is always positive, but potential energy can be positive or negative. Hence
mechanical energy of a body (= Ek + Ep) can be positive or negative.
7. Work is done whenever energy is transferred from one body to another or from one form to another.
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QUESTIONS ON “WORK, POWER AND ENERGY’

1. Define work. (1)
2. Give the expression for work and explain the symbols. (2)
3. When is the work done by a force maximum? (1)
4. When is work done (i) positive, (ii) zero and (iii) negative? (1 mark each)
5. What is the work done by centripetal force? (1)
6. Give an illustration for (i) positive work and (ii) negative work. (1 mark each)
7. When is work done by a force zero? (1)
8. What is the nature of work done by frictional force? (1)
9. Explain why work done by (i) centripetal force is zero &(ii) frictional force is negative?(1 mark
each)
10. A person lifts water from a well 10m deep. What is the nature of work done by (i) gravitational
force and (ii) the person? (1 mark each)
11. Can the work done on a body be positive and negative at the same time? Explain. (2)
12. Give the graphical representation of work done by a constant force. (1)
13. How work done by a constant force can be obtained using force – displacement graph? (1)
14. Mention the factors on which work done by a force depends. (2)
15. Is it possible to have zero work even if the force is not zero? Explain. (2)
16. Give the graphical representation of work done by a variable force. (1)
17. Explain how work done by a variable force can be obtained using force – displacement graph? (2)
18. Give the SI unit of work. (1)
19. Define 1 joule of work. (1)
20. What is the dimensional formula for work? (1)
21. Define power. Give the expression for it. (2)
22. Give the SI unit of power. (1)
23. Define 1 watt power. (1)
24. What is the unit of (i) gravitational work and (ii) gravitational power? (1mark each)
25. What is energy? Mention any two types of energy. (2)
26. What is mechanical energy? Mention its types. (2)
27. What is the SI unit of energy? (1)
28. What is potential energy? Give an example of a system having potential energy. (2)
29. Derive the expression for potential energy. (4)
30. Mention the factors on which gravitational potential energy of a body depends. (1)
31. A 1kg body is lifted through 5m against gravity. What is the potential energy stored in the
body?(2)
32. Give the expression for potential energy stored in a spring and explain the symbols. (2)
33. If a spring of force constant 20Nm-1 is stretched by 1m, what is the potential energy stored in
it?(2)
34. What is kinetic energy? Give an example of a system having kinetic energy. (2)
35. Obtain the expression for kinetic energy of a body. (5)
36. What are the factors on which kinetic energy of a body depends? (1)
37. What is the kinetic energy of a body at rest? (1)
38. Explain why kinetic energy of a body is always positive? (1)
39. The velocity of a body is doubled. How does its kinetic energy change?
40. What is the ratio of kinetic energies of two bodies of equal mass having velocities v and 2v? (1)
41. What is the ratio of kinetic energies of two bodies of masses m & 3m moving with equal
velocity?(1)
42. Give the expression relating kinetic energy and momentum of a body. (1)

43. What is the ratio of kinetic energies of two bodies of equal mass having momenta p and 2p? (1)
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44. How does kinetic energy of a body change if its momentum is doubled? (1)
45. What is the kinetic energy of a body of mass 5kg moving with a velocity of 5ms-1? (2)
46. A body moves along north direction with a velocity of 10ms-1. If it turns westward and travels with
the same speed, what is the change in its kinetic energy? Justify your answer. (2)
47. State and explain work – energy theorem. (2)
48. State and explain the principle of conservation of energy. (2)
49. Show that energy is conserved in the case of a body rolling down an inclined plane. (5)
50. Show that energy is conserved in the case of a freely falling body. (5)
51. What is the nature of energy possessed by a body at rest at the top of an inclined plane? (1)
52. What is the nature of energy possessed by a sliding body near the bottom of the inclined plane?
(1)
53. What is the nature of energy possessed by a freely falling body at any point during its fall? (1)
54. What is a conservative force? Give an example. (2)
55. What is a non – conservative force? Give an example. (2)
56. Distinguish between conservative and non – conservative force. Give an example for each. (5)
57. What is the work done by a gravitational force over a closed path? (1)
58. What is collision? Mention its types. (2)
59. What is an elastic collision? Give an example. (2)
60. What are the characteristics of elastic collision? (4)
61. What is an elastic collision? Explain. Give an example. (4)
62. What is an inelastic collision? Give an example. (2)
63. What are the characteristics of inelastic collision? (4)
64. What is an inelastic collision? Explain. Give an example. (4)
65. Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collision. (3)
66. Define coefficient of restitution. Give the expression for it. (2)
67. Give the expression for coefficient of restitution and explain the symbols. (2)
68. What is the value of coefficient of restitution for a (i) perfectly elastic collision, (ii) perfectly
inelastic collision and (iii) inelastic collision? (1 mark each)

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