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Topic Page No.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
1. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in properties 01
2. Mendeleev’s Periodic Law 03
3. Modern Periodic Law 07
4. Effective Nuclear Charge 11
5. Atomic Size 12
6. Ionisation Potential 15
7. ElectronAffinity 18
8. Electronegativity 20
9. Density 27
10. Diagonal Relationship 28
11. Metallic Character 28
12. Non-metallic character 29
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Topic Page No.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. It may also have some non metals as well.
Every alloyis a solid solution except the alloys of Hg which is a solution of a solid into a liquid. The alloys
of mercuryare called amalgum.Alloys of metals with at least a non–metal are called interstitial compounds.
Alloys of only metals of nearly similar character are called substitutional compounds. Steel is a
homogeneous mixture. It also is an interstitial compound.
Purpose of alloying a metal are:
a. To increase the utility of the metals eg. fuse wire (Pb+ Sn + Bi). It melts in boiling water.
b. To increase the hardness.
Alloying is property of metals not of nonmetals.
Dobereiner could arrange only a few elements as triads and there are some such elements present in a
triad, whose atomic weights are approximately equal, e.g.
Fe Co Ni
Ru Rh Pd
There fore, this hypothesis was not acceptable for all elements.
Newland’s law of octaves:
When the lighter elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic weights, then every eighth
element is similar to the first element in its properties, similarly as the eighth node of a musical scale
is similar to 1st one. e.g. Na 8th element resembles in their properties with Li. Similarly K the 8th
element with Na and so on.
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 3
Name of element Li Be B C N O F
7 9 11 12 14 16 19
Name of element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5
It is clear from the above table that sodium is the eighth element from lithium, whose properties resemble
that oflithium.
This type of classification was limited up to only 20 elements.
Inert gas element were not discovered till then.
Lother Meyer arrangement: Cs
Rb
K
Br
Na
Atomic Volume
Ca
Li Cl
Sr I
Ba
F
Be
Mg
Atomic Weight
The graphs plotting the atomic volumes against atomic weights are known as Lothar Mayer volume
curves.
The alkali metals have highest atomic volumes.
Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg Ca, Sr, Ba, etc.) which are relatively a little less electropositive. Occupy
positions on the descending part of the curve.
Halogens and the noble gases (except helium) occupy positions on the ascending part of the curve.
Transition elements have very small volumes and therefore these are present at the bottoms of the curve
Exercise
(i) Mendeleev’s Periodic Law - The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic weight
(ii) Characteristic of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table -
(a) It is based on atomic weight (b) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not discovered.
(c) 12 Horizontal rows are called periods. (d) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8
groups in mendeleev’s Periodic table. (e) Each group upto VIIth is divided into A & B subgroups.
‘A’sub groups element are called normal elements and ‘B’sub groups elements are called transition
elements. (f) The VIIIth group was consists of 9 elements in three rows (Transition metals group).
(g) The elements belonging to same group exhibit similar properties.
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4 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 5
IA IB
Li
Na
More reactive K Cu Less reactive
Alkali metal Rb Ag Coin metal
Normal elements Cs Au Transition element
Fr
– Cu,Ag andAu placed in Ist group along with Na, K etc. While they differ in their properties (Only
similar in having ns1 electronic configuration)
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6 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 7
Mosley proved that the square root of frequency () of the rays, which are obtained from a metal on
showering high velocityelectrons is proportional to the nuclear charge of the atom. This can be represented
by the following expression.
= a (Z–b) where Z is nuclear charge on the atom and a and b are constants.
The nuclear charge on an atom is equal to the atomic number.
According to modern periodic law. “The properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic
numbers”
Exercise
Cause of periodicity: It is due to the repetition of similar outer shell electronic configuration at a
certain regular intervals.
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8 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Positions of Isotopes and Isobars - Isotopes have same atomic number and the periodic table is
based on atomic numbers. Therefore, various isotopes of the same elements have to be provided the
same position in the periodic table. Isobars gave same atomic weights but different atomic numbers and
therefore they have to be placed at different positions.
