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(ELECTRONICS/EM/EE)
Railway JE ,DRDO CEPTAM,BSNL JE ,SSC, DMRC,LMRC,….
Basic Electronics-1
Atom Structure, Nucleus, Charge, Electrons,
Electricity Production in India..
2
2- Atom (परमाण)ु …
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties
of a chemical element.
Can participate in chemical reaction.
Can not live in free state.
It consist of Fundamental Particle(मौलऱक कण) i.e. Electron ,proto & Neutron.
The sum of protons and neutrons constitutes the entire weight of an atom and is
called atomic weight.
Extra nucleus(अतिररक्ि नाभिक)
• It is the outer part of an atom and contains electrons only.
• An electron is a negatively charged particle having negligible mass
ऩरमाणु (Atom) के केन्द्रक के चारों ओर चक्कर ऱगाने वाऱे इऱेक्रॉन्द्स में से कुछ इऱेक्रॉन्द्स को
आसानी से अऱग ककया जा सकता है । अऱग ककये गए इऱेक्रॉन्द्स को ही मुक्त इऱेक्रॉन्द्स कहते
है । इन्द्ही मुक्त इऱेक्रॉन्द्स के कारण ही तार में ववधुत धारा (Current) बहती है ।
3- Fundamental Particle : Electron, Protan & Neutron
4- Charge (आवेश)-q
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a
force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
(इऱेक्ट्क्रक चाजज उस ऩदाथज की भौततक संऩक्ट्तत है क्ट्जसके कारण एक ववद्युत चुम्बकीय
ऺेत्र में ऱगाए जाने के कारण उसे एक बऱ का अनुभव हो सकता है ।)
Unit= Coulomb
There are two types of electric charges; (1)positive and negative (commonly carried
by protons and electrons respectively).
Like charges repel and unlike attract.
Total Charge of a conductor..
q=n . e
Where n= total number of electron
e= charge of an electron= -1.6 x 10-19 C
4- Electricity Production Methods
1- Electricity Due to Friction-(घषषण के कारण बिजली) – Due to friction of two material
electrons come out from one material to join with the other materail .
• The material which loose electron get positive charge(+ve).
2-Electricity Due to Light- Photo sensitive material like Na,K, Li, Ciesium
Emitted electrons when light falls on their surface .
Example- Photocell, Solar Cell..etc
3- Electricity Due to Pressure—
The pressure is applied on atom ,then electrons of outer most orbit comes out and
produce electricity. As Piezo Electric Effect. Electricity is called “Piezo Electricity”.
4- Elecricity due to Heat- When ends of two metal rods joined together and is heated
and opposite part are connected to Galvanometer and Electricity is known as deflection of
pointer.
Example- Thermo Coupling method.
2.- Electron was discovered by Thomson.(इऱेक्रॉन थॉमसन द्वारा खोजा गया था)
10- In India most major part of electricity produce by Coal Gas in Thermal power plant.
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