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Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment PDF
Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment PDF
After studying this chapter, you will be able to: manufacturer will replace it free of charge. This
Identify common automotive hand tools. can save money in the long run.
List safety rules for hand tools. • Keep tools organized—A technician has hun-
dreds of different tools. For the tools to be located
Select the right tool for a given job.
quickly, they should be neatly arranged. There
Maintain and store tools properly. should be a place for every tool, and every tool
Use hand tools safely. should be in its place. If tools are just thrown into
Correctly answer ASE certification test questions the toolbox, time and effort are wasted "digging
referring to hand tools. and searching" instead of fixing the vehicle.
• Keep tools clean—Wipe tools clean and dry after
Professional auto technicians invest thousands of each use. A greasy or oily tool can be dangerous!
dollars on tools, and for good reason. It is almost impos- It is very easy to lose a grip on a dirty tool, cut-
sible to do even the simplest auto repair without using ting or breaking a finger or hand.
some type of tool. Tools serve as extensions to parts of • Use the right tool for the job—Even though sev-
the human body. They increase the physical abilities of eral different tools may be used to loosen a bolt,
fingers, hands, arms, legs, eyes, ears, and back. A well- usually one will do a better job. It may be faster,
selected set of tools speeds up repairs, improves work grip the bolt better, be less likely to break, or
quality, and increases profits. require less physical effort. A good technician
This chapter will cover the basic hand tools com- knows when, where, and why a particular tool
monly used in the shop. Specialized hand tools are cov- will work better than another. Keep this in mind
ered in later chapters. Use the index to locate these tools as you study automotive tools.
as needed.
Tech Tip!
Tech Tip! The time spent maintaining your tools and
It is very frustrating trying to fix a vehicle without toolbox is time well spent. Well-organized
the right tools. It can be like trying to "fight a tools will save time on each job and help you
forest fire with a squirt gun"—impossible! get more work done. Unorganized or poorly
Invest in a complete set of quality tools. maintained tools will hurt your on-the-job
performance.
Tool Rules
There are several basic tool rules that should be Tool Storage
remembered. These are as follows.
A toolbox stores and protects a technician's tools
• Purchase quality tools—With tools, you usually when not in use. There are three basic parts to a typical
get what you pay for. Quality tools are lighter, toolbox, Figure 3-1. These include:
stronger, easier to use, and more dependable than
off-brand, bargain tools. Many manufacturers of • A large lower roll-around cabinet.
quality tools provide guarantees. Some are for • An upper tool chest that sits on the roll-around
the lifetime of the tool. If the tool fails, the cabinet.
Warning!
Upper tool Never open several toolbox drawers at one time.
chest If you do, the heavy toolbox might flip over.
Serious injury can result since a toolbox can
Roll-around weigh up to 1000 pounds. Close each drawer
cabinet before opening the next.
Wrenches
Wrenches are used to install and remove nuts and
bolts. Wrench size is determined by measuring across the
wrench jaws. Refer to Figures 3-2 and 3-3. Wrenches
come in both conventional (inch) and metric (millimeter)
sizes. The size is stamped on the side of the wrench. Here
are a few wrench rules to follow.
• Always select the right size wrench. It must fit the
bolt head snugly. A loose-fitting wrench will
round off the corners of the bolt head.
• Never hammer on a standard wrench to break
loose a bolt. Use a longer wrench with more
leverage or a special slug wrench. A slug wrench
Figure 3-1. A toolbox is used to organize the wide variety of is designed to be used with a hammer.
tools a technician needs. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) • When possible, pull on the wrench. Then, if the
wrench slips, you are less likely to hurt your
hand. When you must push, use the palm of your
• A small carrying tray. This is usually placed in the hand and keep your fingers open.
upper tool chest.
The lower roll-around cabinet holds the bulky,
heavy tools. Large power tools are normally kept in this
part of the box. Extra storage compartments can be
bolted to the sides of the roll-around cabinet.
Commonly used tools are normally placed in the
upper tool chest. Being near eye level, tools can be easily
seen and reached without bending. This saves time and
energy, and increases production. Conventional
The small carrying (tote) tray is for holding fre-
quently used tools that are carried to the job. For example, Figure 3-2. Conventional tool sizes are given in fractions of an
inch. The measurement is the width of the jaw opening. As
if a technician frequently does brake repairs, all the spe- shown here, these sizes are not the same as bolt sizes.
cial brake tools can be kept in the tray and taken to the (Deere & Co.)
vehicle more easily.