The positions of actinides and lanthanides is more clear now because these have been placed in IIIB
groups and due to paucity of space, these are written at the bottom of the periodic table.
In the periodic table a diagonal line from B toAt separates the metals, nonmetals and metalloids from
one another. The elements like B, Si,As, Te,At, that are situated near this line are metalloids i.e. these
have characteristic of both metals and nonmetals.
The position of hydrogen is still disputable as it was there in Mendeleef periodic table in group IAas well
as IVA & VIIA.
Helium is an inert gas but its configuration is different from that of the other inert gas elements
Lanthanide and actinide series could not be adjusted in the main periodic table and therefore they had to
be placed in a separate block below the periodic table.
CLASSIFICATION IN BLOCKS
s-block elements.
Elements of groups 1 and 2 including He in which the last electron enters the s-orbital of the valence
shell are called s-block elements. There are only 14 s-block elements in the periodic table.
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 9
p-block elements.
Elements of groups 13–18 in which the last electron enters the p-orbitals of the valence shell are called
p-block elements.
d-block elements.
There are three complete series and one incomplete series of d-block elements. These are: 1st or 3d-
transition series which contains ten elements which atomic numbers 21–30 (21Sc – 30Zn).
2nd or 4d-transition series which contains ten elements with atomic numbers 39 – 48 (39Y – 48Cd).
3rd or 5d transition series which also contains ten elements which atomic numbers 57 and 72 – 80
(57La, 72Hf – 80Hg).
4th or 6d transition series which is incomplete at present and contains only nine elements. These are
89Ac, 104Rf, 105Ha, Unh (Unnihexium, Z = 106), 107Ns (Neilsobohrium), 108Hs (Hassium), 109Mt
(Meitherium), Uun (Ununnilium, Z = 110) and Uud (Unundium, Z = 112) or Ekamercury. The element,
Z = 111 has not been discovered so far. Thus, in all there are 39 d-block elements.
f-Block elements are called inner-transition elements. In these elements, the f-subshell of the
anti-penultimate is being progressively filled up. There are two series of f-block elements each
containing 14 elements. The fourteen elements from 58Ce – 71Lu in which 4 f-subshell is being
progressively filled up are called lanthanides or rare elements. Similarly, the fourteen elements from
90Th – 103Lr in which 5 f-subshell is being progressively filled up are called actinides.
Illustration
1. Which of the following is the period number of the element whose atomic number is 98
(A) 4 (B) 7 (C) 5 (D) 6
Ans. B
Sol. The electronic configuration of the element with atomic number 98 is as follow
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 , 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10 , 5p6, 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p6, 7s2, 5f 10
The last electron enters in f orbital, so it belongs to f block in the period.
2. The nuclei of elements X, Y and Z have same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
According to Mendeleef periodic table, the elements X,Y and Z
(A) belong to same group and same period
(B) belong to different groups and different periods
(C) belong to same group and different periods
(D) are isotopes, which do not have different positions
Ans. D
Sol. Isotopes have same number of protons (i.e. same atomic number). So they occupy same position
in the periodic table. However, due to different numbers of neutrons their atomic weights are different.
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10 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Exercise
1. Which of the following has the same number of electrons in its outermost shell and penultimate shell ?
(1) Al3+ (2) Ca2+ (3) F– (4) N3–
Ans. 2
2. Which of the following statement is not correct about the electronic configuration of chromium atom (Cr
with atomic number = 24)?
(1) It has five electrons in 3d - sub - shell
(2) It has one electrons in 4s-orbital
(3) The principal quantum numbers of its valence electrons are 3 and 4.
(4) It has six electrons in 3d-sub-shell
Ans. 4
TEMPORARY NOMENCLATURE
The IUPAC proposed a system for naming elements with Z > 100.
1. The names are derived by using roots for the three digits in the atomic number of the elements and
adding the ending -ium. The roots for the numbers are:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
2. In certain cases the names are shortened; for example, bi ium and tri ium are shortened to bium and
trium, and enn nil is shortened to ennil.
