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Fuel
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h i g h l i g h t s
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This study investigates particle transport hydrodynamics and coal combustion in an industrial-scale cir-
Received 26 September 2016 culating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor using the dense discrete phase model (DDPM). DDPM is an exten-
Received in revised form 6 December 2016 sion of the discrete phase model (DPM); however, unlike the standard formulation of DPM, DDPM
Accepted 9 December 2016
considers the solid volume fraction when solving the Navier–Stokes equations for the gas phase. In the
Available online 22 December 2016
DDPM, the kinetic theory of granular flows is used to calculate the particle interaction in the Eulerian
frame of reference. This interaction is then mapped to the particles in the Lagrangian frame of reference.
Keywords:
In this study, user defined functions (UDFs) were used to extend the ANSYS FLUENT original code. These
Circulating fluidized bed
Coal combustion
UDFs were used to reinject particles into to the combustor (cyclones were not modeled), calculate the
3D Computational fluid dynamics pressure drop, circulation rate, and combustor mass load control. Various operation indexes such as dis-
Dense discrete phase model tributions of gas temperature, solid volume fraction, pressure, and mass fractions of combustion products
Gas-particle hydrodynamics were displayed, and the selected indexes were compared with operating data obtained from a 340 MWe
CFB combustor located in Yeosu, South Korea. The effects of both coal feeder positions and coal feeding
rates on operation indexes were investigated.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.12.025
0016-2361/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
188 M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200
fuels have been developed recently. Therefore, an effective model- wood in a 2D simulation of a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed reac-
ing tool is required to study solid–gas hydrodynamics and the mix- tor. The TFM in FLUENT was used to model the bubbling behavior
ing of different species in a combustor in order to optimize the of sand, which was treated as continuum, and the DPM was used to
design of the combustor layout for performance and emissions. model discrete wood particles. Zhou et al. [14] applied a 2D TFM
Owing to the non-uniform feeding of fuel and air into the combus- with a drag coefficient correction based on the extended energy-
tor, fluidization and combustion are spatially non-uniform pro- minimization multiscale (EMMS/matrix) model to simulate the
cesses, and hence need to be modeled three-dimensionally. air-coal two-phase flow and combustion characteristics of a
Considering the factors mentioned above, a numerical simulation 50 kW CFB combustor (riser). Reactions during coal combustion
is an effective tool for determining different aspects of solid–gas included moisture evaporation, devolatilization, volatile gas com-
hydrodynamics and fuel combustion in CFBs three-dimensionally. bustion, char combustion, and char gasification. The model pre-
There are two approaches for modeling gas-particle interaction dicted the main features of complex gas–solid flow, including
numerically in dense beds: the Eulerian two fluid model (TFM) cluster formation along the walls, and flow structures of upward
approach and the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. In the TFM flow in the core and downward flow in the annular region. FLUENT
approach, solid and gas phases are both treated as interpenetrating software was used for that simulation. Zhou et al. [15] utilized
continua, and the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF) approach their model to predict coal combustion characteristics in an
is used to calculate particle interaction by solving an additional oxygen-fired CFB riser with wet flue gas recycling. Cornejo and
equation for solids fluctuating energy or granular temperature. Farías [16] simulated the coal gasification process inside a pilot
The main disadvantage of the TFM approach is the long calculation fluidized-bed reactor (riser) using a 3D TFM, taking into account
time required for evaluating the time-averaged solution. The con- drying, volatilization, combustion, and gasification processes. Xie
sideration of particle size distribution can significantly increase et al. [17] modeled the coal gasification process using a Lagrangian
this time, as an additional dispersed phase for each particle size approach for both sand and coal particles in the same geometry
must be used [2]. In the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, the gas used by Cornejo and Farías [16]. Adamczyk et al. [18] employed
phase is treated as a continuum while the solid phase is solved DDPM with KTGF in simulating particle transport and combustion
by tracking a large number of particles through the flow field cal- in a pilot scale CFB, and showed that DDPM with KTGF can be used
culated from the Navier–Stokes equations for the gas phase. All the for predicting particle transport in fluidized beds working under
forces applied on the particles are calculated to find their new posi- the oxy-fuel combustion regime. Klimanek et al. [19] also used
tions and velocities. The solid phase can exchange momentum, DDPM with KTGF to model a small-scale experimental facility in
mass, and energy with the gas phase. which coal was gasified in air and air/steam mixture. Adamczyk
In the discrete phase model (DPM), one of the models for the et al. [2] applied DDPM with KTGF to three-dimensionally model
Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, a fundamental assumption is that the dense gas–solid flow combined with a combustion process in
the solid phase occupies a very low volume fraction, which is a large-scale industrial CFB combustor. Adamczyk et al. [20] also
ignored in the Navier–Stokes equations for the gas phase. DPM modeled an industrial compact CFB combustor using DDPM-
can be used as either one way (fluid affects the particle motion with-KTGF. The impact of geometrical model simplification on pre-
only) or two ways coupled (particle motion affects the fluid motion dicted mass distribution and temperature profiles was investi-
as well) [3]. Additionally, In DPM the interaction between particles gated. Moreover, some additional calculations were carried out to
is neglected when solving the equation of motion for a particle. check the influence of radiative heat transfer on predicted temper-
According to Elghobashi [4] a four way coupling is required already ature profiles within the CFB combustor. Distributions of species
at even a low volume fraction of solids. Therefore, for modeling mass fractions were not illustrated in either Adamczyk et al.
systems with particles of a high volume fraction such as those [2,20] studies.
found in fluidized beds, DPM is inappropriate and instead a four In this study, a model was developed to investigate the tran-
ways coupled approach (fluid affects particle motion, particle sient 3D numerical simulation of air and sand particle hydrody-
affects the fluid motion, and particles affect each other [3]) is namics, along with coal combustion, in an industrial-scale CFB
needed. combustor. This study used the DDPM-with-KTGF approach to
To consider the interaction between particles DPM can be model the interactions of both sand (as an inert bed material)
extended for use in fluidized beds by considering the volume frac- and coal particles with the gas phase. The ultimate goal was to
tion of the solid phase in the Navier–Stokes equations for the gas investigate the effects of coal feeder positions and coal feeding
phase. The volume fraction and velocity field of the solid phase rates, on particle transport hydrodynamics and coal combustion
come from the Lagrangian tracking solution, and the interaction in an existing 340 MWe CFB combustor that is being operated by
between the solid particles is calculated at the Eulerian grid using Korea South-East Power Corporation (KOSEP).
solid stress–strain tensor, which is calculated using the KTGF
approach. This method is considered under dense discrete phase
model (DDPM) in ANSYS FLUENT [5]. In general, DDPM has com- 2. CFB combustor and coal
mon roots with the multiphase particle in cell (MP-PIC) method.
The MP-PIC method is described in details in Refs. [6–10]. The 340 MWe CFB combustor of interest in this study is located
Several numerical simulations of reacting flow in fluidized beds in Yeosu, South Korea. The CFB combustor has four cyclones, as
are found in the literature. However, most of them employed 2D shown in Fig. 1(a). A mixture of hot sand particles, ash particles,
simulation, which cannot illustrate all features of the flow. Most and limestone particles are fluidized by primary air, which enters
of the 3D studies have simulated lab scale or pilot scale units the combustor through nozzles located at the bottom of the com-
and only a few have modeled industrial scale fluidized beds. Jung bustor. Secondary air enters through side nozzles to improve flu-
and Gamwo [11] developed a 2D TFM in-house code that included idization, promote the combustion of coal particles which are
a reaction kinetics model for mimicking reactive flow behavior in a injected into the combustor by coal feeders, and generate staged
bubbling fluidized bed fuel reactor of a chemical looping combus- combustion in order to reduce NOx emissions. Particles, which
tor. Deng et al. [12] simulated fuel reactor flows and reactions in a are carried by a mixture of air and combustion products to the
bubbling fluidized bed reactor of a chemical looping combustor top of the combustor, enter the cyclones and are separated from
using the 2D TFM introduced in FLUENT. Papadikis et al. [13] stud- the combustion products. The sand particles then return to the
ied the effects of different drag models on the fast pyrolysis of combustor through return legs, while the combustion products
M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200 189
Fig. 1. CFB located at the Yeosu power plant: (a) 3D view, (b) side view, (c) top view.
leave the cyclones through exit ports. Steam flows into combustor 1 out of 2 division wall tubes were modeled as a total of 16 plates
membrane walls, evaporator wing wall tubes, superheater wing inside the combustor. The coal silo, feeder pipes, and gas aeration
wall tubes, and division wall tubes, and receives heat from the nozzles at the bottom of the combustor were not considered in
gas-solid mixture inside the combustor. the simulation. Twenty-nine nozzles (used for secondary air
Half of the combustor was simulated owing to computational injection) were positioned around the lower part of the combus-
barriers. The simulated domain had a height of 42 m and a rect- tor in two rows, and 5 nozzles were considered as coal feeders.
angular cross section of 8 m 17 m (see Fig. 1(b and c)). Thirteen Instead of cyclones, a set of UDFs were used to model particle
out of 27 superheaters, 2 out of 4 evaporator wing wall tubes, and recirculation.
190 M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200
Table 1 mum, maximum, mean diameters, and the spread parameter for
Proximate and ultimate analyses of coal. coal particles were 1 mm, 16 mm, 3.09 mm, and 1.120114, respec-
Proximate analysis wt.% Ultimate analysis wt.% tively, and for sand, they were 0.05 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm, and 1.98931,
Ash 10.15 Ash 11.86 respectively. The density of sand was constant as 2600 kg/m3. The
Fixed Carbon 39.34 Carbon 69.4 density of coal was initially 2200 kg/m3, and was assumed as con-
Moisture 14.42 Hydrogen 5.19 stant during evaporation in FLUENT. However, during devolatiliza-
Volatiles 36.09 Nitrogen 1.53 tion, FLUENT assumes that the diameter of coal particles does not
Sulfur 1.11 change. Since the mass of the particles is decreasing, the effective
Oxygen 10.91 density decreases. Data for the coal and sand particle size distribu-
Total 100 Total 100 tions were obtained from the Yeosu power plant. For coal particles,
the size range of 1–16 mm was divided to 10 characteristic diam-
eters while the size range of 0.05–2 mm was divided to 46 charac-
Indonesian Trafigura coal was used as fuel. Table 1 shows the teristic diameters for sand particles. For each characteristic
results of the ultimate and proximate analyses. Nitrogen and sulfur diameter, a group of particles with the same diameter was injected
were not considered in the simulation. The Rosin-Rammler mini- on the Lagrangian frame of reference in each time step. For coal,
Table 2
Chemical reactions.
CH2.66O0.35 + 1.49O2 ? Eddy-dissipation rate Minimum of 1 for 1 for CO2 4.0 0.5 [5]
CO2 + 1.33H2O CH2.66O0.35 and
Ri;r ¼ v 0i;r M w;i Aq ke minRe v 0 YM Re
Re;r w;Re and 1.49 for 1.33 for
P
O2 H2O
and Ri;r ¼ v 0i;r M w;i ABq ke PN P00
YP
j
v j;r Mw;j
Chemical reaction Ar [1/K/s] br [–] E [J/kmol] g0r;j [–] g00r;j [–]
rate
N
ðg0j;r þg00j;r Þ 2.119 1011 1 2.027 108 1 1
Ri;r ¼ ðv 00
i;r v 0
i;r Þ kf ;r P ½C j;r
j¼1
br Er =RT
where kf ;r ¼ Ar T e
the flow rate of each group of particles having the same diameter Table 3
was calculated based on coal size distribution and flow rate of each Boundary conditions.
coal feeder. For sand, the flow rate of each group of particles having Hydrodynamic boundary conditions
the same diameter was calculated based on sand size distribution Primary air inlet 101 kg/s
and total required mass of sand (which should be injected during Secondary air inlet 54.2 kg/s
Return leg inlet 0.361 kg/s
the first 30 s of the simulation). Total coal feeding rate 73 t/h
Outlet pressure 91.5 Pa
Wall B.C Gas No-slip
3. Numerical methods Solid Reflect
Heat transfer boundary conditions
This study used a parallelized CFD software, ANSYS FLUENT, for Primary air temperature 482.15 K
the simulation. The simulation was done in an unsteady state. The Secondary air temperature 498.15 K
devolatilization process was simulated using a constant rate model Return Leg air temperature 1073.15 K
Wall temperature 632.15 K
(details are described in supplementary material). Particle swelling
Refractory walls Adiabatic
was taken into account during devolatilization. Volatile matter Division wall temperature 632.15 K
produced during devolatilization was assumed to be a CHO com-
Wing wall tube temperature 1st super heater 686.65 K
pound, the composition of which was calculated from ultimate 2nd super heater 766.65 K
and proximate analyses results as CH2.66O0.35. CH2.66O0.35 was then
reacted with O2 (see the first reaction presented in Table 2). Char
and gas phase reactions were modeled using the kinetic/diffusion except at the roof and at the conic section of the combustor (both
and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation models, respectively. The are made of refractory materials). At each refractory wall, adiabatic
finite-rate/eddy-dissipation model compares both the finite rate boundary condition was applied. The details of boundary condi-
and the eddy-dissipation rate, and the slower rate is selected for tions can be found in Table 3. The time step used for this simula-
computing continuous phase reactions. Table 2 also shows the char tion was 0.1 s. Using such a large time step in the DDPM was
reaction used in this simulation. The kinetic parameters for the
char reaction were iteratively derived during the simulation in
the way that the exit O2 concentration was close to the real mea-
surement datum in Yeosu power plant. Then obtained kinetic
parameters were used to simulate the ‘after design’ condition. An
almost similar approach was used by Adamczyk et al. [2]. However,
they assumed that the injected coal particles were burned before
exiting the computational domain.
The Discrete Ordinate (DO) radiation model, together with the
cell-based Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases Model (WSGGM) was
applied for the radiative properties of the gases. Particle-to-
particle radiation was considered in the simulation. The standard
k–e model was applied to capture turbulence flow, and gravita-
tional force was considered in the simulation. Heat transfers
between gas and solid particles and walls were obtained by solving
the energy equation. For information regarding governing equa-
tions, please see supplementary material.
For pressure-velocity coupling, the phased coupled SIMPLE
scheme was used. The Green-Gauss node-based method was used
to evaluate the gradient terms. Second-order upwind and QUICK
schemes were used for momentum and volume fraction discretiza-
tion, respectively, and a first-order upwind scheme was used for
the remaining equations. The stochastic tracking method was used
to consider the turbulent dispersion effect of particles.
Fig. 2 shows the geometry and mesh used for the simulation.
Owing to the high computational cost of calculating chemical reac-
tions, a mesh independency study was performed for non-reacting
flow at a constant temperature of 850 °C. Based on this mesh inde-
pendency study, around 1.6 million cells were used. This number
of cells was higher than that used by Adamczyk et al. [2], who car-
ried out a combustion simulation in an industrial-scale CFB with a
size almost similar to that used in this study. Average cell size was
around 0.15 m. Since attention was required to generate the mesh
with DDPM, a UDF was written to control mass balance between
the Lagrangian and Eulerian frames of reference. For more informa-
tion regarding this mesh and UDF, please see supplementary
material.
For all inlets, velocity inlet boundary condition was applied. For
all outlets, pressure outlet boundary condition was applied. No-slip
and reflect boundary conditions were applied at the walls for the
gas phase and solid phase, respectively. Furthermore, constant Fig. 3. Coal feeder positions and rates for the half-combustor: (a) before design
temperature boundary condition was applied at all the walls, change and (b) after design change.
192 M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200
Z=6m
Z = 20 m
Fig. 6. Solid volume fraction and Z velocity (m/s) graphs at different heights.
