What is the objective of soil classification?

(2)
Ans: Objectives of soil classification are as follows:
1) Classification helps to group soils that have similar properties. Soils behavior can be
estimated based on experience gained from similar group soil.
2) It facilitate communication. It provides common language between engineers dealing
with soil.
3) It provides a really convenient shorthand notation. Just providing a little symbol can
pack a whole lot of information.

Similar question like above that can be asked.

What are the requirements for soil classification system to be useful for Geotechnical
Engineering?
Ans: Requirements for soil classification system are:
1) It should have a limited number of groups.
2) It should be based on the engineering properties that are most relevant for the purpose
for which the classification has been made.
3) It should be simple and should use the terms that are easily understood.

Discuss about propagation methods in bioengineering. (3)

Ans: Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants from a variety of sources: seeds,
cuttings and other plants. Several propagation methods can be used according to our
requirements. For example, Perennial grasses usually form the main part of a bioengineering
scheme. Seed is a cheap means of propagating these grasses, but requires much longer
growing in the nursery before the plants can be used on site. Grasses from cuttings always
grow much faster than those produced from seed. Also, they are tougher and do not go
through such a delicate stage as seedlings. Propagation method further provide us with best
options for sowing according to plant species. Such as, Polypot seedling ( Plants are raised
from seed in a nursery. They are grown on in polythene containers 'polypots') propagation
method is mainly applied for plants like chilaune, gobre salla, kalo siris, khayer, painyu, khote
salla, rato siris, seto siris and utis. Similarly Hardwood cutting ( a section of woody stem is cut
from parent plant and inserted into soil) is suitable for Assuro, kanda phul, namdi phul and
simal. And stump cutting ( 'Stumps' are cuttings consisting of sections of the plant that include
both root and shoot.) method is mainly applied for utis. Some propagation method such as
budding and grafting can combine different plants for specific properties. Such as one plant
can contribute better root stock to plant where as an other plant can serve as a fodder plant
for livestock.

Sometime if propagation method is asked for large marks.

Propagation method for grass
Propagation method Description Main species
The main method of propagating grasses for bio-engineering. Rooted cuttings are
made by splitting out grass clumps grown in the nursery. If the grass is
Slip cutting All bio-engineering grass species
rhizomatous (like amliso or tite nigalo), then the slip consists of a section of the
rhizome and some shoots, and must include root buds
Propagation by planting a section of the stem, usually with 2 nodes and a section
Stem cutting of culm. This is carried out either in the nursery for transplanting as rooted cutting Napier, Narkat
or directly on the site.

Seeds Grass plants are grown up from seeds. This is carried out either in the nursery for Babiyo, Khar, phurke,sito
transplanting as a rooted plant, or directly on site.
Propagation method for shurbs and trees
Propagation method Description Main species
Plants are raised from seeds in nursery. They are grown in polythene container Chilaunay, gobre salla, kalo siris, Khayer,
Polypot seedling
(polypot), and also moved in them to site for final transplanting. painyu,utis
A section of woody stem is cut from parent plant and inserted into soil. From the
Hardwood cutting
buds on the cutting, shoots and roots develop to form new plant. Assuro, Kanda phul, namdi phul, simal
Stumps are cutting consisting of section of plant that include both root and shoot.
Stump cuttings Sisau
They are made from seedling more than one year old raised in soil beds.
Budding and grafting can combine different plants for specific properties. Such as
Budding and Grafting one plant can provide better root stock where as other plant can serve as fodder
plant for live stock Not normally used in bioengineering.
Propagation method for Bamboos
Propagation method Description Main species
A section of rooted rhizome and an entire culm is cut out of an established
Traditional method bamboo clump. It is replanted with the culm cut off about 2m above the ground, All bamboos
leaving branches emerging from one or two of the nodes.
Single node of a bamboo culm is planted in a wet, well-shaded nursery bed and
Rooted single node culm cutting allowed to root over a period of atleast one year. It is then transported for choya/tama, dhanu or kalo bans
planting on site as a newly rooted plant.