3. The symbol for the element is made up from the first letters from the roots which make up the name. The
strange mixture of Latin and Greek roots have been chosen to ensure that the symbols are all different.
Illustration
1. According to the IUPAC system of naming elements, the symbol of the element of atomic number 121
will be
(A) Unu (B) Ubn (C) Ubu (D) Bus
Ans. (C)
Exercise
In a polyelectronic atom, the internal electrons repel the electrons of the outermost orbit. This results in
decrease the nuclear attraction on the electrons of the outermost orbit.
Therefore, only a part of the nuclear charge is effective on the electrons of the outermost orbit. Thus, the
inner electrons protect or shield the nucleus and thereby decrease the effect of nuclear charge towards
the electrons of the outermost orbit.
Thus the part of the nuclear charge works against outer electrons, is known as effective nuclear
charge
Z *Z
Z* = effective nuclear charge
s = shielding constant and Z = nuclear charge
Ascientist named slater, determined the value of shielding constant and put forward some rules as
following.
(1) The shielding effect or screening effect of each electron of 1s orbital is 0.30.
(2) The shielding effect of each electrons of ns and np i.e. electron of the outermost orbit, is 0.35.
(3) The shielding effect of each electron of s or p orbitals of the penultimate orbit (n – 1) is 0.85.
(4) The shielding effect of each electron of s or p orbital of the prepenultimate orbit (n – 2) and below this is1.0.
Illustration
Exercise
Periodic Properties: Properties which are directly or indirectly related to their electronic configuration and
show a regular gradation when we move from left to right in a period or from top to bottom in a group
are called periodic properties. Some important periodic properties are atomic size, ionization energy
electron affinity, electronegativity, valency, density, atomic volume, melting and boiling points etc.
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12 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
(a) Atomic size : It refers to the distance between the centre of the nucleus of the atom to the outermost
shell containing electrons. Since absolute value of the atomic size cannot be determined, it is usually
expressed in terms of the following operational definitions.
X X
A B
1/2 AB = rcovalent
(of element X)
X H H X X
H
E F
G H
n 2a 0
rn
Z*
(i) Covalent radius. It is defined as one-half of the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded
atoms of the same element in a molecule.
Single Bond Covalent Radius, SBCR - (a) For Homolatomic molecules
dA–A = rA + rA or 2rA
dA A
rA =
2
(b) For hetrodiatomic molecules while electronegativity is approx same.
dA–B = rA + rB
For heteronuclear diatomic molecule.A–B, while difference between the electronegativity values of
atomAand atom B is relatively larger, (XA and XB) are the electron negativity in Pauling Scale.
dA–B = rA + rB – 0.09 |(XA –XB)| [Bond length or radius expressed in Å]
where XA and XB are electronegativityvalues of high electronegative elementAand less electronegative
element B, respectively. This formula was given by Stevenson & Schomaker.
Note : Covalent radius is slightly smaller then actual radius.
(ii) Van der Waals’radius. It is defined as one-half of the distance between the nuclei of two non-bonded
isolated atoms or two adjacent atoms belonging to two neighbouring molecules of an element in the solid
state.
By definition, van der Waals’radius of an element is always larger than its covalent radius.
