Digsilent Powerfactory: Technical Reference Documentation

DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Technical Reference Documentation
Static Generator
ElmGenstat
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany
T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88
http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
r1019
Copyright ©2011, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.
Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 1

Contents
Contents
1 General Description 4
1.1 Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Load-Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Local Voltage Controller Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Static Generator as Slack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3 External Station Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.4 Primary frequency bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.5 Reactive Power Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.6 Active Power Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 VDEC/IEC Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 ANSI Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.4 IEC 61361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5 RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.1 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.3 Negative/Zero Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6.3 Zero Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models 22
2.1 Stability Model (RMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Contents
3 Input Parameter Definitions 25

∗
3.1 .ElmGenstat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
List of Figures 27
List of Tables 29

1 General Description
The Static Generator is an easy-to-use model of any kind of static (no rotating) generator. Ap-
plications are:
• Photovoltaic Generators
• Fuel Cells
• Storage devices
• HVDC Terminals
• Reactive Power Compensators
• Wind Generators
Wind generators, which are connected through a full-size converter to the grid, can also be
modelled as static generators, because the behaviour of the plant (from the view of the grid
side) is determined by the converter.
1.1 Basic Data
Figure 1.1: Basic Data for the Static Generator
The specific application of the static generator can be selected in the category box.

Figure 1.2: Categories
The number of parallel machines can be entered, as well as the MVA rating of a single gener-
ator. In general, the total MW and Mvar outputs of the static generator will be the rating of a
single generator multiplied by the number of parallel machines specified. In the specific case of
the Wind Generator category, the output will additionally be affected by the Wind Generation
Scaling Factor of the zone to which it belongs.
Figure 1.3: Zone
1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model
The negative sequence current is always set to zero. The zero sequence depends on the
settings:
Input Parameter:
• iearthed: Earthed (option)

- r0 : Zero-sequence Resistance, r0 (hidden if ieathed is disabled)
- x0 : Zero-sequence Reactance, x0 (hidden if ieathed is disabled)
Figure 1.4: Negative Sequence Model

Figure 1.5: Zero-sequence Model if option “Earthed” is enabled
If the option is disabled the zero-sequence current is zero.
1.2 Load-Flow Analysis
1.2.1 Local Voltage Controller Options
The local voltage controller could be set to three different modes (cos , V, droop) that are de-
scribed in the the following sub chapters.
Power Factor control

This option corresponds to a PQ bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 1.7. With
the power factor control the user can specify active and reactive power outputs at which the
static generator will be operated (PQ bus). The way to specify these values will depend on the
Input Mode selected.
Figure 1.6: Input Mode
The voltage and droop value boxes are disabled for the Power Factor control option. Psum and
Qsum will be controlled in unbalanced load flow.

Figure 1.7: Voltage Controller - Options
Voltage control
This option corresponds to a PV bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 1.7.
Voltage control can be done locally, i.e. the reactive power output of the generator is controlled
to achieve the specified local voltage at its terminal. The active power output is constant for the
dispatch.
When this option is selected, the voltage setpoint box is enabled and its value must be entered.
Droop control
This option corresponds to a DV bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 1.7). The
generator can be set to control the local voltage at its terminal to a specified setpoint. With
droop control the setpoint is not reached in any case because the setpoint is moved (by dudroop )
as more reactive power is needed to reach the original voltage setpoint of the static generator.
The advantage of the droop control is that more than one machine at one busbar could control
the voltage. As well as the participation of the single machine could be configured with the
setting of the droop value.
When set to voltage control, a droop value can be entered. The voltage at the local busbar
is then controlled according to the following equations this equations are shown graphically in
Figure 1.8:
u = usetpoint − dudroop
Q − Qsetpoint
dudroop =
Qdroop
Snom × 100
Qdroop =
droop
Where:

u is the actual voltage value at the terminal busbar
usetpoint is the specified voltage setpoint of the stataic generator
Q is the actual reactive power output of the static generator
Qsetpoint is the specified dispatch reactive power of the static generator
Snom is the nominal apparent power
droop is the droop value specified in percentage.
Figure 1.8: Droop Voltage Control
1.2.2 Static Generator as Slack
For load flow only it is also possible to use the static generator as slack. For that the ’Active
Power Control’ on the load flow command has to be set as Dispatched, the balancing has to be
set by Static Generator at Reference Bus, a static generator has to be connected to the selected
busbar. The local voltage controller of the slack-static generator has to be set either to Voltage
or to Droop.
1.2.3 External Station Controller
The static generator can also be part of a station controller. In such a case, the external station
controller has priority over the local voltage controler of the static generator.
The way the station controller dispatches the static generators depends on the settings of the
Load Flow page for the station controller. See technical reference of the station controller.

