Proceedings of the ASME 2018
International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition
ANALYSIS OF THE FLUID MOTION INDUCED BY A VIBRATING LAMINA THROUGH
FREE SURFACE-LATTICE BOLTZMANN COUPLED METHOD
Daniele Chiappini ∗, Giovanni Di Ilio
Department of Industrial Engineering
University of Rome ’Niccolò Cusano’,
Via don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
ABSTRACT
In this work, we perform a numerical study on the flow in-
duced by the motion of a rigid cantilever beam undergoing finite
amplitude oscillations, in a viscous fluid, under a free surface. To
this aim, we use a lattice Boltzmann volume of fluid (LB-VOF) in-
tegrated method, which includes the tracking of the fluid surface.
The adopted approach couples the simplicity of the LB method
with the possibility to track the free surface by means of a VOF
strategy. Through a parametric analysis, we study the effects
related to the depth of submergence, for several values of the os-
cillation frequency and amplitude. Results are provided in terms
of a complex hydrodynamic function, whose real and imaginary
parts are the added mass and the viscous damping, respectively,
acting on the lamina. Validation of the results is carried out by
comparing the solution, for the limit case of lamina submerged
in an infinite fluid, with those from available literature studies.
We find that the presence of the free surface strongly influences
the flow physics around the lamina, especially at low values of
the depth of submergence. In facts, when the lamina approaches
to the free surface, the fluid waves, generated by the motion of
the lamina, interact with the oscillating body itself, giving rise to
additional effects, which we quantify in terms of added mass and
viscous damping.
1 INTRODUCTION
The study of forced mechanical vibrations of slender struc-
tures in viscous fluids has received increasing attention over the
last decades, due to its importance in many scientific and en-
∗ Address all correspondence to this author.
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IMECE2018
November 9-15, 2018, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
IMECE2018-87715
Gino Bella
Department of Enterprise Engineering
University of Rome ’Tor Vergata’,
Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
gineering fields. Practical applications include micro-electro-
mechanical systems [1], atomic force microscopy [2], energy
harvesting [3], miniature propulsion [4] and heat transfer devices
[5]. For this class of fluid-structure interaction problems, it is of
fundamental importance to accurately predict the hydrodynamic
forces exerted by the surrounding fluid on the vibrating struc-
ture. Typically, the effects due to such an interaction are de-
scribed by means of a complex hydrodynamic function, which is
composed of two separate components: added mass and hydro-
dynamic damping coefficient. These two factors are governed
by different mechanisms of momentum transport such as inertial
and viscous phenomena, respectively.
In literature, there exists a significant body of research on vi-
bration of submerged cantilever in a viscous fluid. The case of
infinitely small amplitude oscillations of rigid bodies of differ-
ent geometries in a quiescent unbounded fluid have been firstly
treated by Tuck [6]. In [7] a theoretical analysis is conducted un-
der the same assumptions to characterize the fluid-structure in-
teraction problem via a complex hydrodynamic function. Finite
amplitude flexural vibration of a thin beam has been studied both
experimentally and numerically by several authors [8, 9]. In par-
ticular, Facci and Porfiri [10] demonstrate, via an experimental
analysis, the presence of a frequency-dependent nonlinear hydro-
dynamic damping which enhance higher frequency harmonics as
compared to the fundamental harmonic. Nonlinear vibrations of
cantilever beams of rectangular cross-section undergoing large
amplitude oscillations have been studied in [11, 12, 13]. Also,
Tafuni and Sahin [14] conducted a numerical analysis for the
case of a lamina undergoing large amplitude oscillations in un-
bounded domain. Recently, lattice Boltzmann simulations for the
 current problem have been presented in [15, 16, 17, 18, 19].
The hydrodynamic loading on a moving structure in a viscous
fluid can be strongly affected by its proximity to a surface. The
effect of a solid surface near an oscillating body has been studied
in [20], where an approach similar to that of Tuck [6] is used,
and in [21]. Such studies show an increase of both added mass
and damping coefficients near the wall as well as significant al-
terations of velocity and pressure fields.
As far as the problem of lamina vibrating under a free-surface,
only few works are available in literature. In [22, 23], numerical
studies have been carried out to characterize the physical effects
induced by the free-surface on the hydrodynamic load. Results
indicate that, in general, the presence of the free-surface leads to
an increase in the hydrodynamic loading and, in particular, to an
increase of the dissipation effects, with non-harmonic responses
of the fluid force to the harmonic displacement of the lamina.
In this work, we propose a lattice Boltzmann analysis applied
to the problem of oscillating lamina under a free-surface, with
the aim of extending the validity of the classical hydrodynamic
function developed for finite amplitude oscillation in unbounded
flow. In particular, we broaden the range of control parameters
taken into consideration in previous studies, by considering dif-
ferent frequencies and amplitude of oscillations scenarios. The
results are validated with data available in literature for the limit
case of unbounded fluid, recovered when the lamina is placed in
its initial position at a sufficient distance from the free-surface.
2 NUMERICAL MODEL
The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a powerful compu-
tational fluid dynamic tool based on the kinetic theory of gases
[24, 25, 26]. The LBM has received a growing interest by re-
searchers over the last two decades, and its usage spans a wide
range of applications, including multiphase flows [27, 28], ex-
ternal aerodynamic problems [29], turbulent flows [30] and non-
Newtonian fluids [31].
Free-surface flows are characterized by high density and high
viscosity ratios between the fluid phases. For this reason, it
is often sufficient to model only the denser and more viscous
phase, while the presence of the secondary phase being con-
sidered by means of suitable boundary conditions at the inter-
face. Many free-surface approaches has been developed for LBM
[32, 33, 34, 35]. In particular, in this work, we adopt the model
developed by Thürey and Rüde [36]. Such a model consists of an
integrated lattice Boltzmann volume of fluid (LB-VOF) strategy,
as described in what follows.
The starting point of the LB-VOF method is the governing Boltz-
mann equation, that reads
∂ fi (x,t) 1
+ ci · ∇ fi (x,t) = − fi (x,t) − fieq (x,t) ,