Variation of atomic radii :
(i) Across the period atomic radii decreases
(ii) Where we move from 17th group to 18th atomic radii increases the period decreases
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 13
Illustration
1. Calculate the bond length of C–X bond, if C–C bond length is 1.54 Å, X–X bond length is 1.00 Å and
electronegativity values of C and X are 2.0 and 3.0 respectively
Sol. (1) C–C bond length = 1.54 Å
1.54
rC = = 0.77 Å
2
1.00
rX = = 0.50 Å
2
(2) C–X bond length
dC–X = rC + rX – 0.09 |XX – XC|
= 0.77 + 0.50 – 0.09 |3–2| = 0.77 + 0.50 – 0.09 × 1 = 1.27 – 0.09 = 1.18 Å
Thus C–X bond length is 1.18 Å
Exercise
1. The van der Waal’s radii of O, N, Cl, F and Ne increase in the order
(A) F, O, N, Ne, Cl (B) N, O, F, Ne, Cl (C) Ne, F, O, N, Cl (D) F, Cl, O, N, Ne
Ans. (C)
2. Whenever a list of radii is given, we find that the size of the noble gases is larger than the size of their
adjacent halogens. The reason is
(A) Noble gases have a complete octet
(B) Theyhave a higher inter electronic repulsion
(C) In halogens it is covalent radii and in noble gases it is vander waals radii
(D) Noble gases cannot be liquified
Ans. (C)
Variation in Period :
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Z * 1.30 1.95 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85
n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
rn (pm) 123 90 80 77 75 74 72 160
(covalent) (Van der Waals)
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14 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Ionic size. An atom can be changed to a cation by loss of electrons and to an anion by gain of
electrons. A cation is always smaller than the parent atom because during its formation effective
nuclear charge increases and sometimes a shell may also decrease. On the other hand, the size of
an anion is always larger than the parent atom because during its formation effective nuclear charge
decreases e.g..
Mg2+ < Mg, Cl– > Cl
The size of a cation is smaller in comparison to the size of its corresponding atom. This is because of the
fact that an atom on losing electrons/s form a cation, which has lesser number of electrons/s than the
number of proton/s. This results in increase in the effective nuclear charge.
1
Size of cation
Amount of positive ch arg e or Z eff
Examples - (1) Mn > Mn+2 > Mn+3 > Mn+4 > Mn+6 > Mn+7 (size)
(2) Pb+2 > Pb+4
The size of an anion is greater than the size of its corresponding atom, because the number of electrons
present in the anion gets larger than the number of protons due to gain of electron/s. This results in
decrease in the effective nuclear charge.
Size of anion Amount of negative charge
O0 < O–1 < O–2
1
Size in an isoelectronic series
Nuclear charge
No. of protons
Illustration
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 15
Exercise
2. Which one of the following is correct order of the size of iodine species?
(A) I > I– > I+ (B) I > I+ > I– (C) I+ > I– > I (D) I– > I > I+
Ans. (D)
IONISATION POTENTIAL
The energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from the outermost orbit of one mole of
isolated gaseous atoms of an element, is called ionisation potential (IP). This ionisation is an endergonic
or energy-absorbing process.
An electron cannot be removed directly from an atom in solid state. For this purpose, the solid state is
converted to gaseous state and the energy required for this is called sublimation energy.
A +1 A+2 A+3
A
st nd rd
I IP II IP III IP
The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral gaseous atom to convert it to monopositive
cation, is called first ionisation potential (Ist IP). The energy required to convert a monopositive cation to
a diapositive cation is called second ionisation potential (IInd IP) of an atom
Ist IP < IInd IP < IIIrd IP because as the electrons go out of the atom, the ionic size goes on decreasing
and the amount of positive charge goes on increasing.
Factors Affecting Ionisation Potential
(i) Atomic size : When the size of an atom is very large the electron of the outermost orbit bound to the
nucleus by weaker attractive forces. Such an electron will be readily removed from the atom. Therefore.
The value of ionisation potential will be low.
1
Ionisation potential
atomic size
(ii) Effective Nuclear Charge : Atomic size decreases with increase in effective nuclear charge because,
higher the effective nuclear charge stronger will be the attraction of the nucleus towards the electron of
the outermost orbit and higher will be the ionisation potential
Ionisation potential Effective nuclear charge
(iii) Shielding Effect : The electrons of internal orbits repel the electrons of the electron of the outermost
orbit due to which the attraction of the nucleus towards the electron of the outermost orbit decreases and
thus atomic size increases and the value of ionisation potential decreases.