Toolbox Organization
Related tools are normally kept in the same toolbox
drawer. For example, various types of hammers may be
stored in one drawer and all screwdrivers in another. Small
or delicate tools should not be kept with large, heavy tools 8 mm
to prevent damage. Tool holders help organize small tools.
These include small clip or magnetic racks, cloth or plastic Metric
pouches, or socket trays. They are often used to protect
Figure 3-3. Metric wrench sizes given in millimeters. The mea-
tools and to keep them organized by size. Holders also
surement is the width of the jaw opening. The wrench size is not
allow a full set of tools to be taken to the job. the same as the bolt size. (Deere & Co.)
• Never use a steel bar or pipe to increase the length ends are usually the same size. A combination wrench
of a wrench for leverage. Excess force can bend provides the advantage of two types of wrenches for the
or break the wrench. price of one.
To be able to select the right wrench for the job, you
must learn the advantages and disadvantages of each Line Wrenches
type. These advantages and disadvantages are covered in
A line wrench, also called a tubing wrench or flare
the next sections. Study the material carefully.
nut wrench, is a box-end wrench with a small opening or
split in the jaw, Figure 3-4D. The opening allows the
Open-End Wrenches wrench to be slipped over fuel lines, brake lines, or power
An open-end wrench has an open, or split, jaw on steering lines and onto the fitting nut. A line wrench pre-
both ends. Each end is a different size and set at an angle. vents damage to soft fittings.
Figure 3-4A. This angle allows the open-end wrench to
turn bolts and nuts with little wrench swing space. The Socket Wrenches
wrench can be turned over between each swing to get a
new "bite" on the bolt head. An open-end wrench A socket is a cylinder-shaped, box-end tool for
has weak jaws. It should not be used on extremely tight removing or installing bolts and nuts. See Figure 3-5.
nuts or bolts. Its jaws will flex outward and round off the One end fits over the fastener. The other end has a square
bolt head. hole that fits on a handle used for turning.
A socket's drive size is the size of the square opening
for the ratchet or tool handle. As pictured in Figure 3-6,
Box-End Wrenches
Box-end wrenches are completely closed on both
ends. They fully surround and grip the head of a bolt or Deep-well sockets
nut, Figure 3-4B. A box-end wrench will not round off
bolt heads as easily as an open-end wrench. Box-end
wrenches are available with either 6- or 12-point open-
ings. A 6-point opening is the strongest configuration. It
should be used on extremely tight, rusted, or partially
rounded bolt or nut heads.
Standard sockets
Combination Wrenches
Figure 3-5. Different socket types. Note that both standard and
A combination wrench has a box-end jaw on one deep-well sockets are shown.
end and an open-end jaw on the other, Figure 3-4C. Both
Socket
point
type
4-point 8-point 6-point
12-point
Figure 3-4. The four basic types of hand wrenches. A—Open- Figure 3-6. Sockets come in four drive sizes and four point
end wrench. B—Box-end wrench. C—Combination wrench. types. The most commonly used drives are 3/8" and 1/2". The
D—Tubing or line wrench. most common point types are 6-point and 12-point.
sockets come in four drive sizes: 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", and
3/4". They also come in four different points: 4-point,
6-point, 8-point, and 12-point.
If a small drive size is used on very large or tight fas-
teners, the socket or handle can be broken. A large drive
may be too awkward for small nuts and bolt heads.
Generally, a 1/4" drive socket and handle should be used
on bolt and nut heads 1/4" and smaller. A 3/8" socket set
is adequate on bolt head and nut sizes between 1/4" and
5/8". A 1/2" drive is strong enough to handle bolt or nut
heads from 5/8" to 1". A 3/4" drive is for bolts and nuts
with a head size larger than 1".
Socket Handles
Socket handles fit into the square opening in the top
of the socket. Several types are shown in Figure 3-7. A
ratchet is the most commonly used and versatile socket
handle. It has a small lever that can be moved for either
loosening or tightening bolts. A flex bar, or breaker bar,
is the most powerful and strongest socket handle. It
should be used when breaking loose large or extremely Extension
tight bolts and nuts. A speed handle is the fastest hand-
operated socket handle. After a bolt is loosened, a speed
handle will rapidly spin out the bolt.
