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vp
x
εr
Air 1 300 mm/ns
• Often: Circuit elements of a component are distributed along its length and
not lumped in a single position
• The behaviour of distributed systems cannot be described by ordinary
differential equations (analysis requires partial differential equations)
• Question:
How small physically does a system need to be so that we can look at it as a
lumped system?
• Answer:
If the system is much smaller than the effective length of the fastest electric
feature in the signal.
vp t5=t4+Tr
x
t2=t1+Tr
•if l < lr/6
vp
x ! System behaves mostly
t3=t2+Tr
in a lumped fashion
vp
x
vp t4=t3+Tr
x
vp t5=t4+Tr
x
vb
Circuit B
{C mutual } = F = As
C mutual ∝
1
V distance
08/10/2002 EE6471 (KR) 48
Crosstalk/Mutual Capacitance
•Estimation of crosstalk. Assumptions:
Circuit A
Vcc •Capacitor Cmutual doesn’t load
circuit A significantly
va
f
D Q
•Coupled signal voltage (vb) is
small compared to signal voltage
bitrate imutual (va)
•Impedance of Cmutual is large
Cmutual compared to impedance to ground
of circuit B
vb
•Crosstalk is expressed as a fraction of
R the driving voltage
Circuit B
•Crosstalk is inversely proportional to
rise time Tr
va( t ) va( t)
2
V V
0
vb( t ) vb ( t)
10 ⋅ m ⋅V 0 10 ⋅ m ⋅V
− 2.5 4 − 4.502 5
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
0 t 150 0 t 150
n ⋅s n ⋅s
Example Parameter: R ⋅ C mutual
•Vcc=5V Crosstalk = = 0.5%
•Tr=10ns Tr
•Cmutual=0.5pF
•R=100Ω
Accuracy of crosstalk estimation depends strongly on pulse shape!
08/10/2002 EE6471 (KR) 50
Crosstalk/Mutual Capacitance
Estimation of the effect of
Cmutual_n
multiple interfering
Cmutual_2
sources
• Estimate the mutual
Cmutual_1 capacitances separately
• Sum the fractional
crosstalk figures
vb
Conservative estimation!
08/10/2002 EE6471 (KR) 51
Crosstalk/Mutual Inductance
•Wherever there is two current
ia loops, there is mutual inductance.
•Circuits interact electrically
•Coefficient of electrical interaction
due to magnetic fields is called their
H-field
Circuit A mutual inductance.
{Lmutual } = H = Vs
Lmutual ∝
1
n
with n = 2..3
A distance
08/10/2002 EE6471 (KR) 52
Crosstalk/Mutual Inductance
•Estimation of crosstalk. Assumptions:
•Inductor Lmutual doesn’t load circuit A
va R ia
significantly
•Coupled signal current ib is much
smaller than signal current ia
•Secondary impedance of Lmutual is
Circuit A small compared to impedance to ground
Lmutual of circuit B
•Crosstalk is expressed as a fraction of
the driving voltage
•Crosstalk is inversely proportional to
Vb
rise time Tr
•Assess multiple interfering sources
Circuit B
separately. Sum the fractional crosstalks.
5 5
va( t) va( t)
V V
0 0
vb ( t) vb( t)
10 ⋅ m ⋅V 10 ⋅ m ⋅V
5 5
− 5 10 − 9.004 10
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 t 100 0 t 100
n ⋅s n ⋅s
Circuit A Circuit B
Lmutual
Crosstalk est = = 1%
10
6.33
R ⋅ Tr
5
v1 j Note:
V
•Estimation of crosstalk is based
i1 j
10 ⋅ m ⋅A
0 on linear approximation
v2 j •Use with care!
10 ⋅ m ⋅V
5
•Highly non-linear situations:
Analyse numerically! (Spice,
Mathcad)
− 6.33 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 t( j ) 99.994
n ⋅s
08/10/2002 EE6471 (KR) 55
Crosstalk/Mutual Inductance/Estimations
Estimation of mutual inductance Lmutual :
A2
d
h
d
1
Lmutual ≈ Lindividual ⋅
( h)
A1 2
1+ d
nH A1 ⋅ A2
Lmutual ≈ 200 ⋅
meter d3 Note:
•Mutual Inductance for transmission lines
valid for d > A1 and d > A2 •good estimation for stripline, microstrips,
and twisted pair
Note:
•Mutual Inductance for well separated loops