1
Ionisation potential
shielding effect
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16 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
(iv) Stability of half filled and fully filled orbitals : The atoms whose orbitals are half-filled (p3, d5, f7) or
fully-filled (s2 , p6 , d10 , f14) have greater stability than the others. Therefore, they required greater
energy to for removing out electron. However stability of fully filled orbitals is greater than that of the
half filled orbitals
I.P.of fully filled orbitals I.P. of half filled orbitals
(v) Penetration power : In any atom the s orbital is nearer to the nucleus in comparison to p, d and f
orbitals. Therefor, greater energy is required to remove out electron from s orbital than from p, d and f
orbitals. Thus the decreasing order of ionisation potential of s, p, d and f orbitals is as follows
s > p > d> f
Io n isa tio n p o te n tia l p e n e tra tio n p o w e r
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 17
The elements having low value of ionisation potential readily lose electron and thus have basic property.
1
Ionisation potential Basic property
Illustration
1. Which of the following should be the order of increasing values of second ionisation potential of C6, N7,
O8 and F9
(A) C > N > F > O (b) C < F < N < O (C) C < F < N < O (D) C < N < F< O
Ans. (D)
Sol. The second ionisation potential means removal of electron from a cation
C+1 (5e) = 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p1
N+1 (6e) = 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
O+1 (7e) = 1s2, 2s2, 2p3
F+1 (8e) = 1s2, 2s2 , 2p4
Therefore C < N < F < O
2. Which of the following should be correct for Z1 and Z2 in the following two processes
M+ + Z1 M+2 + e–
M+2 + Z2 M+3 + e–
1 1
(A) Z = Z2 (B) Z1 = Z2 (C) Z1 = Z (D) Z1 < Z2
2 1 2 2
Ans. (D)
Sol. Z1 = second ionisation potential and Z2 = Third ionisation potential.
Second ionisation potential is always less than the third ionisation potential.
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18 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Exercise
1. One mole of magnesium in the vapour state absorbed 1200 kJ of energy. If the first and second ionization
enthalpies of magnesium are 750 and 1450 kJ mol–1 respectively, the final composition of the mixture is
(A) 69% Mg+, 31% Mg2+
(B) 59% Mg+, 41% Mg2+
(C) 49% Mg+, 51% Mg2+
(D) 29% Mg+, 71% Mg2+
Ans. (A)
The energy released on adding up one mole of electron to one mole of neutral atom (A) in its gaseous
state to form an anion (A–) is called electron affinity of that atom. In general, electron affinity is
associated with an exothermic process.
A(g) + e– A– (g) , Heg = –En
When one electron adds up to a neutral atom, it gets converted to a unit negative ion and energy is
released. On adding one more electron to the mononegative anion, there is a repulsion between the
negatively charged electron and anion. In order to counteract the repulsive forces, energy has to be
provided to the system. Therefore, the value of the second electron affinity is positive.
A– (g) + e– A–2 (g) ,Heg = + En Heg : Electron gain enthalpy
Atomic Size orAtomic Radius : When the size or radius of an atom increases, the electron entering the
outermost orbit is more weakly attracted by the nucleus and the value of electron affinity is lower.
1
Electron affinity
Atomic size
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 19
Shielding Effect : Shielding effect is directly proportional to atomic size and atomic size is inversely
proportional to electron affinity.
1
Electron affinity
Shielding effect
Exception :
On going from C6 to N7 in the second period, the values of electron affinity decreases in stead of
increasing. This is because there are half-filled (2p3) orbitals in the outermost orbit of N, which are more
stable. On the other hand, the outermost orbit in C has 2p2 configuration.
In the third period, the value of electron affinity of Si is greater than that of P. This is because electronic
configuration of the outermost orbit in P atom is 3p3 , which being half-filled, is relatively more stable
The values of electron affinity of inert gases are zero, because there outermost orbit has fully-filled p
orbitals.
In a period, the value of electron affinity goes on decreases on going from group IA to group IIA. The
value of electron affinity of the elements of group IIA is zero because ns orbitals are fully-filled and such
orbitals have no tendency to accept electrons.
In a Group
The values of electron affinity normally decrease on going from top to bottom in a group because the
atomic size increases which decreases the actual force of attraction by the nucleus.
Exceptions (E.A. 2nd period p-block element < E.A. 3rd period p-block element)
The value of electron affinity of F is lower than that of Cl, because the size of F is verysmall and compact
and the charge densityis high on the surface. Therefore, the incoming electron experiences more repulsion
in comparison to Cl . That is why the value of electron affinity of Cl is highest in the periodic table.
The values of electron affinity of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals can be regarded as zero, because
they do not have tendency to form anions by accepting electron.
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20 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Illustration
Exercise
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The measure of the capacity or tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons of the covalent
bond towards itself is called electronegativity of that atom.
Electronegativity is a relative value that indicates the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons
more than the other atom bonded to it. Therefore it does not have any unit. Pauling was the first scientist
to put forward the concept of electronegativity.
The numerical value of electronegativity of an atom depends on its ionisation potential and electron
affinityvalues.
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38 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Q.1 For the element X, student Surbhi measured its radius as 102 nm, Mr.Gupta as 113 nm and Mr.Agarwal
as 100 nm using same apparatus. Their teacher explained that measurements were correct bysaying that
recorded values by three students were
(A) Crystal, vander Waal and covalent radii (B) Covalent, crystal and vander Waal radii
(C) Vander Waal, ionic and covalent (D) None is correct
Ans. (A)
Sol. Order of radius is – Vander Waal’s radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius
Q.3 Give the correct order of initials T (true) or F (false) for following statements.
(I) Top positions of Lother-Mayer’s atomic volume curve are occupied byAlkali metals.
(II) Number of elements presents in the fifth period of the periodic table are 32.
(III) 2nd I.P. of Mg is less than the 2nd I.P. of Na.
(IV) A p-orbital can take maximum of six electrons.
(A) TFTF (B) TFFT (C) FFTF (D) TTFF
Ans. (A)
Sol. (II) 5s 4d 5p
Orbital 1 5 3
Total orbitals = 9
Total element = 18
(III) Mg+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
Na+ attained inert gas configuration
IE2 of Na is greater than Mg.
(IV) p-orbital can have 2 electrons but p-subshell can have 6 electrons.
Q.4 The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2, 2s22p6,3s13p33d2. The atomic number of the element
present just below this element in the periodic table -
(A) 36 (B) 34 (C) 33 (D) 32
Ans. (B)
Sol. At. No. = 16(S)
Next element below this element has atomic number = 16 + 18 = 34
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 41
Q.3 According to the Periodic Law of elements, the Variation in properties of elements is related to their ?
(A) Nuclear masses (B)Atomic numbers
(C) Nuclear neutron-proton number ratio (D)Atomic masses [2010112297]
Q.4 Atomic radius decreases in a period, but after halogens, the atomic radius suddenly increases. Thus,
inert gases has almost highest radius in a period. The explanation for such an increase is-
(A) Inert gases has most stable configuration
(B) Inert gases do not take part in bonding
(C) Vander Wall’s radius is reported in case of inert gases
(D) None of these
[2010110748]
Q.5 Which one of the following groups represent a collection of isoelectronic species ?
(At. no. Cs = 55, Br = 35)
(A) N3–, F–, Na+ (B) Be, Al3+, Cl– (C) Ca2+, Cs+, Br (D) Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+
[2010110847]
Q.7 The atomic numbers of vanadium (V). Chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) respectively 23,
24, 25 and 26. Which one of these may be expected to have the higher second ionization enthalpy ?
(A) Cr (B) Mn (C) Fe (D) V
[2010111695]
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46 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
The electron affinity is a inherent property of the atom and it depends upon several factors.
[2010111642]
Q.3 The correct electron affinity order is
(A) F > Cl (B) Cl > F (C) S < P (D) N > O
Atoms of metals have only a few electrons in their valence shells while atoms of non-metals generally
have more electrons in their valence shells. Metallic character is closely related to atomic radius and
ionization enthalpy. Metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group and decreases from left to
right in a period. Metallic character is inverselyrelated to electronegativity.
[2010111495]
Q.5 Which of the following groups contains metals, non-metals and metalloids -
(A) Group 1 (B) Group 17 (C) Group 14 (D) Group 2
Q.7 Considering the elements B, C, N, and F the correct order of their non-metallic character is -
(A) B > C > N > F (B) C > B > N > F (C) F > N > C > B (D) F > N > C > B
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 51
Subjective Type
Q.1 Use the following system of namingelements in which first alphabets of the digits are written collectively,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil uni bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
to write three-letter symbols for the elements with atomic number 101 to 109.