Extensions are used between a socket and its handle.
See Figure 3-8A. They allow the handle to be placed
farther from the workpiece, giving you room to swing
the handle and turn the fastener. A universal joint is a
swivel that lets the socket wrench reach around obstruc- Universal
tions, Figure 3-8B. It is used between the socket and joint
drive handle, with or without an extension. Avoid putting Figure 3-8. A—An extension moves the socket away from the
too much bend into a universal joint, or it may bind handle for more clearance. B—A universal joint allows the
and break. socket to be turned from an angle.
Figure 3-7. Various socket handles. A—Ratchet. B—Breaker bar or flex handle. C—Speed handle. D—T-handle. E—Torque wrench.
F—Flexible driver.
Other Wrench Types A pipe wrench is an adjustable wrench used to grasp
cylindrical objects. See Figure 3-9B. The toothed jaws
An adjustable wrench, or Crescent wrench, has jaws actually dig into the object. For this reason, never use it
that can be adjusted to fit different size bolt and nut on parts that will be ruined by marks or nicks.
heads, Figure 3-9A. It should be used only when other An Allen wrench is a hexagonal (six-sided) shaft-
type wrenches will not fit. An adjustable wrench is a type wrench. Figure 3-9C. It is used to turn set screws on
handy tool to carry for emergencies. It is like having a pulleys, gears, and knobs. To prevent damage, make sure
full set of open-end wrenches. the Allen wrench is fully inserted in the fastener before
turning.
There are several other types of wrenches. These are
shown in Figure 3-9.
Screwdrivers
Screwdrivers are used to remove or install screws.
They come in many shapes and sizes. A standard screw-
driver has a single blade that fits into a slot in the screw
head. See Figure 3-10A. A Phillips screwdriver has two
crossing blades that fit into a star-shaped screw slot,
Figure 3-10B. A Reed and Prince screwdriver is similar
to a Phillips, but it has a slightly different tip shape,
Pliers
Pliers are used to grip, cut, crimp, hold, and bend
various parts. Different pliers are helpful for different
situations. Several types of pliers are pictured in
Figure 3-13. Never use pliers when another type tool
will work. Pliers can nick and scar a part.
Combination pliers, or slip-joint pliers, are the most
common pliers used by an automotive technician. The
slip joint allows the jaws to be adjusted to grasp different
size parts. Figure 3-13A. Rib joint pliers, also called
channel lock pliers or water pump pliers, open extra
wide for holding very large objects, Figure 3-13B.
Needle nose pliers are excellent for handling
extremely small parts or reaching into highly restricted
areas, Figure 3-13C. Do not twist too hard on needle
nose pliers, or the long thin jaws can be bent.
Diagonal cutting pliers are the most commonly used
cutting pliers, Figure 3-13D. Their jaw shape allows
them to cut items flush with an adjacent surface.
Diagonal cutting pliers are often used to cut off cotter
pins, wires, and plastic ties.
Impact
driver
Locking pliers, or vise grips, clamp onto and hold a round end for shaping metal parts, such as sheet metal or
part, Figure 3-13E. This frees both hands to do other rivet heads.
tasks. Because of their clamping power, vise grips can A sledge hammer has a very large head. Figure 3-14B.
sometimes be used to unscrew fasteners with stripped or It is usually the heaviest hammer and produces powerful
rounded heads. However, never use them on undamaged blows. A sledge hammer is sometimes used to free
nuts or bolts. Snap ring pliers have sharp, pointed tips for frozen parts.
installing and removing special clips called snap rings. A The brass has a soft, heavy head and is useful
pair of snap ring pliers is shown in Figure 3-13F. when scarring the surface of a part must be avoided,
Figure 3-14C. The relatively soft head deforms to protect
the part surface from damage.
Hammers A plastic or rawhide hammer is light and has a soft
Various types of hammers are used for operations head. Figure 3-14D. It is used where light blows are
that involve striking a tool or part. It is important to use needed to prevent part breakage or damage to surfaces on
the right hammer and to use it properly. Several hammers small and delicate parts.
are shown in Figure 3-14. The following are some gen- A rubber mallet has a head made of solid rubber,
eral rules governing hammers. Figure 3-14E. It will rebound, or bounce, upon striking
and is not effective on solid metal parts. It is recom-
• Select the right size hammer. If a large part is
struck by a small hammer, the hammer can fly mended on many sheet metal or plastic parts, such as
backwards dangerously. If the hammer is too garnish molding and wheel covers.
large, however, it may damage the part. A dead blow hammer has a plastic-coated, metal
face and is filled with small metal balls called lead shot.