1.2.4 Primary frequency bias
Shortly following a disturbance, the governors of the units participating in primary control will
increase/decrease their turbine power and drive the frequency close to its nominal value. The
change in the generator power is proportional to the frequency deviation and is shared among
participating units according to the gain (Kpf ) of their primary controllers, this is depicted in
Figure 1.9. If the Active Power Control According to Primary Control option is selected in Pow-
erFactory ’s load flow command, the power balance is established by all generators having a
primary controller gain (parameter Prim. Frequency Bias from the Load Flow tab of the static
generator), according to the corresponding frequency droop.
Figure 1.9: Primary Frequency Bias
The actual dispatched real power of the generator is calculated as:
P = Pdispatch + dP
where
dP = dF × Kpf
dP is the change in generator output
dF is the change in frequency
Kpf is the primary controller gain parameter for the generator
1.2.5 Reactive Power Limits
The reactive power limits can be specified in two ways:
Minimum/maximum constant limits. In the case of the minimum/maximum limits, these are
originally set equal to the minimum and maximum value of the nominal reactive power. Note

that the reactive power limits are operational data and will be saved to the operation scenario if
active. Along these values, a scaling factor for each limit can be specified, which can be used in
conjunction with the option ’Consider Reactive Power Limits Scaling Factor’ in the Basic Options
of the Load Flow Calculation dialog.
Capability Curve objects (IntQlim) allows the consideration of distinct minimum / maximum
values of the reactive power at different levels of active power injection. Capability curves are
stored inside the ’Mvar Limits Curves’ folder in the Operational Library. Synchronous gener-
ators (ElmSym) and static generators (ElmGenstat) defined in the network model can use the
same Capability Curve object that is stored in the operational library. When a capability curve is
used, the dispatch of the generator always stays within its minimum and maximum range if the
option Consider Reactive Power Limits on the Load Flow command is activated.
How to create a new capability curve object is explained in the help of PowerFactory .
Applying Mvar Limits Curve from Operational Library

To apply an existing generator capability curve to a generator:
• Locate the “Reactive Power Limit” section in the load flow page of the static generator
dialog.
• Press next to “Capability Curve”.
• Choose “Select. . . ” to look for a suitable curve in the “Mvar Limit Curves” folder in the
“Operational library” folder.
1.2.6 Active Power Limits
There are two ways to set a limit for the active power. If one of the two limits is exceeded during
a load flow calculation a warning massage will be displayed in the output window.
The “Active Power: Operational Limits” are the minimum and maximum MW output limits of the
generator from an operational perspective. They have a higher priority than the “Active Power
Rating” limits.
The “Active Power: Ratings” is the maximum active power output of the generator and it is
established by multiplying the generator nameplate MVA rating by the power factor and the
rating factor.
1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations
1.3.1 VDEC/IEC Short Circuit
There are three different possibilities to consider a static generator in the VDE/IEC short circuit
calculation:
• No Short-Circuit Contribution (according to the standard)

• Static Converter-Fed Drive
• Individual Max. Fault Contribution

Figure 1.10: VDEC/IEC Short Circuit Page
No Short-Circuit Contribution
In the VDEC/IEC short circuit calculations, the static generators are normally disregarded,
according to the standard (Option: No Short-Circuit Contribution).
Static Converter-Fed Drive