(1)
∂t τ
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where x and t represent the position of the particle and the time,
respectively, fi (x,t) are the particle distribution functions and ci
are the set of discrete speeds along the allowed lattice directions.
The Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) approximation is adopted
here, therefore, in equation 1, τ is the single relaxation time.
Explicit time differencing of equation 1, leads to the following
relation:
∆t  eq 
fi (x + ci ∆t,t + ∆t) − fi (x,t) = − fi (x,t) − fi (x,t) . (2)
τ
The left-hand side of equation 2 represents the streaming step,
while the right-hand side describes the collision operator. Such
an equation is solved on a uniform structured cartesian grid. In
particular, we use the D2Q9 model, which allows nine lattice
directions in two dimensions. Moreover, we set the time-step
equal to the unity. Superscript eq in equations 1 and 2 indicates
the equilibrium state. In the present lattice Boltzmann method
implementation, the equilibrium distribution functions fieq (x,t)
are given by the following expression:
ci · u (x,t) [ci · u (x,t)]2 [u (x,t)]2
 
fieq (x,t) = wi ρ (x,t) 1+ + −
c2s 2c4s 2c2s
(3)
where cs is the lattice speed of sound, the parameters wi are a
set of weights normalized to unity, and ρ (x,t) and u (x,t) are
the fluid density and velocity, respectively, which are given by
the first two moments of the distribution function. For an near-
incompressible fluid flow, equation 2 recovers the Navier-Stokes
equations with pressure given by p = ρ c2s and kinematic viscos-
ity as ν = c2s (τ − ∆t2 ).
2.1 Free-surface flow simulation
To simulate the free-surface flow with the LB-VOF ap-
proach, a flag field is introduced to make a distinction between
cells containing fluid, interface cells and empty cells. Therefore,
empty cells are ignored during the simulation and the streaming-
collision process described by equation 2 is applied only two the
other types of cells. Interface cells are those which are responsi-
ble for the tracking of the free-surface.
At each cell of the computational domain, we define the fluid
fraction ε = m/ρ , where m is the mass. Then, the tracking of
the free-surface consists of three steps: i) computation of the in-
terface motion, ii) boundary conditions at the interface and iii)
re-initialization of the flag field.
The first step, namely the computation of the interface motion,
is realized by computing the mass contained in each cell. Within
the lattice Boltzmann framework, the change of mass is evalu-
ated from the values of distribution functions that are streamed
between two adjacent cells, along each of the allowed directions.
 Therefore, depending on the type of the neighboring cell, the
change of mass for an interface cell, at each time-step, is given
by:
∆mi (x,t + ∆t) = fi (x + ci ∆t,t) − fi (x,t) ,
when the neighbor is a fluid cell, or by the following relation:
[37] and further developed in [38]. This method allows a precise
reconstruction of the near-boundary fluid-dynamics fields via re-
constructing missing populations through local conserved quan-
tities, such as density ρ and flux j = ρ u, as well as pressure ten-
(4) sor P. In order to define all the needed quantity we may refer to
Fig. 1.

ε (x + ci ∆t,t) + ε (x,t)
∆mi (x,t + ∆t) = [ fi (x + ci ∆t,t) − fi (x,t)]
2
(5)
when the neighbor is another interface cell. In this second case,
we average the fluid fraction values of the two cells. After com-
puting such contributions, the current mass for an interface cell
can be updated:

Q
m (x,t + ∆t) = m (x,t) + ∑ ∆mi (x,t + ∆t), (6)
i=1

where Q indicate the number of lattice directions.

Secondly, to accomplish the streaming process and perform the
tracking of the free-surface, suitable boundary conditions must
be imposed at interface cells. Therefore, for those cells, we set a
reference density (ρ0 = 1) and we compute the missing distribu-
tion functions, at each time-step, as follows:

fī′ (x,t + ∆t) = fieq (ρ0 , u) + fīeq (ρ0 , u) − fi (x,t) , (7)

FIGURE 1: Obstacle definition into fluid domain. Empty squares
represent the fluid nodes, filled squares belong to the obstacle;
where subscript ī indicates the lattice direction along the discrete
the red filled circle represents the exact wall position along the i-
velocity cī = −ci . Equation 7 is applied to all directions with
th lattice direction. Continuous blue arrows represent the known
empty neighbour cells.
directions, while the dashed ones represent those who need to be
Finally, to ensure the mass conservation, the excess of mass oc-
reconstructed before streaming.
curring at each interface cell must be computed and redistributed
to the surrounding cells. In particular, such an amount of excess
mass can be positive or negative, depending whether the inter-
face cell under consideration is filled or emptied. Therefore, the
excess mass is distributed to the neighbors by accounting the di-
rection of the interface normal as a weight: For every fluid node xb lying near a solid one, we may de-
termine the subset of D̄ velocities which point from the solid to
m (x + ci ∆t,t + ∆t) = m (x + ci ∆t,t + ∆t) + mex (ηi /ηtot ) , (8) the fluid and, by means of the Grad’s approximation, we may re-
construct missing distribution functions needed during streaming
phase.
where ηtot is the sum of all the weights ηi , which are defined as The missing populations to be streamed into fluid nodes may be
the scalar product | n · ci |. This process results in a cell type flag written as follows:
re-initialization.

1
 
2.2 GRAD’S APPROXIMATION FOR MOVING OBSTA- jα ci,α
f˜i (ρ , j, P) = wi ρ + 2 + 4 Pαβ − ρ c2s δαβ ci,α ci,β − c2s δαβ



CLES cs 2cs
There are many approaches which allow to deal with moving (9)
boundaries in LB framework. Here we adopt the one proposed in where the pressure tensor Pαβ may be written as the sum of the
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 equilibrium and non-equilibrium parts, respectively defined as:

eq
Pαβ = ρ c2s δαβ + ρ uα uβ
ρ c2 ∂ u α ∂ u β (10)
 
neq
Pαβ =− s + .
2 β ∂ xβ ∂ xα

In equation 10 the equilibrium part is evaluated by means of the

target quantities introduced below while the non-equilibrium one
may be evaluated by means of velocity gradient referred to the
previous iteration. With referring to target velocity, we may con-
sider a linear-interpolation based on neighbour-fluid node x f ,i ve-
locity and the wall velocity at intersection point xw,i , as in eq. 11:
FIGURE 2: Schematic representation of extrapolation procedure.
The obstacle, initially located at the dashed green line (new po-
1 ∆i u f ,i + uw,i sition is the solid green line), frees some nodes, the green filled
utgt = ∑
nD̄ i∈D̄ 1 + ∆i
(11)
ones, which where belonging to solid ones. Their new fluid-
dynamics properties are copied both from red filled fluid node x f
and from solid one xs .
where nD̄ is the number of unknown populations at boundary
fluid node, u f ,i is the fluid velocity at node xb + ci , uw,i is the
solid wall velocity and ∆i is the fluid-wall normalized distance
k xb − xw,i k
∆i = . Finally, the target density can be written as
k xb − xs,i k
the sum of two contribution; the former related to the standard
bounce back rule and the latter related to the solid wall motion:

ρtgt = ρbb + ρmv (12)

3 PROBLEM SETUP
where ρbb and ρmv are define as follows:

The flow physics of a thin structure vibrating, in a viscous

ρbb = ∑ fi + ∑ fī
i∈
/ D̄ i∈D̄
(13)
ρmv = ∑ 6wi ρ0 ci · uw,i
i∈D̄
being fī bouced back distribution functions with cī = −ci , and
ρ0 a reference density commonly set equal to the fluid one. Ob-
viously, in case of stationary walls the second row of eq. 13 van-
ishes to zero, and the target density may be obtained only through
a "bounce-back" approach.
Finally, while the obstacle is moving, some of the initially solid
nodes may become fluid ones. In that case all the macroscopic
quantities can be taken from the neighbor nodes and the distribu-
tion functions imposed to be the equilibrium ones. More specifi-
cally, density, mass and volume fraction are imposed to be equal
to the ones of the neighbor fluid node, while velocity is the one
of solid obstacle. In Fig. 2, we report a sketch of the refilling
procedure.
4 Copyright © 2018 ASME
fluid, along a direction in the plane of its cross section is gov-
erned mainly by two parameters, that are the non-dimensional
frequency β and the non-dimensional amplitude of oscillation ε .
Specifically, we consider the unsteady flow generated by a rigid
lamina of rectangular cross-section, with length L and thickness
T . For this case, the two non-dimensional parameters are defined
as ε = A/L and β = ρω L2 /(2π µ ), where A is the oscillation
amplitude, while ω represents the radian frequency. Basing on
these parameters, we define two control numbers, which are the
Reynolds number Re = 2πβ ε and the Keulegan-Carpenter num-
ber, defined as KC = 2πε .
The lamina, with a L/T ratio equal to 100, is submerged in a fluid
domain with dimensions H = 10L and Γ = 5L. Boundary condi-
tions are no-slip solid walls at left and right sides, open boundary
on the south and free surface on the north one. The submerging
height of the lamina h is defined by means of a non dimensional
parameter χ = h/L. Domain sizes and boundary conditions are
synthetically depicted in Fig. 3.

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FIGURE 3: Representation of computational domain used during
the analysis.
In the present study we carry out a parametric analysis for
evaluating the hydrodynamic force with respect to the submerg-
ing height of the lamina at different values of the oscillation pa-
rameter β . By assumption, we neglect gravitational effects and
we set the oscillation amplitude ε = 0.05 so to have KC = 0.314
and we consider three values of β = 100, 200 and 300 so to have
Reynolds number which ranges from 31.416 up to 92.248. In
order to respect the weakly compressibility hypothesis needed
by the LB framework, we have to fix both non-dimensional lam-
ina length and fluid kinematic viscosity. Here, we impose that
L = 300 and ν = 0.02. By this way, the non-dimensional ve-
locities which correspond to the previously highlighted Re num-
ber are in equal to 0.0021 for β = 100, 0.0042 for β = 200 and
0.0063 for β = 300, which correspond to the following Mach
numbers: 0.0036, 0.0073 and 0.0108. Thus, with the chosen
parameters we may assure weakly compressibility of the under-
analysis fluid and compare results with the ones presented in
[11]. The non-dimensional submerging height is in the range
0.5÷5 so to consider the effects of the free surface on hydrody-
namic force and to see when the obtained solution asymptotically
tends towards results for infinite domain, [11].
The hydrodynamic force, per unit length, exerted by the encom-
passing fluid to a thin lamina undergoing harmonic oscillations
in a viscous fluid, can be characterized, in the frequency domain,
as follows:
π the free-surface itself. Results for both real and imaginary parts
F̂(ω ) = ρω 2 L2 Θ(β , ε )A
4
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where the superimposed hat denotes a phasor quantity. In equa-
tion (14), Θ(β , ε ) is a complex hydrodynamic function, which
depends on the control parameters β and ε and whose real and
imaginary components represent added mass and damping co-
efficient, respectively. A semianalytical formulations have been
provided in [11] to approximate the hydrodynamic function for
the case of unbounded domain, as follows:
Θ(β , ε ) = 1.02 + 2.45β −1/2 − I(2.49β −1/2 + 0.879β 3/4ε 2 )
(15)
where I is the imaginary unit. We emphasize that the real part
of Θ(β , ε ) depends only on the frequency parameter β while the
imaginary part is strongly influenced by the relative amplitude ε
as well.
4 RESULTS
After having introduced the test-case, we may now present
obtained results for the parametric analysis carried out. More
specifically we consider different submerging heights ,from 0.5
to 5, for the three β parameters previously introduced. In Table 1
all the simulation parameters have been summarized. Some con-
siderations about grid sizing will be carried out in the following
Appendix.
L ν β ε χ
300 0.02 100:100:300 0.05 0.5:0.5:5
TABLE 1: Simulation parameters used during the parametric
analysis.
Simulations are performed for 15 oscillation periods and hy-
drodynamic function is reconstructed with using Fouries series
coefficients evaluated starting from the last 10 periods, so to tame
effects due to initial fluid flow stabilization.
Thus, for every oscillation frequency considered we anal-
yse the effects of the distance from the free-surface. With re-
gards to the hydrodynamic force, we expect a direct influence
of the distance on the real part of the hydrodynamic function it-
self. More specifically, the smaller the non-dimensional distance
χ , the lower the real part. Moreover, with increasing the lam-
ina distance from the free surface we are expecting to recover
the solution for a unbounded domain. The effects of submerg-
ing distance on imaginary part of the hydrodynamic function are
related to the induced fluid flow imposed by lamina oscillations
and they should vanish as far the lamina will be far enough from
(14) are synthetically depicted in the following Figs. 4 and 5.
5 Copyright © 2018 ASME
 1.4 = 5.0
0.2 = 0.5

0.1

Force [LU]
1.3
0

-0.1
Re

1.2
-0.2
1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25
1.1
Iteration Number 105
β = 100
β = 200 FIGURE 6: Comparison of the force evolution over time for two
β = 300 different submerging heights at fixed oscillation frequency. The
1 solid blue line represents the the case with χ = 5.0, while the
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
χ dash-dotted red line represents the case of χ = 0.5, for both sim-
ulations β = 300 and ε = 0.05.
FIGURE 4: Real part of the hydrodynamic function evaluated at
different submerging heights χ with respect to different oscilla-
tion frequencies β .
Looking at Fig. 6 we may point out how the reduced dis-
tance from the free surface directly influences the behaviour of
0.4 such a quantity. In facts, the dash-dotted red line has a smaller
amplitude of oscillations with respect to the blue one. Moreover,
for the lower submerging height we may point out a longer initial
0.35 transient characterized by low amplitude-high frequency ripples,
which, on the other hand vanish in few iterations for higher sub-
merging heights. Effects on imaginary part cannot be directly
|Im|

0.3 recognized from this picture. Nevertheless, this analysis may be

also done by looking at previous Figs. 4 and 5 where we may
observe a reduction of both real and imaginary parts of about 7%
0.25 β = 100 for both of them when the lamina approaches the free surface.
β = 200 Finally, int the following Figs.7 and 8 we report the velocity and
β = 300 pressure distribution around the lamina when it is approaching
0.2 the nearest point to the free surface when β = 300 and χ = 0.5.
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
χ

FIGURE 5: Imaginary part of the hydrodynamic function evalu-

ated at different submerging heights χ with respect to different
oscillation frequencies β .