• Always check that the hammer head is tight on The extra weight prevents a rebound of the hammer when
the handle. If not, the head may fly off and cause striking. The plastic coating prevents surface damage.
injury or damage.
• Use a brass, plastic, or dead blow hammer on Chisels and Punches
parts and tools that can be damaged by a steel
hammer. Use a steel hammer only when max- Chisels are for cutting off damaged or badly rusted
imum driving force is required. nuts, bolts, and rivet heads. There are various chisel
shapes. Figure 3-15. Use common sense when selecting
• Grasp the hammer near the end of the handle and a chisel shape.
strike the part or tool squarely. Punches also come in several configurations. See
A ball peen hammer is the most common type Figure 3-15. A center punch is frequently used to mark
of hammer used in automotive work, Figure 3-14A. parts for reassembly and to start a hole before drilling.
It has a flat face for general striking. It also has a Look at Figure 3-16. The indentation made by a center
Round face Soft brass head
Flat face
Figure 3-14. Different hammer types. A—Ball peen. B—Sledge. C—Brass. D—Plastic tipped. E—Rubber mallet.
Files
Files remove burrs, nicks, and sharp edges and per-
Flat, single-cut file
form other smoothing operations. They are useful when
Sharp
mushroom Half-round file
is
dangerous!
Three-corner file
Round file
Wrong Right
Figure 3-17. Always keep the top of a chisel or punch ground Figure 3-18. A file is used for smoothing metal. Note the dif-
to a chamfer. A sharp, mushroomed end is dangerous. ferent parts of a file and the different types of files available.
(Deere & Co.) (Starrett)
• If a file becomes clogged, clean it with a file card
or a stiff wire brush. Jaws
Anvil
• Never hammer on or pry with a file. A file is very
brittle and will break easily. Bits of the file can fly
into your face or eyes.
Handle
Saws
A hacksaw is used to cut metal objects. Blades of var-
ious lengths can be mounted in the saw's adjustable frame.
The blade teeth should point away from the handle, and the
blade should be fastened tightly in the frame.
Select the appropriate blade for the job. As a rule of
thumb, at least two saw teeth should contact the material Position
being cut at any given time. If not, the teeth can catch and adjustment Base
break.
When cutting, place one hand on the hacksaw handle
and the other on the end of the frame. Press down lightly Figure 3-20. A vise mounts on the workbench. It holds parts
securely. (Snap-on Tool Corp.)
on the forward stroke and release pressure on the back-
stroke. See Figure 3-19. As with a file, use 50-60 strokes
per minute. If cuts are made faster than this, the blade
will quickly overheat, soften, and become dull. Vise caps or wood blocks should be used to prevent
damage when mounting precision or delicate parts in a
vise. Vise caps are soft metal jaw covers. They will not
Holding Tools only protect the part, but will provide a more secure grip
There are several different types of tools used for on the part.
holding objects in the automotive shop. These tools are A few vise rules include:
covered in the next sections. • Never hammer on a vise handle to tighten or
loosen the vise. Use the weight of your body.
Vise • Keep the moving parts of the vise clean and oiled.
A vise is used to hold parts during cutting, drilling, • Wear safety glasses when using a vise.
hammering, and pressing operations. See Figure 3-20. It Tremendous clamping force can be exerted and
is mounted on a workbench. Avoid clamping a smooth, parts may break and fly out.
machined part in the uncovered jaws of a vise. If a • Be careful not to damage parts in the jaws of a
machined surface is scarred, the part may be ruined. vise.
• Use vise caps when a precision part is held in a
vise. This will prevent part damage.
C-clamp
A C-clamp holds parts on a work surface when
drilling, filing, cutting, welding, or doing other opera-
tions. Being portable, it can be taken to the job. Refer to
Figure 3-21. C-clamps come in many different sizes.