With the option Static Converter-Fed Drive activated the Static Generator behaves during the
VDE/IEC short circuit calculation like a static converter-fed drive according to the IEC 60909
(VDE 0102). The static converter-fed drives are considered for three-phase short circuits only.
They only contribute to the initial symmetrical short-circuit current Ik ” and to the peak short-
circuit current ip . They do not contribute to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib and
to the steady-state short-circuit current Ik . As a result, static converter-fed drives are treated for
the calculation of short-circuit currents in a similar way as asynchronous motors. The equivalent
model is shown in Figure 1.11.
The impedance is calculated as follow:
1 UrM 1 U2
ZM = ·√ = · rM
ILR /IrM 3IrM ILR /IrM SrM
with:
ILR /IrM = 3
RM /XM = 0.1 with XM = 0.995ZM
where:
• UrM is the rated voltage

• Irm is the rated current
• SrM is the rated apparent power

The Index ’rM’ specifies the rating of the static converter transformer on the network side, or the
rating of the static converter if no transformer is present.
ZM
X1 = p
1 − (RM /XM )2
R1 = RM /XM · X1
Figure 1.11: Equivalent Generator Model, for Static Converter-Fed Drive Option
Individual Max. Fault Contribution

If neither No Short Circuit Contribution nor Static Converter-Fed Drive is enabled then the
user can input the Maximum Short Circuit Contribution. It is calculated according to a equivalent
generator model.
Figure 1.12: Equivalent Generator Model, Positive sequence circuit diagram
c
x1 = p max
Sk00 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r1 = R/X 00 · x1
cmax is the voltage factor c.
Note that cmax in the calculation of x1 is needed because the current is calculated with x1 and
cmax ∗ u. The factor cmax will cancel down. So that finally the subtransient short circuit apparent
power is equal to the entered value.
The model is considered for the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib like an external
grid:

Ib = Ik 00 = Ik
For the steady-state short-circuit current Ik is the same value as for Ik” used. This is the same
approach as for the asynchronous machine.
The input parameters are:
• Ik00 or Sk00
• X 00 /R or R/X 00
For minimum short-circuits is the model completely neglected and has no short-circuit contribu-
tion.
MODEL FOR UNBALANCED FAULTS
For unbalanced faults uses the static generator the zero and negative sequence model that is
already described in section 1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model.
tion.
1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit
With the Complete Mehod is it possible to define a user-specific level for the subtransient and
the transient short circuit. Either as short circuit power or as short circuit current, and the R/X”
ratio (alternatively the X”/R ratio).
The static generator model for the short-circuit calculation using the complete method is adapted
as follows:
Figure 1.13: Model for Complete Short Circuit Calculation
The short-circuit impedance is calculated as follow for the transient and sub-transient
c
x1 = p for Sk = Sk00 or Sk0 respectively
Sk · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r1 = x1 · R/X 00
The c factor and the Yldf admittance are only used for the complete method with load flow
initialization. So the c factor reflects the actual voltage at the static generator from load flow in
per unit.


c = uldf and uint = uldf
ildf
Y ldf =
uldf
For a short-circuit at the terminal of the generator the short-circuit current is equal to the entered
value of the Ik00 and Ik0 . For short-circuit far away the short-circuit current is nearly equal to the
load flow current.
tion.
“Complete” without load flow initialization

If the Complete Short-Circuit method is used without the option Load Flow Initialisation on the
Advanced Options page of the short-circuit calculation command the following model is used.
Figure 1.14: Positive sequence circuit diagram for sub-transient faults
The positive sequence transient impedance is calculated as follow:
c00
x100 = p
Sk00 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r100 = x100 · R/X 00
uo00 = c00
c00 is the c-factor (voltage factor)
If the transient short-circuit level (Ik0 , Sk0 ) is zero, the model is represented only through the sub-
transient impedance. The transient impedance and the internal voltage source uo0 are ignored.

Figure 1.15: Positive sequence circuit diagram for transient faults
The positive sequence transient impedance is calculated as follow:
c0
x10 = p
Sk0 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r10 = x10 · R/X 00
c0 is the c-factor (voltage factor)
tion.
1.3.3 ANSI Short Circuit
There are two possibilities to use the static generator in an ANSI short circuit calculation:
• No Short-Circuit Contribution (according to the standard)