If we compare the obtained results for χ = 5.0 with the the-

oretical value evaluated by means of equation (15) we obtain an
error less than 1.00% for the real part (for all the β considered)
and of about 1.24% for β = 100, 5.56% for β = 200 and 8.84%
for β = 300 for the imaginary part. The last value, despite be-
ing relatively high, is aligned with other results aready present in
literature based on similar approaches, [15]. Finally, in the fol-
lowing Fig. 6 we may observe the force evolution over time for FIGURE 7: Velocity magnitude around the oscillating lamina in
two limit test cases (χ = 5 and χ = 0.5) referred to β = 300. the nearest point to the free surface.
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 increasing the number of nodes used to discretize the lamina, the
overall simulation time will be significantly slowed down, due
both to the increased grid size and to the longer equivalent os-
cillation period T = 2π /ω . In order to emphasize these effects,
the following Table 2 reports the main simulation parameters for
the highest oscillation frequency β = 300 with and oscillation
amplitude ε = 0.05 and the highest submerging height χ = 5.0.

L Γ H T Ma
100 500 1000 1667 0.03265
200 1000 2000 6667 0.01632
FIGURE 8: Pressure around the oscillating lamina in the nearest
point to the free surface. 300 1500 3000 15000 0.01088
400 2000 4000 26667 0.00816
500 2500 5000 41667 0.00653
5 CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion we may confirm the reliability of the proposed
TABLE 2: Non-dimensional simulation parameters used for sen-
method to deal with fluid-structure interaction problems. The
sitivity analysis.
analysis carried out so far did not consider effects which arise
from including the gravitational force as well as the shallow wa-
ter effects related to a confined domain. Nevertheless, the pro-
posed method allowed us to highlight the effects of the distance Real and imaginary parts of the hydrodynamic function re-
from the free-surface of the oscillating lamina with capturing ferred to the specific parameters β and ε can be evaluated by
phenomena related to added mass and damping. The treatment means of equation 15 and compared with simulation results. Rel-
of a moving obstacle by means of high order approaches like ative error for both of them are synthetically reported in the next
the Grad’s approximation gave also the possibility of including Figures 9 and 10.
moving and deformable obstacle in the LB framework. Obvi-
ously, this is a first mandatory step in order to fully characterized
the proposed method. Future developments will be devoted to 15
include gravitational effects on the hydrodynamic function eval-
Relative error on real part %

uation as well as the enclosure of boundary effects related to a 12

confined domain.
9
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of 6
Education, University and Research under PRIN grant No.
20154EHYW9 “Combined numerical and experimental method- 3
ology for fluid structure interaction in free surface flows under
impulsive loading".
0
100 200 300 400 500
L
7 APPENDIX - ERROR ANALYSIS
In order to chose the correct discretization length a sensi- FIGURE 9: Relative error on real part obtained by varying the
tivity analysis to main simulation parameters have been carried discretization length.
out by keeping constant the kinematic viscosity and by varying
the discretization length of the submerged lamina. The main out-
come is that the finer the grid the smaller the equivalent Mach
number, with obvious benefits in terms of accuracy. More specif- From Figs. 9 and 10 it may be easily pointed out how the first
ically, in this section we will compare results from 5 discretiza- discretization length which would assure acceptable results both
tion lengths (from 100 to 500 with step 100). Obviously, with in terms of real and imaginary parts is the chosen one at L = 300.
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 70
Relative error on imaginary part %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Physics, 112, p. 124908.
100 200 300 400
L
FIGURE 10: Relative error on imaginary part obtained by vary-
ing the discretization length.
In this case, in facts, the error for the real part is below the 1%
while the error on the imaginary part is about 9% aligned with
literature results [15, 17]. Thus, the chosen length will assure
a good accuracy for the whole range of conditions previously
analysed without significantly impacting obtained results.
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