After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Air Compressor
List the most commonly used power tools and An air compressor is the source of compressed air
equipment. for an automotive service facility. Look at Figure 4-1. An
Describe the uses for power tools and equipment. air compressor normally has an electric motor that spins
Explain the advantages of one type of tool over an air pump. The air pump forces air into a large, metal
another. storage tank. The air compressor turns on and off auto-
Explain safety rules that pertain to power tools matically to maintain a preset pressure in the system.
Metal air lines feed out from the tank to several locations
and equipment.
in the shop. Technicians can then connect their flexible
Correctly answer ASE certification test questions air hoses to the metal lines.
that require a knowledge of power tools and
equipment. Warning!
Shop air pressure usually ranges from 100-
150 psi (689-1034 kPa). This is enough pres-
To be a productive technician in today's automotive sure to kill or severely injure a person. Respect
service facility, you must know when and how to use shop air pressure!
power tools and equipment. Power tools are tools driven
by compressed air, electricity, or pressurized liquid. They
Air Hoses
make many repair operations easier and quicker. Large
shop tools, such as floor jacks, parts cleaning tanks, and Flexible, high-pressure air hoses are connected to the
steam cleaners, are called shop equipment. metal lines from the air compressor. These hoses allow
This chapter discusses properly selecting and using the technician to take a source of air pressure to the
common power tools and shop equipment. They can be vehicle being repaired. Quick-disconnect couplings are
very dangerous if misused. Always follow the operating used to connect air hoses and air tools to the compressed
instructions for the particular tool or piece of equipment air system without using a wrench. To join or separate a
before use. If in doubt, ask your instructor for a demon- quick-disconnect coupling, pull back on the coupling's
stration. Specialized power tools and equipment are cov- outer sleeve with finger pressure. With the sleeve pulled
ered in later chapters. Refer to the index to find more back, you can push the coupling together or pull it apart.
information on them as needed.
Other Components
Compressed-Air System
A pressure regulator is used to set a specific pres-
The components of a compressed-air system include sure in the compressed-air system. This pressure is often
an air compressor, air lines, air hoses, and air tools. In called shop pressure. In most cases, shop pressure is
addition, a pressure regulator, filter, and lubricator may between 100 and 150 pounds per square inch (psi). A
be attached to the system. Air tools are driven by the filter may be connected to the system. The filter removes
compressed-air system. Air-powered tools can be found water from the compressed air. This increases the life of
in nearly every service facility. air tools. In addition, a lubricator may also be connected
Air compressor unit
Air tool
Air pump
Electric
motor
Connectors Lubricator Air pressure
regulator
Filter
Metal
Air hose air line
Tank
Figure 4-1. The basic parts of a typical compressed air system. The air compressor unit develops air pressure. The filter removes
moisture. The regulator allows the technician to control system pressure. Metal lines and flexible hoses carry pressurized air to the
tool. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.)
Air Tools
Air tools use the energy of compressed air for opera-
tion. They are also called pneumatic tools. Air tools are
labor-saving devices and well worth their cost. Always
lubricate an air tool before and after use. While pressing
the air tool's trigger, squirt a few drops of air tool oil into
the tool's air inlet fitting. Not only will the oil protect the
internal parts of the tool during use, but it will also pre-
vent the internal parts from rusting during storage.
Air Wrenches
Air wrenches, or impact wrenches, provide a very
fast means of installing or removing threaded fasteners.
Look at Figure 4-2A. An impact wrench uses com-
pressed air to rotate a driving head. The driving head
holds a special impact socket.
Impact wrenches come in 3/8", 1/2", and 3/4" drive
sizes. A 3/8" drive impact is ideal for small fasteners, Figure 4-2. A—1/2" drive impact wrench. B—3/8" drive air
such as 1/4"—9/16" bolts. A 1/2" drive is for general pur- ratchet. (Snap-on Tool Corp.)
pose use with medium to large fasteners, such as 1/2"—1"
bolts. The 3/4" drive impact is for extremely large fas-
teners. It is not commonly used in automotive service. A Caution!
button or switch on the impact wrench controls the direc- Until you become familiar with the operation of
tion of rotation. In one position, the impact wrench an air wrench, be careful not to overtighten
tightens the fastener. With the switch in the other posi- bolts and nuts or leave them too loose. It is easy
tion, the wrench loosens the fastener. to strip or break fasteners with an air tool.
Air Ratchet hammering attachments are available. Be sure to select
the correct one for the job.