• Individual Fault Contribution
If No Short-Circuit Contribution is activated the static generator will be neglected in the calcula-
tion.
If the option No Short-Circuit Contribution is not enabled the Maximum Short Circuit Contribution
could be entered.
Figure 1.16: Positive sequence circuit diagram

u
x1 = p pref ault
Sk001 + (R/X 00 )2
r1 = R/X 00 · x1
upref ault is the prefault voltage in p.u.
The static generator is considered as follows for the corresponding short-circuit currents:
• Momentary Current (First-cycle)

r1, x1 is used (as defined in the equations above)
• Interrupting Current
like for the first-cycle study and always considered as “remote contribution”
• 30-cycle short-circuit
No short-circuit contribution, the model is neglected (disconnected)
1.3.4 IEC 61361
The IEC 61361 short circuit for the static generator is calculated according to the specification.
The specification could be found in the chapter for IEC 61361 in the handbook.
1.4 Harmonics
The static generator behaves like a current source during harmonic analysis. The used equiva-
lent model is therefore a current source.
The harmonics tab allows to specify or select the harmonic sources object. The spectrum of
harmonic infeeds may be entered according to one of two options: balanced or unbalanced.
Figure 1.17: Harmonics Balanced - Unbalanced
Also, the harmonic current can refer to either the Fundamental Current or to the Rated Current.
If Rated Current is selected (Figure 1.18) then the phase angle is used from the initial bus
voltage angle obtained from load flow.

Figure 1.18: Harmonic current referred to
More information about the definition of harmonic current sources could be found in the corre-
sponding chapter of the handbook.
1.5 RMS Simulation
The static generator supports two different models:
• current source model

• voltage source model
Depending on which input signals are connect the current or the voltage source model is used.
If both signal combinations are connected the voltage source model is used. If no input signal is
connected the static generator behaves like a constant current source. The current values from
the load flow are used.
Figure 1.19: Model Input (RMS)
The user can specify in both models a Minimum Operation Voltage threshold. For unbalanced
simulation the zero/negative sequence is calculated as described in section 1.1.1.
1.5.1 Current Source Model
Input Signals:
• id ref: d-Axis Current Reference in p.u.
• iq ref: q-Axis Current Reference in p.u.

• cosref: Cos(dq-Reference-Angle)
• sinref: Sin(dq-Reference-Angle)

The cosref, sinref signal can be connected from a PLL model.
Figure 1.20: Current Source Model
The following equations are used:
i1 = (id ref · cosu − iq ref · sin u) + j · (id ref · sin u + iq ref · cosu)
If the input signals “cosref” and “sinref” are connected:
cosu = cosref and sinu = sinref
If the input signals are not connected the sinu and cosu quantities are internally calculated by
using the terminal positive sequence voltage u1:
Re(ul) Im(ul)
cosu = and sinu =
|ul| |ul|
If the voltage under-runs the “Min. Operating Voltage”:
i1 = 0
The machine is switched on again, if the voltage is 5% higher as the “Min. Operating Voltage”.
1.5.2 Voltage Source Model
Input Signals:
• u1r in : Voltage Input, pos. Sequence Real Part in p.u.

• u1i in : Voltage Input, pos. Sequence Imaginary Part in p.u.
Input Parameter:

• uk : Series Reactor, Short Circuit Impedance in %
• Pcu : Series Reactor, Copper Losses in kW
The voltage source model is used if the two input signals “u1r in” and “u1i in” are connected
otherwise the current source model is used.
Figure 1.21: Voltage Source Model
The following equations are used:
u1r in + j · u1i in = u1 + z · i1
with: z = R + j · X
The quantities R and X are calculated from the input parameter “uk” and “Pcu”.
If the voltage under-runs the “Min. Operating Voltage”:
i1 = 0
The machine is switched on again, if the voltage is 5% higher as the “Min. Operating Voltage”.
1.5.3 Negative/Zero Sequence Model
See chapter 1.1.1. Zero/Negative Sequence Model of the load flow calculation.
1.6 EMT Simulation
Fot the EMT Simulation are also two models available like in the RMS simulation.
The current source model is implemented as a voltage source with a controlled current. The
current is controlled with a build in current controller:

Figure 1.22: Build in Current Controllers(Parameter)
The current controller is defined as follows:
Figure 1.23: Build in Current Controller
The voltage of the internal voltage source is calculated in the d-q-frame as follows:
u1d = idu − 2πfnom · lshc · iq

u1q = iqu − 2πfnom · lshc · id
with:
• lshc the short circuit inductance in p.u.
The voltage is transformed back to the system coordinates and applied to the voltage source:
u1r = cosu · u1d − sinu · u1q

u1i = sin · u1du + cosu · u1q

Figure 1.24: Model used for EMT-current source
The voltage source model of the EMT Simulation is equal to the model of the RMS Simulation
(1.5.2 Voltage Source Model).
1.6.3 Zero Sequence
See chapter 1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model of the load flow calculation.

