IEEE - 43488
Performance evaluation of dual hop decode
and forward relaying protocol under
generalized gamma fading channels
Ankush Thakur
Electronics & Communication Eng. Department
National Institute of Technology
Hamirpur (H.P) India
ankushcsn.ece@nith.ac.in
Abstract— Multi-hop is an efficient technique that enables us in
achieving broader network connectivity and preventing channel
impairments such as channel fading, shadowing effects and path
loss. In the proposed work, outage probability of decode and
forward cooperative protocol has been analyzed over two
independent generalized fading channels. We consider the model
containing 3 nodes and these nodes are termed as source, relay
and destination. Here, we consider that both source-relay and
relay-destination channels experiences generalized gamma
fading. The analytic expression of the outage probability has
been derived here.
Keywords—Performance evaluation, multi-hop, outage
probability, non-identical fading.
I. INTRODUCTION
In wireless mode of communication, the signal
strength degrades as it propagates in the channel due to
multipath fading. In order to reduce channel impairments, the
cooperative communication is the one of the best solutions we
have. Cooperative diversity scheme may be employed to
transfer the signal from source to destination reliably by
introducing relay node. To model the channel, we need some
mathematical distribution functions and generalized gamma
function which contains Rayleigh, Weibull and Nakagami as
its special cases in [1]. In [2] S-DF cooperation is used in
which relay selection on the behalf of correct decoding and
providing high SNR value at destination and they also
provided the outage probability. In [3] outage probability of
uncoordinated system with Rayleigh fading for internode
threshold has been derived. In multi-hop communication,
channels between nodes may be non-identical depending upon
fading conditions. In [4] they shows that cooperation out
performs non-cooperation and they find that MRC diversity
scheme gives better results than EGC and selection
combining. In [5] signals in different hops undergo different
fading distributions such as Rayleigh and Rician and they
provided the outage probability for the reception based
relaying in different fading channels and they find that relays
performs better when the relays are in line of sight of source
rather than that of destination. In [6] they took two hop AF
system in which source-relay link undergo Rayleigh and relay-
9th ICCCNT 2018
July 10-12, 2018, IISC, Bengaluru
Bengaluru, India
Dr. Ajay Singh
Electronics & Communication Eng. Department
National Institute of Technology
Hamirpur (H.P), India
Ajaysingh8226@gmail.com
destination undergo Rician fading and they derive expression
of the outage probability and its lower bound. In [7] they
constructed a program to compute best route for DF protocol
and this program runs in polynomial time and they found that
this program provides best route when code words transmitted
by the nodes are independent. In [8] the outage performance of
DF protocol under Nakagami fading channels is investigated
and they found the novel analytic expression of outage
probability when fading severity parameter take on integer
values. In [9], provide analytic expression of error probability
of system employing decode and forward, amplify and
forward and hybrid protocols along with correction of forward
errors in quasi static fading channels. In [10] they showed that
outage probability decrease with increase in no of relays and
after reaching some tradeoff point this trend dies for both
AF/DF system and also showed that for large no of relays DF
outperforms AF system. In [11] they have calculated the
outage probability by applying technique to enhance the
intelligence of the detected signal in FSO communication
system. In [12] they express the expected secrecy rate and
secrecy outage under security constraints. As mentioned in
[13] they illustrated the strategy in which in every time
slot, this strategy picks one hop out of many triggered hops
whose SNR is highest among all and they also calculated the
outage probability and symbol error rate for BPSK and
MQAM.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
We take the system which contains single source,
single relay and single destination end. The source sends
message to destination by using relay as the intermediate
node. The communication requires two legs. In the first leg,
the source node broadcasts the message and the same message
is received by the relay and destination end through different
fading channels. In the second leg, if the relay is able enough
to decode the message successfully, it will re-encode the same
message and forward it to the destination. Generalized gamma
fading channels are denoted by ℎ and ℎ , . Instantaneous
signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of S-R and R-D hops
respectively are follows as:-
 IEEE - 43488

{ > }= ( )
, = |ℎ , | /

, = |ℎ , | / ( / )
= Υ − (3)
Γ( )
The source and relay transmits the signals at power and Similarly, { > } over generalized gamma fading
. denotes the power contributed from
AWGN at relay and destination. S-R link and R-D link both channel can be calculated as
undergo gamma fading.
{ > }= ( )

( / )
Generalized gamma Generalized Gamma = Υ − (4)
Γ( )
Fading R Fading

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

S D

Fig.1 System model of DF cooperative system

S-R and R-D link both undergoes generalized gamma fading
channel and instantaneous signal to noise ratio has Probability
density function given as:-

( / )
( )= − , > 0(1)
Γ( )
Γ( + 1/ )
= , = |ℎ , | , = |ℎ , |
Γ( )

Where m=1, m=2 represents the channel joining source and

relay and channel joining relay and destination respectively.
u and s represents fading and shape parameters respectively.
IN the above equation, be the average SNR of link. The
gamma fading function has the flexibility of producing
Rayleigh (u=1, s=1), Nakagami (u=1) and Weibull (s=1) as its
particular scenarios.
III.OUTAGE PROBABILITY
In cooperative communication, outage probability is vital
matric for checking the performance of the system. There
exists a case in which the channel joining source and
destination is not reliable, it is important to communicate
through dual-hop routing. In the DF cooperative system,
outage occurs when SNR of one the channels fall below the
threshold . can be given as

= { ( , )< }
=1− { > > }
= 1− { > } { > } (2)
{ > } Over generalized gamma fading channel can be
Fig2: outage probability of Rayleigh, Nakagami and Weibull
calculated as channels in direct communication scenario.