An air ratchet is a special impact wrench designed
for working in limited space. Look at Figure 4-2B. For Warning!
instance, an air ratchet is commonly used when removing Never turn an air hammer on unless the tool
water pumps. It will fit between the radiator and engine head is pressed tightly against the workpiece.
easily. It works in much the same way as a hand-tool Otherwise, the tool head can fly out of the
ratchet. An air ratchet normally has a 3/8" drive. hammer with great force, as if shot from a gun!
However, it does not have very much turning power.
Final tightening and initial loosening must be done with Blowgun
hand tools.
An air-powered blowgun is commonly used to dry
and clean parts washed in solvent. It is also used to blow
Impact Sockets and Extensions dust and loose dirt from parts before or during dis-
Special impact sockets and impact extensions must assembly. See Figure 4-4A.
be used with air wrenches. These are case hardened, When using a blowgun, wear eye protection. Direct
thicker, and much stronger than conventional sockets and the blast of air away from yourself and others. Do not
extensions. A conventional socket can be ruined or blow brake and clutch parts clean. The dust from these
broken by the hammering blows of an impact wrench. parts may contain asbestos. Asbestos is a cancer-causing
Impact sockets and extensions are easily identified substance. Another type of blowgun is a solvent gun,
because they are flat black, not chrome. Figure 4-4B. It can be used to wash parts that will not fit
into a cleaning tank.
Caution!
Know when and when not to use power tools.
In most situations, power tools will speed up
your work. However, there are many times
when they should not be used. For example,
never use an impact wrench in place of a torque
wrench. An impact wrench will not torque crit-
ical fasteners to their correct specification.
Problems and comebacks will result.
Air Hammer
An air hammer, or air chisel, is useful during var-
ious driving and cutting operations. Look at Figure 4-3.
An air hammer is capable of producing about 1000-
4000 impacts per minute. Several different cutting or
Figure 4-5. An air drill. The speed of the air drill can be
• Keep the tool rest adjusted close to the wheel. If
adjusted. The air drill is capable of very high turning force. the rest is not close to the wheel, the part being
ground can catch in the grinder.
Drill Rotary
• Do not use a wire wheel to clean soft metal parts,
brush such as aluminum pistons or brass bushings. The
abrasive action of the wheel can remove metal or
scuff the part and ruin it. Instead, use a solvent
and a dull hand scraper on soft metal parts that
could be damaged.
Drills
Drills are used to create holes in metal and plastic
Figure 4-6. A rotary brush is commonly used in a drill for
parts. Some drills are portable; others are mounted on a
cleaning off carbon deposits or old gaskets. Always wear eye workbench or the floor. Drills use different-size bits to
protection. create the size of hole needed.
Light Shield
Key
Chuck
Leather
Tool rest gloves
Bits
Drills use drill bits, or twist drills, to drill holes in
metal and plastic parts. Figure 4-9. A drill bit is mounted
in the drill chuck. A special key, called a chuck key, is
sometimes needed to tighten the drill bit in the chuck,
Figure 4-10. Drill bits are commonly made of either
carbon steel or high-speed steel. High-speed steel is
better because of its resistance to heat. It will not lose its
hardness when slightly overheated.
Figure 4-11. Portable electric drills. A—3/8" drill. B—1/2" drill.
Portable Electric Drill (Robert Bosch)
Portable electric drills are hand-held drills. They
come in different sizes. The size of a drill is an indication
of the capacity of its chuck. Commonly used sizes are
1/4", 3/8", and 1/2", Figure 4-11. Portable electric drills Drill Press
work fine on most small drilling operations. A drill press is a large, floor- or bench-mounted drill
needed for drilling large holes, deep holes, or a great
number of holes in several parts, Figure 4-12. The drill
press handle allows the bit to be pressed into the work
with increased force. Also, very large bits can be used. A
Point Drill few drill press rules to follow include:
size
Margin • Remove the key from the chuck before turning on
Flute
the drill press.
Margin Lip or • Secure the part to be drilled with C-clamps or
Body
cutting other holding fixtures.
edge
Web Top view • Use a center punch to indent the part and start the
hole.
• To prevent injury, release drilling pressure right
Shank before the bit breaks through the bottom of the
Margin
part. A drill bit tends to catch when breaking
Side view through. This can cause the drill or part to rotate
dangerously.