2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models
2.1 Stability Model (RMS)
Figure 2.1: Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Current Source model for stability
analysis (RMS-simulation)
Table 2.1: Input Definition of the RMS-Model
Parameter Description Unit

id ref d-Axis Current Reference p.u.
iq ref q-Axis Current Reference p.u.
cosref Cos(dq-Reference-Angle)
sinref Sin(dq-Reference-Angle)
Table 2.2: Output Definition of the RMS-Model

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

Figure 2.2: Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Voltage Source model for stability
analysis (RMS-simulation)
Table 2.3: Input Definition of the RMS-Model

u1r in Voltage Input, Real Part p.u.
u1i in Voltage Input, Imaginary Part p.u.
Table 2.4: Output Definition of the RMS-Model


2.2 EMT-Model
Figure 2.3: Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Curent Source model for stability
analysis (EMT-simulation)
Table 2.5: Input Definition of the EMT-Model

id ref d-Axis Current Reference p.u.
iq ref q-Axis Current Reference p.u.
cosref Cos(dq-Reference-Angle)
sinref Sin(dq-Reference-Angle)
Table 2.6: Output Definition of the EMT-Model

Figure 2.4: Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Voltage Source model for stability
analysis (EMT-simulation)

3 Input Parameter Definitions
Table 2.7: Input Definition of the EMT-Model

u1r in Voltage Input, Real Part p.u.
u1i in Voltage Input, Imaginary Part p.u.
Table 2.8: Output Definition of the EMT-Model

∗
3.1 .ElmGenstat
Table 3.1: Input Parameter Definitions of the Static Generator Element

loc name Name
bus1 Terminal (StaCubic)
bus1 bar Terminal
cpZone Zone
cpArea Area
outserv Out of Service
aCategory Category
ngnum Number of Parallel Machines
sgn Rated Apparent Power MVA
cosn Rated Power Factor
bustp Corresponding Bus Type
iv mode Local Voltage Controller
c pstac External Station Controller
mode inp Dispatch: Input Mode
pgini Dispatch: Active Power MW
qgini Dispatch: Reactive Power Mvar
sgini Dispatch: Apparent Power MVA
cosgini Dispatch: Power Factor
pf recap Dispatch: Power Factor
usetp Dispatch: Voltage p.u.
ddroop Dispatch: Droop %
Kpf Dispatch: Primary Frequency Bias MW/Hz
pQlimType Reactive Power Limits: Capability Curve
q min Reactive Power Limits: Min. p.u.
q max Reactive Power Limits: Max. p.u.
cQ min Reactive Power Limits: Min. Mvar
cQ max Reactive Power Limits: Max. Mvar
scaleQmin Reactive Power Limits: Scaling Factor (min.). %
scaleQmax Reactive Power Limits: Scaling Factor (max.). %
Pmin uc Active Power: Operational Limits: Min. MW
Pmax uc Active Power: Operational Limits: Max. MW

