Bending Deflection –

Statically Indeterminate Beams

AE1108-II: Aerospace Mechanics of Materials

Dr. Calvin Rans

Dr. Sofia Teixeira De Freitas

Aerospace Structures
& Materials
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering
Recap
Procedure for Statically Indeterminate Problems

I. Free Body Diagram

II. Equilibrium of Forces (and Moments)
III. Displacement Compatibility
IV. Force-Displacement (Stress-Strain) Relations
Solve when number of equations = number of unknowns
V. Answer the Question! – Typically calculate desired internal
stresses, relevant displacements, or failure criteria

For bending, Force-Displacement relationships come from

Moment-Curvature relationship
(ie: use Method of Integration or Method of Superposition)
 Statically Indeterminate Beams
Many more redundancies are possible for beams:
- Draw FBD and count number of redundancies
- Each redundancy gives rise to the need for a
compatibility equation

P P
MA
HA
A B
VA VB
- 4 reactions
4–3=1 1st degree statically indeterminate
- 3 equilibrium equations
 Statically Indeterminate Beams
Many more redundancies are possible for beams:
- Draw FBD and count number of redundancies
- Each redundancy gives rise to the need for a
compatibility equation

P P MB
MA
HA HB
A B
VA VB
- 6 reactions
6–3=3 3rd degree statically indeterminate
- 3 equilibrium equations
Solving statically indeterminate
beams using method of integration
What is the difference between a
support and a force?

Displacement Compatibility
(support places constraint on deformation)
 Method of Integration
P

A B

What if we remove all redundancies

and replace with reaction forces?

P VB
If we treat VB
as known, we
can solve!
A B
Formulate expression for d 2v Can integrate
M(z)
M   EI 2
dz to find v
 Method of Integration (cont)
P VB
At A, v = 0, θ = 0
A B
2 A
d v
EI 2
  M  z , VB 
dz

EIv   M  z , VB   dz C1
Determine constants of integration
 from Boundary Conditions
EIv   M ( z , VB )  dz C2

v( z ,VB ) How to determine VB?

Method of Integration (cont)
P VB P
=
A B A B

v( z , VB ) How to determine VB?

VB2
P VB changes displacement!
VB1 Must be compatible!

Compatibility BC: At B, v = 0 Solve for VB

Compatibility equations for beams are simply
the boundary conditions at redundant supports
 Example 1 q
Problem Statement
Determine deflection equation for
the beam using method of
A B
integration:

Solution
2) Equilibrium: 1) FBD: q
 MA
F H A 0 HA

A B
F 
 VA  VB  qL
2 2
VA VB
qL qL
 M A  M A  LVB  2

2
 LVA

Treat reaction forces as knowns!

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 11
 Example 1

4) Determine moment equation: z

q
z MA
M ccw 
z  M  M A VA z   qz 
2
M
q 2 A
 M A  VA z  z V
2 VA

Can also use step function approach

always on

always off

M  M A  z  0 VA  z  0    VB  z  L 
0 q 2
z  0
2

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 12

 Example 1

5) Integrate Moment equation to get z q

v’ and v

q 2
 EIv  M A  VA z  z = M(z) A B
2

VA 2 q 3
 EIv  M A z  z  z  C1 = -EIθ(z)
2 6
 M A 2 VA 3 q 4
 EIv  z  z  z  C1 z  C2 = -EIv(z)
2 6 24
We now have expressions for v and v’, but need to determine
constants of integration and unknown reactions

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 13

 Example 1

5a) Solve for Constants of Integration z q

using BC’s:
0
VA 2 q 3
 EIv  M A z  z  z  C1 = -EIθ(z) A B
2 6
Fixed support
0 θ = 0, v = 0
M A 2 VA 3 q 4
 EIv  z  z  z  C1 z  C2 = -EIv(z)
2 6 24

Boundary Conditions:
q 3 VA
  EI  0     0    0   M A  0   C1
2
At z = 0, θ = 0
6 2
 C1  0

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 14

 Example 1

5a) Solve for Constants of Integration z q

using BC’s:
0
VA 2 q 3
 EIv  M A z  z  z  C1 = -EIθ(z) A B
2 6
Fixed support
0 0 θ = 0, v = 0
M A 2 VA 3 q 4
 EIv  z  z  z  C1 z  C2 = -EIv(z)
2 6 24

Boundary Conditions:
q VA MA
  EI  0     0    0    0   C2
4 3 2
At z = 0, v = 0
24 6 2
 C2  0
Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 15
 Example 1

5b) Solve for Reaction Forces using z q

BC’s (imposed by redundant support):

VA 2 q 3
 EIv  M A z  z  z = -EIθ(z) A B
2 6
roller support
M A 2 VA 3 q 4 v=0
 EIv  z  z  z = -EIv(z)
2 6 24
Boundary Conditions:
q VA MA
  EI  0     L    L    L
4 3 2
At z = L, v = 0
24 6 2
Recall from equilibrium:
qL 3M A qL2
VA   MA   LVA VB  qL  VA
4 L 2
Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 16
 z q
Example 1

5b) Solve for Reaction Forces using A B

BC’s (imposed by redundant support):
qL 3M A qL2
VA   , MA   LVA , VB  qL  VA
4 L 2

5
VA  qL
8 MA
qL2
MA   A B
8
3 VA VB
VB  qL
8

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 17

 z q
Example 1

We were asked to determine deflection A B

equation:

M A 2 VA 3 q 4 0
 EIv  z  z  z
2 6 24
qz 2
 
0.2
v 3 L2
 5 Lz  2 z 2

48 EI
0.4
Max Displacement: =0 0 0.5 1L

v 
q
48 EI
 6 L2 z  15Lz 2  8 z 3   0  z  0.5785 L

qL2
v(0.5785 L)  0.005416
EI
Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 18
 Example 1

Now that the reactions are known: z q

q 2 A B
M ( z )   EIv  M A  VA z  z L
2
4
qL2 5qLz qz 2 M
   qL2
8 8 2 
d 8
dz
5qL 5
V ( z )   EIv   qz 8
qL
8 V
5 3
L  qL
8 8
Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 19
Solving statically indeterminate
beams using superposition
 Method of Superposition
Determine reaction forces:
P
2L L 1) FBD: P
MA
HA
A B
VA VB
2) Equilibrium:

- 4 reactions
F H A 0 - 3 equilibrium equations


F 
 VA  VB  P 1st degree statically indeterminate
M A  3LVB  2 LP  M A
 Method of Superposition (cont)
How do we get compatibility equation?
P

A B

Split into two statically determinate problems

VB
P
δB2

A B δB1 A B
Be careful!
3) Compatibility: δB1 = δB2  vB1  vB 2  0  +ve v 
 Method of Superposition (cont)
How do we get Force-Displacement relations?

We have been doing this in the previous lectures

Integrate Moment Curvature Relation Standard Case Solutions

P
d 2v Can integrate A B
M   EI 2 to find v
dz
L
+ +
PL2 PL3
B  vB 
2 EI 3EI
 Method of Superposition (cont)
From the standard case: P PL2
B 
2 EI
A B PL3
4) Force-Displacement: vB 
L 3EI
2L P L
P  2L 
2
2 PL2
P  
δB1 2 EI EI
A B
vB1  vP   P  L
straight
P  2 L  2 PL2
3

  L
3EI EI
14 PL3

3EI
 Method of Superposition (cont)
From the standard case: P PL2
B 
2 EI
A B PL3
4) Force-Displacement: vB 
L 3EI
VB
δB2 VB  3L 
3
9VB L3
vB 2  
A B 3EI EI

Compatibility:
14 PL3  9VB L3  14
vB1  vB 2 0     VB  P
3EI  EI  27
Additional remarks about
bending deflections
 Remarks about Beam Deflections
Recall Shear deformation

V
+
V
+
Moment deformation
V(x)

M M

M(x) +

Negligible (for long beams)

Bending Deformation = Shear Deformation + Moment Deformation

 Remarks about Beam Deflections
P P MB
HB
MB
A B A
P B
VB HB
VB
B
C P
Axial deformation
P of AB due to HB
B C
A
P
Axial deformation
of BC due to VB
C
Axial deformation << bending deformation!
 Remark about Beam Deflections

For bending deformation problems

negligible
Deformation = Axial Deformation + Shear Deformation + Moment Deformation

BUT! P MB
If moment deformation is not HB
present, deformation is not negligible
A B
VB
 q
Example 2
B C
Calculate reaction forces at A and D:

L, EI
First, can we see any simplifications? A D
Symmetry!
Symmetry implies: q
- Reactions at A = reactions at D HF
- Slope at symmetry plane = 0 MF
B
- Shear force at symmetry plane = 0

We will solve using superposition

and standard cases A

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 30

 q
HF
Example 2 B
MF
F
Calculate reaction forces:
1) FBD
2) Equilibrium A
HA
 VA
F H A  H F
MA
qL
 F 
 VA 
2
qL2
M ccw 
A  MA 
8
 HF L  M F

Split problem into two: beam AB and beam BF

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 31

 Example 2
Calculate reaction forces:

3) Compatibility
MF - qL2/8
q
HF qL/2 HF MF - qL2/8 q
MF B
B HF MF
F HF

+ B F
=
qL/2
A A

 F  0, v B  0
(axial deformation negligible)

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 32

 MF - qL2/8

Example 2 qL/2 HF
B
4a) Force-Displacement for Beam AB
MF - qL2/8
HF qL/2
B B
B
A
+ +

A A A

 H F L3  M F L2 qL4
vB  vB  0 vB   
3EI 2 EI 16 EI

H F L2 M F L qL3
 cw 
B  B  0  cw 
B  
2 EI EI 8 EI
Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 33
 Example 2
4a) Force-Displacement for Beam AB
MF - qL2/8

qL/2 HF
 H F L3 M F L2 qL4
vB    0
B 3EI 2 EI 16 EI

H F L2 M F L qL3
 Bcw   
2 EI EI 8 EI
A

Recall compatibility:
Still need θF  F  0, v B  0

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 34

 MF + qL2/8 q
Example 2 HF HF MF

4b) Force-Displacement for Beam BF B F

qL/2 L/2

q
HF MF
+ +
B F B F B F

q  L 2
3 MFL
 cw 
 F  0  Fcw  
F
6 EI EI

qL3 MFL
 cw 
F   Wait! Not entirely correct!
48 EI EI
Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 35
Example 2

Previous angle relative to fixed support B

θB

q
HF MF

B F

qL3 M L
 cw 
F   F  B
48 EI EI
7 qL3 2 M F L H F L2
 cw 
F    0
48 EI EI 2 EI

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 36

 Recall equilibrium:
Example 2 
F H A  H F
qL
Solve: F 
 VA 
2
Recall compatibility: qL2
 F  0, v B  0
M ccw 
A  MA 
8
 HF L  M F

7 qL3 2 M F L H F L2
 cw 
F    0 qL
48 EI EI 2 EI HF   HA 
qL
8 8
qL2 2qL2
 H F L3 M F L2 qL4 MF  MA  
vB    0 24 3
3EI 2 EI 16 EI

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 37

 Example 2

qL
q HF  
HF 8
MF qL2
B C B MF 
F 24
L, EI HA 
qL
8
A D A qL
HA VA 
VA 2
2qL2
MA MA  
3

Aerospace Mechanics of Materials (AE1108-II) – Example Problem 38

For next time