RESULT AND DISCUSSION PU2

Demonstration:

Figure 1: Harmonic spectrum L1 for demonstration result

Figure 2: Harmonic spectrum Neutral for demonstration result

Based on the waveform, the total harmonic distortion (THD) measured is 77.4% and
75.4%. Both Line and Neutral were recorded as 3rd Harmonic order of the load and
indicates Odd Harmonics.
Experimental Work and Exercises:
Experiment 1:
The harmonics pattern results for fluorescent light and single phase transformer with varied
load set to 200Ω.
i. Fluorescent Light

Figure 3: Harmonic spectrum L1 for fluorescent light

Figure 4: Harmonic spectrum Neutral for fluorescent light

ii. Single phase transformer (load is set to 200Ω)

Figure 5: Harmonic spectrum L1 for load is set to 200Ω

Figure 6: Harmonic spectrum Neutral for load is set to 200Ω

Experiment 2:
Harmonics spectrum pattern generated by personal computer, fluorescent light and single-
phase transformer were commented and compared.

a. Personal Computer

Personal computer is produce non-sinusoidal current which generate harmonics.

Harmonic currents are majorly come from the switching mode of the power supplies that
used in personal computer.

Picture above show the harmonics forms on Line L1 and Neutral Line. Both
harmonics are identical and only exist on odd order of frequency. The harmonics started with
1st Harmonic, 3rd Harmonic, 5th Harmonic and goes on with odd order until 11th harmonic it
started to dissipate.
 b. Fluorescent Light

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): L1 – 24.2%

N – 30.0%
Harmonic Order: L1 – ODD Harmonic
N – ODD and Even

Fluorescent light has been used widely in these days. Fluorescent light have replace
incandescent light because of it efficient and longer lifetime. Harmonic distortion are depends
on the type of ballast used in the fluorescent light.

Based on figure above, L1 only consist of Odd Harmonic while Neutral Line consists
of both Odd and Even. Odd Harmonics in L1 started with the 1st harmonic, 3rd Harmonic, 5th
Harmonic and 7th Harmonic. At 9th Harmonic, it already dissipates. In N-line, it consists of all
the harmonics which are odd and even.
 c. Single Phase Transformer

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): L1 – 29.0%

N – 12.6%
Harmonic Order: L1 – ODD Harmonic
N – ODD and Even

Harmonics was generated from the hysteresis and increased level of saturation. The
transformer core behaves as a highly non-linear element.
The harmonic waveform in the L1 only consists of Odd harmonics. It started with 1st
Harmonic, 3rd Harmonic and 5th Harmonic. During the 7th Harmonic, it already dissipates.
The harmonics in N line consist of all order which are Odd and Even.

Based on different load, Personal Computer, Fluorescent Light and Single-Phase

Transformer. From the Total Harmonic Distortion(THD), Personal Computer have the
highest score while Fluorescent Light have the lowest score. Total Harmonic Distortion is the
summation of the harmonics. The higher the value of the THD, the more distortion exist in
the system. Personal computer has the highest THD due to the power supply switching mode.
The switching produces more distortion than the distortion from the fluorescent light.
Another factor that varies the THD in both load is the different value of impedance on both
load. Fluorescent light has more simple system or circuit if compared to the personal
computer. When the current flows through the impedance in the line, it distorts the voltage
and that make the harmonics.
Experiment 3:
Change the load connected to the transformer to 600Ω and 1kΩ. Record the harmonic
waveform/spectrum.

a) Single Phase Transformer with varied load is set to 600Ω

Figure 7: Harmonic spectrum L1 for load is set to 600Ω

Figure 8: Harmonic spectrum Neutral for load is set to 600Ω

b) Single Phase Transformer with varied load is set to 1KΩ

Figure 9: Harmonic spectrum L1 for load is set to 1KΩ

Figure 10: Harmonic spectrum Neutral for load is set to 1KΩ

Experiment 4:
Compare the waveform obtained by the transformer at different load value and give your
opinion on the effect of load (connected to transformer) to the harmonic spectrum.

Table 1: Single-Phase Transformer with Different Loads. (200 Ω, 600 Ω and 1000 Ω)
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Loads Total Harmonic Distortions(THD)
200 Ω 29.0%
600 Ω 41.8%
1000 Ω 44.1%

Based on table above, it can be see that Total Harmonic Distortions is higher in the
Single-Phase Transformer if the load is higher. 200 Ω loads brings out 29.0% of THD, 600 Ω
load brings out 41.8% of THD and 1000 Ω makes the THD 44.1%.
Current is sinusoidal in the system of the transformer. From the source, harmonic
current cannot be supplied by the source and the induced electromotive force will be peaky
containing harmonic voltages. The harmonic voltage induces electric stress on dielectrics and
increased electro static interference. The harmonic currents produce losses and
electromagnetic interferences.
Transformer, losses are from to stray magnetic losses in the core and eddy current
losses in the windings. When harmonics are existing, the eddy current need to be taken care
with cautions because they increase approximately with the square of the frequency.
Experiment 5:
Three effects of harmonics are:
a. Voltage Distortion
b. Zero-crossing noise
c. Increase of losses in induction motor.

Experiment 6:
List the methods usually employed to mitigate the harmonic problem. Choose one of the
methods and describe its working principle and application.
To mitigate the harmonic problem, one of the ways is use isolations
transformer. In delta-winding transformer, there is triple-N currents circulate. The
uses of zigzag transformer are star configuration auto transformers with a particular
phase relationship between the windings that are connected with the supply.