Pnom Active Power: Operational Limits: Pn. MW

P max Active Power: Ratings: Max. MW
pmaxratf Active Power: Ratings: Rating Factor.
c pCtrlHV Controlled HV-busbar
Uctrl HV-Voltage Setpoint kV
Qmin a Qmin (act.) Mvar
Qmax a Qmax (act.) Mvar
Pmin a Pmin (act.) MW
Pmax a Pmax (act.) MW
iconfed Static Converter-fed Drive
Skss Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short-Circuit Level MVA
Sks Fault Contribution: Transient Short-Circuit Level MVA
Ikss Fault Contribution: Subtransient Short-Circuit Level kA
Iks Fault Contribution: Transient Short-Circuit Level kA
rtox Fault Contribution: R to X” Ratio
xtor Fault Contribution: X” to R Ratio
iearthed Earthed
r0 Earthed: Zero-sequence Resistance p.u.
x0 Earthed: Zero-sequence Reactance p.u.
iAstabint A-stable Integration Algorithm
umin Min. Operation Voltage p.u.
uk Short Circuit Impedance %
Kd Current Controller: Kd: d-Axis, Proportional Gain
Td Current Controller: Td: d-Axis, Integration Time Constant s
Kq Current Controller: Kq: q-Axis, Proportional Gain
Tq Current Controller: Tq: q-Axis, Integration Time Constant s
phmc Harmonic Injections
icurref Harmonic Current Referred to
ictqg Optimal Power Flow Controls: Reactive Power
iOPFCQmin Optimal Power Flow Reactive Power Limits: Min
iOPFCQmax Optimal Power Flow Reactive Power Limits: Max
pBMU Commitment Automatic Dispatch: Virtual Power Plant
iestp State Estimation: Estimate Active Power
iestq State Estimation: Estimate Reactive Power
pStoch Stochastic Model

List of Figures
List of Figures
1.1 Basic Data for the Static Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Negative Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Zero-sequence Model if option “Earthed” is enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Input Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 Voltage Controller - Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8 Droop Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9 Primary Frequency Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10 VDEC/IEC Short Circuit Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.11 Equivalent Generator Model, for Static Converter-Fed Drive Option . . . . . . . . 12
1.12 Equivalent Generator Model, Positive sequence circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.13 Model for Complete Short Circuit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.14 Positive sequence circuit diagram for sub-transient faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.15 Positive sequence circuit diagram for transient faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.16 Positive sequence circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.17 Harmonics Balanced - Unbalanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.18 Harmonic current referred to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.19 Model Input (RMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.20 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.21 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.22 Build in Current Controllers(Parameter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.23 Build in Current Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.24 Model used for EMT-current source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Current Source model for stability
analysis (RMS-simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Voltage Source model for stability
analysis (RMS-simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Curent Source model for stability
analysis (EMT-simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

List of Figures
2.4 Input/Output Definition of the Static Generator/Voltage Source model for stability
analysis (EMT-simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

List of Tables
List of Tables
2.1 Input Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Input Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Input Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 Output Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.7 Input Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.8 Output Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 Input Parameter Definitions of the Static Generator Element . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

List of Tables

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Digsilent Powerfactory: Technical Reference Documentation

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DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

T: +49 7072 9168 00

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 1

1.1 Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2 Load-Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.1 Local Voltage Controller Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.2 Static Generator as Slack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.2.3 External Station Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.2.4 Primary frequency bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.2.5 Reactive Power Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.2.6 Active Power Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3.1 VDEC/IEC Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.3.3 ANSI Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.3.4 IEC 61361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.5 RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.5.1 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.5.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.5.3 Negative/Zero Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.6 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.6.1 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.6.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.6.3 Zero Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models 22

2.1 Stability Model (RMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.1.1 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.1.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 2

2.2.1 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.2.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3 Input Parameter Definitions 25

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 3

1.1 Basic Data

Figure 1.1: Basic Data for the Static Generator

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 4

Figure 1.2: Categories

Figure 1.3: Zone

1.1.1 Zero/Negative Sequence Model

• iearthed: Earthed (option)

Figure 1.4: Negative Sequence Model

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 5

Figure 1.5: Zero-sequence Model if option “Earthed” is enabled

If the option is disabled the zero-sequence current is zero.

1.2 Load-Flow Analysis

1.2.1 Local Voltage Controller Options

Power Factor control

Figure 1.6: Input Mode

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 6

Figure 1.7: Voltage Controller - Options

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 7

u is the actual voltage value at the terminal busbar

usetpoint is the specified voltage setpoint of the stataic generator

Q is the actual reactive power output of the static generator

Qsetpoint is the specified dispatch reactive power of the static generator

Snom is the nominal apparent power

droop is the droop value specified in percentage.

Figure 1.8: Droop Voltage Control

1.2.2 Static Generator as Slack

1.2.3 External Station Controller

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 8

1.2.4 Primary frequency bias

Figure 1.9: Primary Frequency Bias

The actual dispatched real power of the generator is calculated as: