Small-Scale Fading I

PROF. MICHAEL TSAI

2011/10/27
Multipath Propagation

RX just sums up all Multi Path Component (MPC).

2
Multipath Channel
Impulse Response
An example of the time-varying discrete-time
impulse response for a multipath radio channel
Excess delay: the delay with respect
hb(t,τ) to the first arriving signal ()

t Maximum excess delay: the delay

of latest arriving signal
Summed signal of all multipath
components arriving at  ~
.

The channel impulse response

when
=
 (what you receive at
t0 the receiver when you send an
τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6 τ(t0) impulse at time
 )

 = 0, and represents the time the first signal arrives at the receiver.
Time-Variant Multipath
Channel Impulse Response
Because the transmitter, the
receiver, or the reflectors are
moving, the impulse response is
time-variant.
hb(t,τ)

t
t3

τ(t3)
t2
τ(t2)
t1
τ(t1)
t0
τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6 τ(t0)

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 Multipath Channel
Impulse Response
• The channels impulse response is given by:
Summation over all MPC Additional phase change due to reflections
N −1
hb (t ,τ ) = ∑ ai (t ,τ ) exp[− j{2πf cτ (ti ) + φi (t ,τ )}]δ (t − τ i (t ) )
i =0
Amplitude change (mainly path loss) Phase change due to different arriving time
• If assumed time-invariant (over a small-scale time or
distance):
N −1
hb (τ ) = ∑ ai exp[− jθ i ]δ (τ − τ i )
i =0
 Two main aspects
of the wireless
hb(t,τ) channell
t
t3

τ(t3)
t2
τ(t2)
t1
τ(t1)
t0
τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6 τ(t0)

Following this axis, we study how “spread-out” the impulse response are.
(related to the physical layout of the TX, the RX, and the reflectors at a
single time point)

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 Two main aspects
of the wireless
hb(t,τ) channell
t
t3

τ(t3)
t2
τ(t2)
t1
τ(t1)
t0
τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6 τ(t0)

Following this axis, we study how “spread-out” the impulse response are.
(related to the physical layout of the TX, the RX, and the reflectors at a
single time point)

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Power delay profile
• To predict hB(ττ) a probing pulse p(t) is sent s.t.


≈ (
− )

• Therefore, for small-scale channel modeling, POWER

DELAY PROFILE is found by computing the spatial
average of |hB(t;ττ)|2 over a local area.
TX
(
) RX

;  ≈  ℎ
;  

Average over
several measurements

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in a local area
Example: power delay profile
From a 900 MHz cellular system in San Francisco

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Example: power delay profile
In side a grocery store at 4 GHz

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Time dispersion parameters
• Power delay profile is a good representation of the
average “geometry” of the transmitter, the receiver,
and the reflectors.
• To quantify “how spread-out” the arriving signals are,
we use time dispersion parameters:
Already talked about this
• Maximum excess delay: the excess delay of the latest arriving MPC
• Mean excess delay: the “mean” excess delay of all arriving MPC
• RMS delay spread: the “standard deviation” of the excess delay of
all arriving MPC

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Time dispersion parameters
• Mean Excess Delay
First moment of the power delay profile

__ ∑ kτ k
a 2
∑ P(τ )τ k k
τ = k
= k

∑ k
a 2

k
∑ P(τ )
k
k

• RMS Delay Spread Square root of the second moment of

the power delay profile
__ __
σ τ = τ − (τ ) 2 2

__ ∑ kτ k
a 2 2
P (τ
∑ k k )τ 2

τ =
2 k
= k

∑ k
a 2
∑ P(τ )

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k
k k Second moment of the power delay profile
Time dispersion parameters
• Maximum Excess Delay:
• Original version: the excess delay of the latest arriving MPC
• In practice: the latest arriving could be smaller than the noise
• No way to be aware of the “latest”
• Maximum Excess Delay (practical version):
• The time delay during which multipath energy falls to X dB below the
maximum.
• This X dB threshold could affect the values of the time-
dispersion parameters
• Used to differentiate the noise and the MPC
• Too low: noise is considered to be the MPC
• Too high: Some MPC is not detected

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Example: Time dispersion
parameters

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Coherence Bandwidth
• Coherence bandwidth is a statistical measure of the
range of frequencies over which the channel can be
considered “flat”

a channel passes all spectral components with
approximately equal gain and linear phase.

Recall this:
Transfer function
Coherence Bandwidth
• Bandwidth over which Frequency Correlation
function is above 0.9
1
Bc ≈
50σ τ
• Bandwidth over which Frequency Correlation
function is above 0.5

1
Bc ≈
5σ τ

Those two are approximations derived from empirical results.

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Typical RMS delay
spread values

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 Signal Bandwidth &
Coherence Bandwidth
Transmitted Signal  : symbol period
 : signal bandwidth
1
 


f t
 

(
; 




t0

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τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6
Frequency-selective fading channel
 " 
  

 f TX signal
t


∗

; 


 Channel
t0
τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6


  These will become inter-

symbol interference!

RX signal
f

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Flat fading channel
  
 " 

f TX signal
 t


∗

; 


 Channel
t0
τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6


 No significant ISI

RX signal
f
Equalizer 101
• An equalizer is usually used in a frequency-selective
fading channel
• When the coherence bandwidth is low, but we need to use high
data rate (high signal bandwidth)
• Channel is unknown and time-variant
• Step 1: TX sends a known signal to the receiver
• Step 2: the RX uses the TX signal and RX signal to estimate the
channel
• Step 3: TX sends the real data (unknown to the receiver)
• Step 4: the RX uses the estimated channel to process the RX signal
• Step 5: once the channel becomes significantly different from the
estimated one, return to step 1.

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Example
P(τ)

Would this channel be suitable for

0dB AMPS or GSM without the use of
-10dB an equalizer?
-20dB
-30dB

0 1 2 3 4 5 τ

__ ∑ P(τ )τk k
5(1) + 2(0.1) + 1(0.1) + 0(0.01)
Mean Excess Delay = τ = k
= = 4.38µs
∑ P(τ )
k
k 1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.01

P (τ
∑ k k )τ 2
__
(1)5 2
+ ( 0 . 1) 2 2
+ ( 0. 1)12
+ ( 0 .01) 0 2
τ = k
2
= = 21.07 µs 2
∑ P(τ k ) k
1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.01
Example
• Therefore:
__ __
RMS Delay Spread = σ τ = τ − (τ ) 2 = 21.07 − (4.38) 2 = 1.37 µs
2

1 1
Coherence Bandwidth = BC = = = 146 KHz
5σ τ 5(1.37 µ )

• Since BC > 30KHz, AMPS would work without an

equalizer.
• GSM requires 200 KHz BW > BC
An equalizer would be
needed.
 Two main aspects
of the wireless
hb(t,τ) channell
t
t3

τ(t3)
t2
τ(t2)
t1
τ(t1)
t0
τ0 τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 τ5 τ6 τ(t0)

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Doppler Effect

• Difference in path lengths #$  % &'()  *#+ ,-.)

01#$ 01*#+
• Phase change #/   ,-.)
2 2
• Frequency change, or Doppler shift,

4 #/ *
3%   &'()
01 #+ 2

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 4 #/ *
Example 3% =
01 #+
= &'()
2
• Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier
frequency of 1850 MHz. For a vehicle moving 60 mph,
compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile is
moving
1. directly toward the transmitter.
2. directly away from the transmitter
3. in a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of arrival of the
transmitted signal.
• Ans:
 8
9
• Wavelength=5  67

:;
<
 0.162 (@)
C
• Vehicle speed A = 60@ℎ = 26.82 
F.:
1. DE =
.
F
cos 0 = 160 JK
F.:
2. DE =
.
F
cos L = −160 (JK)
M
3. Since cos  = 0, there is no Doppler shift!

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Doppler Effect
• If the car (mobile) is moving toward the direction of
the arriving wave, the Doppler shift is positive
• Different Doppler shifts if different ) (incoming angle)
• Multi-path: all different angles
• Many Doppler shifts
Doppler spread

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