9th ICCCNT 2018

July 10-12, 2018, IISC, Bengaluru
Bengaluru, India
 IEEE - 43488

Avg. SNR/ Rayleigh Nakagami Weibull Avg.

Ray/ Ray/ Ray/ Naka/ Naka/ Weib/
Hop SNR
Ray Naka Weib Naka Weib Weib
per
hop in
dB

6 0.993 0.996 0.999 0.998 0.999 1

6 dB 0.9189 0.9803 0.9994 8 0.958 0.964 0.971 0.969 0.975 0.980
8 dB 0.7950 0.8531 0.9041 10 0.864 0.850 0.832 0.835 0.814 0.792
10 dB 0.6321 0.5768 0.5236 12 0.716 0.659 0.610 0.589 0.531 0.464
12 dB 0.4679 0.2944 0.2090 14 0.549 0.455 0.407 0.343 0.284 0.220
14 dB 0.3284 0.1193 0.0715
16 0.394 0.292 0.259 0.173 0.134 0.094
16 dB 0.2221 0.0410 0.0232
18 0.271 0.181 0.163 0.079 0.059 0.038
18 dB 0.1466 0.0126 0.0074
20 0.181 0.111 0.102 0.034 0.025 0.015
22 0.118 0.068 0.064 0.014 0.010 0.006
Table1.Shows the relationship between Avg. SNR/hop and 24 0.076 0.041 0.040 0.006 0.004 0.002
Outage probability of direct single-hop transmission ( =10 Table2. Shows the relationship between outage probability of
dB) different pairs of channels and Avg. SNR when =10Db.
We know that outage performance gets better and better when In Fig. 3, we graphically shows the
value of outage threshold is as low as possible. Above table performance of a dual-hop DF relaying strategy by evaluating
shows that outage performance of direct single-hop the outage probability and outage probability curves are
communication over Weibull fading channel (u=1,s=2.5) is demonstrated for Rayleigh(u=1,s=1)/Rayleigh(u=1,s=1),
better than Nakagami fading channel(u=3,s=1) and Rayleigh Rayleigh(u=1,s=1)/Nakagami(u=3,s=1),
fading channel(u=1,s=1) when Avg. SNR per hop is greater Rayleigh(u=1,s=1)/Weibull(u=1,s=2.5),
than 9dB for =10dB. Nakagami(u=3,s=1)/Rayleigh(u=1,s=1),
Nakagami(u=3,s=1)/Nakagami(u=3,s=1),
Nakagami(u=3,s=1)/Weibull(u=1,s=2.5),
Weibull(u=1,s=2.5)/Rayleigh(u=1,s=1),
Weibull(u=1,s=2.5)/Nakagami(u=3,s=1),
Weibull(u=1,s=2.5)/Weibull(u=1,s=2.5)
Cases when the threshold SNR is fixed at 10dB. (·/·)
represents the link joining source and relay/link joining relay
and destination. Here, we have a total of 9 different
permutations of channels dual hop relaying but there exists
only 6 different combinations of channels. These distinct
combinations of channels are as follows
Rayleigh(u=1,s=1)/Rayleigh(u=1,s=1),
Rayleigh(u=1,s=1)/Nakagami(u=3,s=1),
Rayleigh(u=1,s=1)/Weibull(u=1,s=2.5),
Nakagami(u=3,s=1)/Nakagami(u=3,s=1),
Nakagami(u=3,s=1)/Weibull(u=1,s=2.5),
Weibull(u=1,s=2.5)/Weibull(u=1,s=2.5).
From Fig.3, one can observe the performance of different
channel pairs in terms of their outage probability. Outage
performance of the system is excellent when both links
undergoes Weibull fading conditions. In opposite to that the
system is performing poorly when both links undergoes
Rayleigh fading.
V. CONCLUSION
We derived the analytic expression of outage probability of
the dual-hop decode and forward relaying over two
Fig.3.Outage probability for different channel pairs in multi- consecutive generalized gamma fading channels. The outage
hop communication scenario. performance is depicted for different combination of channel

9th ICCCNT 2018

July 10-12, 2018, IISC, Bengaluru
Bengaluru, India
 IEEE - 43488

pairs by utilizing the generalized behavior of gamma fading.

The channel is selected based on the values of the parameters
n and w. There exists 6 combinations of channels for dual hop
relaying and out of these combinations, 3 combinations are
such that both channels are identical and 3 combinations are
such that both channels are non-identical to each other. The
analytic expression used in this model is quite useful to
evaluate the outage probability of different combination of
channel pairs. The expressions can be used in multi-relay
system.
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9th ICCCNT 2018

July 10-12, 2018, IISC, Bengaluru
Bengaluru, India