Figure 4-9. The basic parts of a drill bit.
(Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.) • Oil the bit as needed.
saddle is not properly located, it is very easy to smash the
oil pan, muffler, floor pan, or another part of the vehicle.
Speed
To raise the vehicle, turn the jack handle or knob clock-
change
control Head wise and pump the handle. To lower the vehicle, turn the
handle or knob counterclockwise slowly to release the
pressure-relief valve.
On/off When raising the front of a vehicle, place the trans-
switch Handle
mission in neutral and release the parking brake. This lets
Chuck the vehicle roll, preventing it from pulling off the jack.
Column After raising, secure the vehicle on jack stands. Place an
automatic transmission in park and a manual transmis-
sion in gear. Apply the emergency brake and block the
Table
wheels. It is then safe to work under the vehicle.
Caution!
Most floor jack handles tend to stick when the
Base pressure-relief valve is released. This makes it
easy for you to lower the vehicle too quickly.
When releasing the valve, turn it very slowly.
Figure 4-12. The parts of a drill press. A drill press is for drilling This will prevent the car or truck from slam-
deep or large holes when a part will fit on the table.
ming to the ground violently!
(Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.)
Transmission Jack
Hydraulic Tools Transmission jacks are designed to hold transmis-
Hydraulic tools are powered by pressurized liquid. sions and transaxles during removal or installation. One
The hydraulic tools typically used in the automotive shop type is similar to a floor jack. However, the saddle is
include jacks, cranes, and presses. These tools are dis- enlarged to fit the bottom of a transmission. Another type
cussed in the next sections. of transmission jack is designed to be used when the
vehicle is raised on a lift. Figure 4-14. It has a long post
that can reach high into the air to support the transmission.
Floor Jack
A floor jack is used to raise either the front, sides, or
rear of a vehicle. Look at Figure 4-13. To avoid vehicle
damage, place the jack saddle under a solid part of the car
such as the frame, suspension arm, or axle housing. If the
Handle
Saddle
Tire Changer
Engine
A tire changer is used to remove and replace tires on
Control wheels. It is a common piece of shop equipment. Some
valve
tire changers are pneumatic; others are hand operated. Do
Engine not attempt to operate a tire changer without proper
stand supervision. Follow the directions provided with the
changer.
Leg
Jack Stands
Figure 4-15. A hydraulic engine crane can be used to lift heavy
Jack stands support a vehicle during repairs. After
objects, such as engines, transmissions, transaxles, and rear
axle assemblies. This technician has used a crane to mount an raising the vehicle with a jack, place stands under the
engine on a stand. vehicle, Figure 4-17. Be sure the stands are placed in
secure positions. For example, place jack stands under
the frame, axle housing, or suspension arm.
Pressure
gauge
Ram Saddle
Goggles
Release
Pump
handle
Table Part
Engine Stand
An engine stand is used to hold an engine assembly
once it is removed from the vehicle for rebuilding or
repair. The engine cylinder block bolts to the stand just as
it would to the transmission or transaxle. The engine can
usually be rotated and held in different positions on the
stand, making it easy to work on different parts.
Figure 4-19. A high-pressure washer will remove greasy
buildup from the outside of assemblies before teardown.
Cold Solvent Tank
A cold solvent tank contains a pump, reservoir, and
solvent, and it is used to remove grease and oil from parts,
Figure 4-18. After removing all old gaskets and scraping Warning!
off excess grease, you can scrub the parts clean in the sol- A steam cleaner operates at high pressures and
vent. A blow gun is then normally used to dry the solvent. temperatures. Follow the manufacturer's safety
rules and specific operating instructions.
Oxyacetylene Torch
An oxyacetylene torch can be used to heat, cut,
weld, or braze metal parts, Figure 4-20. The oxy-
acetylene setup consists of an oxygen tank, an acetylene
tank, pressure regulators, hoses, and a hand-held torch.
Tremendous heat is produced by the burning acetylene
gas and oxygen. The oxyacetylene cutting torch is often
used to remove old, rusted exhaust systems.
To use an oxyacetylene cutting torch:
1. Put on all necessary protective gear,
including a welding helmet or goggles,
welding gloves, and a leather jacket.
