Exercise 1.7.1. The trace of a matrix is defied to be the sum of its diagonal matrix lements TrO=52, Show that a) THA) (2) TQA0)=Te(AQD)=Te(GOA) (The permutations are cyclic). G) The trace of an operator is unaffected by a unitary change of bass |)-+U/j). [Equiva- lently, show Tr 2=Te(U/QU)] Exercise 1.83." Consider the Hermitian matrix () Show that © = 02" 1; 0. (2) Show that |=2) is any vector of the form a} () Show that the «1 eigenspace contains all vectors of the form . vl Sither by feng © =| ito the equations or by requiring thatthe @'=1 eigenspce be orto- onal to |a =2),Exercise 18.5.* Consider the matrix cos 0 = sin 0 cos 0 (1) Show that it is unitary. Q) Show that its eigenvalues are e” and e~ (3) Find the corresponding eigenvectors; show that they are orthogonal, (@ Verify that U'QU= (diagonal matrin), where U is the matrix of eigenvectors of Q. Exercise 18.6." (1) We have seen that the determinant of a matrix is unchanged under 4 unitary change of basis. Argue now that det = product of eigenvalues of Q= for a Hermitian or unitary ©. (2) Using the invariance of the trace under the same transformation, show that TrO=F o, Exercise 18.7. By using the results on the trace and determinant from the last problem, show that the eigenvalues of the matrix al [! | 21 are 3 and ~1. Verity this by explicit computation. Note that the Hermitian nature of the ‘matrix is an essential ingredient. Exercise 1.8.10." By considering the commutator, show that the following Hermitian matrices and be simultansousy diagonlized. Find the eigenvectors common to both verify that under aunty tasfonmation to hs bas, both mati are agonal Sooper int Aint you ute pein ding i mai tt oda ahExercise 19.2.* If H ‘analogy with ¢ numbers: if 8 Hermitian operator, show that U=e™ show that Ue" is unitary. Notice Gis real, ue" is a number of unit modulus.) Tere Frercite 19.3. For the case above, show that det Ume™, Exercise 1.10.1 Show that 5(ox)=5(x)/lal. (Consider 8(ax) ax). Remember that 8(x)= 5(-x)] Exercise 1.10.2.* Show that arp Se ‘where x, are the zeros of f(x). Hint: Where does 5(/(x)) blow up? Expand /(x) near such points in a Taylor series, keeping the first nonzero term, Exercise 1.10.3.* Consider the theta function 6(—x') which vanishes ifx— is negative and equals 1 if x—x is positive. Show that 8(x~x) =d/dx 8(x—x). Exercise 1.10.4. A string is displaced as follows at ¢=0: 2h L v=, osxs5 ha», Esxst L 2 ‘Show that sone a( noe (