[Example : 101 is Unu....] [2010110901]
Q.2 Mg2+, O2–, Na+, F–, N3– (Arrange in decreasing order of ionic size) [2010110877]
Q.3 Why Ca2+ has a smaller ionic radius than K+. [2010110043]
Q.4 Arrange in decreasing order of atomic size : Na, Cs, Mg, Si, Cl. [2010110195]
Q.5 Why the first ionisation energy of carbon atom is greater than that of boron atom whereas, the reverse is
true for the second ionisation energy. [2010110601]
Q.6 The IE do not follow a regular trend in II & III periods with increasing atomic number. Why?
[2010110943]
Q.7 Explain whya few elements such as Be (+0.6), N(+0.3) & He(+0.6) have positive electron gain enthalpies
while majorityof elements do have negative values. [2010110599]
Q.9 From among the elements, choose the following: Cl, Br, F,Al, C, Li, Cs & Xe.
(i) The element with highest electron gain enthalpy.
(ii) The element with lowest ionisation potential.
(iii) The element whose oxide is amphoteric.
(iv) The element which has smallest radii.
(v) The element whose atom has 8 electrons in the outermost shell. [2010110597]
Q.10 In the ionic compound KF, the K+ and F– ions are found to have practically radii, about 1.34 Å each.
What do you predict about the relative covalent radii of K and F? [2010110350]
Q.12 The basic nature of hydroxides of group 13 (III-A) decreases progressively down the group. Comment.
[2010110596]
Q.13 Based on location in P.T., which of the following would you expect to be acidic & which basic.
(a) CsOH (b) IOH (c) Sr(OH)2 (d) Se(OH)2 (e) FrOH (f) BrOH
[2010110868]
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 55
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
(IIT JEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Moving from right to left in a periodic table, the atomic size is: [JEE 1995]
(A) increased (B) decreased (C) remains constant (D) none of these
[2010112001]
Q.2 The increasing order of electronegativity in the following elements: [JEE 1995]
(A) C, N, Si, P (B) N, Si, C, P (C) Si, P, C, N (D) P, Si, N, C
[2010110537]
Q.3 One element has atomic weight 39. Its electronic configuration is 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 4s1. The true
statement for that element is:
(A) Highest value of IE (B)Transition element
(C) Isotone with 18Ar 38
(D) None [JEE 1995]
[2010111632]
Q.4 The number of paired electrons in oxygen atom is: [JEE 1995]
(A) 6 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) 32
[2010112648]
Q.5 The decreasing size of K+, Ca2+, Cl– & S2– follows the order: [REE 1995]
(A) K+ > Ca +2 > S–2 > Cl– (B) K+ > Ca +2 > Cl– > S–2
(C) Ca >K > Cl > S
+2 + – –2
(D) S–2 > Cl– > K+ > Ca+2
[2010111675]
Q.7 Which of the following has the maximum number of unpaired electrons [JEE 1996]
(A) Mg2+
(B) Ti3+
(C) V 3+
(D) Fe2+
[2010111613]
Q.8 The following acids have been arranged in the order of decreasing acid strength. Identify the correct
order [JEE 1996]
ClOH(I) BrOH(II) IOH(III)
(A) I > II > III (B) II > I > III (C) III > II > I (D) I > III > II
[2010110900]
Q.9 The incorrect statement among the following is: [JEE 1997]
(A) the first ionisation potential ofAl is less than the first ionisation potential of Mg
(B) the second ionisation potential of Mg is greater than the second ionisation potential of Na
(C) the first ionisation potential of Na is less than the first ionisation potential of Mg
(D) the third ionisation potential of Mg is greater than the third ionisation potential ofAl
[2010112041]