2. Inspect the oxyacetylene equipment for
Figure 4-18. A cold-solvent tank is used to remove oil and light
grease from parts. The unit sprays filtered solvent onto parts. damage and make sure all cylinder, regu-
Rub the parts with a brush for rapid cleaning. lator, and torch valves are closed.
3. Light the cutting torch according to the
manufacturer's recommendations.
4. With the torch held at a 90° angle to the
Steam Cleaner and High-Pressure Washer
workpiece, concentrate the flame on the
A steam cleaner or high-pressure washer is used to spot where the cut will begin.
remove heavy deposits of dirt, grease, and oil from the 5. When the spot becomes cherry red, depress
outside of large assemblies, such as engines, transmis- the oxygen cutting lever to begin the cut.
sions, and transaxles. Look at Figure 4-19. To help keep 6. Move the torch along the workpiece to
the environment clean, wire brush the item to be cleaned make the cut.
and collect oil-soaked dirt before steaming or washing. 7. After making the cut, release the cutting
Then, dispose of the oil-soaked material properly. lever and shut off the torch.
Torch Main on/off valve training before attempting to weld. Using a welder
improperly can result in personal injury or damage to
parts.
Regulator Warning!
gauges
Whenever working with a torch or welder, there
Flame is always a chance of fire. Always observe stan-
control
dard safety practices.
valves
Pressure
regulator Soldering Gun
valve
Acetylene Oxygen A soldering gun or soldering iron is used to join
Hoses wires during electrical repairs, Figure 4-21. An electric
current heats the tip of the gun. The hot gun tip is used to
heat the wires. Solder is then applied to the hot wires and
Tanks it melts. Solder is a lead-tin alloy. When the solder cools,
it hardens into a strong, solid connection.
Battery Charger
240 volt
electrical A battery charger is used to re-energize a "dead," or
outlet discharged, battery. It forces current back into the battery
to recharge the plates and battery acid. The red charger
lead connects to the positive (+) battery terminal. The
black charger lead connects to the negative (-) battery
Power switch terminal.
Warning!
Electrode holder
The gases around the top of a battery can
Work explode. Always connect the battery charger
Electrode
leads to the battery before turning on the
Ground
Arc charger. This prevents sparks, which could
ignite the battery gases.
Cables
Ground clamp
Note!
There are several types of cutting torches avail- Tip
able, and the lighting procedure may vary from
one type to another. Follow the torch manufac- On/off trigger
turer's recommendations for lighting, adjusting,
and shutting down the torch.
A welder uses high electric current to create a hot Figure 4-21. Soldering irons and guns produce enough heat to
electric spark, or arc, to melt and fuse metal parts melt solder for joining wires and small metal terminals.
together, Figure 4-20. Be sure to complete proper A—Soldering iron. B—Soldering gun. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.)
Droplight
A droplight provides a portable source of light. The
light can be taken to the repair area under the vehicle or
in the engine compartment. Several types of droplights
are shown in Figure 4-22.
Pullers
Pullers are used to remove seals, gears, pulleys,
steering wheels, axles, and other pressed-on parts. A few
puller types are pictured in Figure 4-23. Special pulling
operations are covered in later chapters.
Warning!
Pullers can exert tons of force. They must be
Power
used properly to prevent personal injury or part
head
damage. Always wear eye protection! Slide
Jumper Cables
Jumper cables are used to start a vehicle that has a
dead battery. The cables are connected between the dead
battery and another battery. The second battery is often in Air
a running vehicle. Once the cables are connected, the car hose
with the dead battery can be started. See Figure 4-24.
Warning! Adapter
Improper use of jumper cables can cause the
batteries to explode. Refer to Chapter 30,
Jaws
Battery Testing and Service, for information on
the correct use of jumper cables.
Summary
• Power tools use electricity, compressed air, or
hydraulic pressure (liquid confined under pres-
sure). Large shop tools, such as floor jacks, parts
cleaning tanks, and steam cleaners, are classified
as shop equipment.
• An air compressor is the source of compressed
(pressurized) air for the auto shop.
• High-pressure air hoses are connected to the
metal lines from the air compressor.
Figure 4-25. A—A creeper is for working under a vehicle.
B—The stool creeper is commonly used during brake and sus-
• Air tools, also called pneumatic tools, use air
pension repairs. You can sit on the stool and store tools on the pressure for operation. They are labor-saving
bottom. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) tools and are well worth their cost.
Fender
cover