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 57
Q.20 Identify the correct order of acidic strengths of CO2, CuO, CaO, H2O: [JEE 2002]
(A*) CaO < CuO < H2O < CO2 (B) H2O < CuO < CaO < CO2
(C) CaO < H2O < CuO < CO2 (D) H2O < CO2 < CaO < CuO
[2010111496]
SECTION-B
(AIEEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.21 In which of the following arrangements, the sequence is not strictly according to the property written
against it ? [AIEEE-2009]
(A) H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te : Increasing acidic strength
(B) HF < HCl < HBr < HI : Increasing acidic strength
(C*) NH3 > PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 : Increasing basic strength
(D) B < C < O < N : increasing first ionization enthalpy
[2010113518]
Q.22 The set representing the correct order of ionic radius is – [AIEEE-2009]
+ 2+ + 2+ + + 2+ 2+
(A) Li > Be > Na > Mg (B) Na > Li > Mg > Be
2+ + 2+ 2+
(C) Li > Na > Mg > Be (D) Mg2+ > Be2+ > Li+ > Na+
[2010113569]
Q.23 The correct sequence which shows decreasing order of the ionic radii of the elements is
[AIEEE-2010]
3+ 2+ + – 2–
(A) Al > Mg > Na > F > O (B) Na > Mg > Al > O > F–
+ 2+ 3+ 2
(C) Na+ > F– > Mg2+ > O2– > Al3+ (D) O2– > F– > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+
[2010113620]
Q.24 Which one of the following ordered presents the correct sequence of the increasing basic nature of the
given oxides ? [AIEEE-2011]
(A) Al2O3 < MgO < Na2O < K2O (B) MgO < K2O < Al2O3 < Na2O
(C) Na2O < K2O < MgO < Al2O3 (D) K2O < Na2O < Al2O3 < MgO
[2010113671]
Q.25 The increasing order of the ionic radii of the given isoelectronic species is [AIEEE-2012]
(A) Ca2+, K+, Cl–, S2– (B) K+, S2–, Ca2+, Cl–
(C) Cl–, Ca2+, K+, S2– (D) S2–, Cl–, Ca2+, K+ [2010113722]
Q.26 The first ionisation potential of Na is 5.1 eV. The value of electron gain enthalpy of Na+ will be:
(A*) –5.1 eV (B) –10.2 eV (C) +2.55 eV (D) –2.55 eV
[JEE MAIN-2013]
[2010113967]
Q.27 Which of the following represents the correct order of increasing first ionization enthalpy for Ca, Ba, S,
Se and Ar?
(A) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar (B*) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar
(C) Ca < Ba < S < Se < Ar (D) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar [JEE MAIN-2013]
[2010114018]
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58 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 [101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
Unu Unb Unt Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une]
Q.2 [N > O > F > Na > Mg2+]
3– 2– – + Q.3 [Isoelectronic Ca+2(Value of Zeff is higher)]
Q.4 [Cs > Na > Mg > Si > Cl] Q.5 [Zeff & half filled config.]
Q.6 [half filled & fullyfilled orbitals] Q.7 [half filled and fullyfilled orbitals]
Q.8 [(a) P–Cl (b) S–O, (C) N–F] Q.9 [(i) Cl (ii) Cs (iii) Al (iv) F (v) Xe]
Q.10 [rk > 1.34Å > rF] Q.11 [BaO]
Q.12 [False]
Q.13 [(a) basic (b) acidic (c) basic (d) acidic (e) basic (f) acidic ]
Q.14 [CaO < CO < CO2 < N2O5 < SO3] Q.15 [EN1 > EN2]
Q.16 [5.919 Å] Q.17 [1.21 Å]
Q.18 [4.64 Å ; b = 3.28 Å] Q.19 [IE2 = 1825 kJ/mole, IE3 = 2737.5 kJ/mol]
Q.20 [3.476 eV] Q.21 [3.03 (Pauling)]
Q.22 [3.8752] Q.23 [3.2]
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60 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
EXERCISE-1
rc + rsi = 1.87 Å
1.87Å + 2 rF = 2.87 Å
2 rF = 1.00 Å
rF = .5 Å]
1
Q.23 [Electronegativity atomic size ]
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