M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200 193
5. Results and discussion Fig. 5a shows the schematic of solid particles behavior in a CFB
bed, which is explained by Grace et al. [22]. This schematic illus-
Numerical simulation was carried out until t = 600 s, when the trates the presence of a dense bottom coexisting with a dilute
flow condition was in a stable situation. Injections of coal and air top in the combustor chamber, an annulus near the walls in which
were started at t = 0 s. The sand particles were gradually injected the solid-volume fraction is high, a core in which the solid volume
into the combustor during the first 30 s of the simulation. To obtain fraction is low, and some particle clusters in the middle of the
a semi-steady-state result, the last 60 s (540 6 t 6 600 s) of the domain. Solid particles flow downward in the annulus region and
simulation were used for time averaging. All instantaneous results upward in the core zone, implying that dense particle clusters
were presented at t = 600 s. Because the symmetry boundary con- are mainly formed near the walls of the combustor and move
dition was used for the middle of the combustor, the results downwards, while dilute suspensions mainly flow upwards in
obtained for one half of the combustor were mirrored to the sym- the core zone of the combustor.Numerical simulation was carried
metry interface to obtain the full combustor contours. The compu- out for the configurations shown in Fig. 3a (the before-design-
tational time for each case was approximately 5 months on a change case). Fig. 5b shows our calculation results for the
computer with 8 dual core i7 processors, and 64 GB operating solid-volume fraction distribution on four vertical (X–Z plane)
memory. cross-sections. The results were obtained at t = 600 s. All of the
solid particle behaviors described in Fig. 5a are clearly seen in
5.1. Gas–solid hydrodynamics Fig. 5b. Fig. 5c shows the distribution of the solid vertical velocity
on the vertical (X–Z plane) cross-sections. Comparing Fig. 5b and c
Fig. 4 shows that the change in coal feeder positions and feeding indicates that the solid vertical velocity was mainly positive in
rates did not affect the pressure distribution. Measurement data regions of low volume fraction (see region I) and negative in
were only available for the before-design-change condition, and regions of high volume fraction (see region II). Hence, the negative
it was found that the numerically calculated pressure values were velocity was due to particle clustering. Generally, the solid volume
generally in good agreement with the measured pressure values. fraction in a combustor is high at the bottom and low at the top
The calculated values were the averaged values for 540 6 t 6 600 s. (the so-called ‘‘S-Shaped Profile” [23,24]). Fig. 5d shows the
The pressure gradient was high at the bottom, and comparatively cross-sectionally averaged values of the solid volume fraction at
low at the top of the combustor. This trend qualitatively agrees different heights. The results were averaged over 540 6 t 6 600 s.
with that observed in Zhang et al. [21]. The results show that the solid volume fraction was high (20%)
Before design
change
After design
change
Fig. 7. Solid vertical velocity contours: (a) central X–Z plane, (b) Y–Z planes, (c) X–Y planes.
194 M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200
Before design
change
After design
change
Fig. 8. Gas vertical velocity contours: (a) central X–Z plane, (b) Y–Z planes, (c) X–Y planes.
Table 6
Heat absorption.
the Y = 12.25 m line, solid volume fraction was lower (0.0094) for After the design change, at Z = 20 m, in the entire core region,
the region near X = 4.2 m in the after-design-change case than also no significant change was observed in the solid volume frac-
the solid volume fraction (0.011) in the before-design-change case. tion plots along the Y = 3.9 m and Y = 12.25 m lines. In the annulus
However, no significant change was observed in the region near region along the Y = 3.9 m line, solid volume fractions were higher
X = 4.2 m. for the after-design-change case (0.0044 for X = 4.2 m and 0.0058
for X = 4.2 m) than for the before-design-change case (0.0032 for
X = 4.2 m and 0.0042 for X = 4.2 m). Also, in the annulus region
along the Y = 12.25 m line, solid volume fractions were higher for
the after-design-change case (0.0048 for X = 4.2 m and 0.0051
for X = 4.2 m) than for the before-design-change case (0.0032 for
X = 4.2 m and 0.0043 for X = 4.2 m).
From the contours inserted into the background of plots of
Before solid-volume fraction and solid Z-velocities, the core-annulus
structure was more apparent in the X–Y plane at Z = 6 m (below
design
the wing wall tube level) than in the X–Y plane at Z = 20 m (at
change the wing wall tube level). At Z = 20 m, the core-annulus structure
was affected slightly by the wing wall tubes, but maintained its
general structure. Moreover, a local core-annulus structure was
observed in between the wing wall tubes, implying that the solids
concentration was higher near the wing wall tubes than in the
After
design
change
Fig. 9. Solid concentrations on the roof of the combustor. Fig. 11. Axial distribution of gas temperature averaged at each cross section.
0 < dp < 200 µm 200 < dp < 400 µm 400 < dp < 600 µm 600 < dp < 1000 µm 1000 < dp < 2000 µm
Before
design
change
After
design
change
regions between them. In addition, solids concentration was high near X = 4.2 m for the after-design-change case (3.6 m/s) than
near the division wall. Comparing the before-design-change and that for the before-design-change case (4.2 m/s).
after-design-change results at Z = 6 m, it is obvious that the In the core region at Z = 20 m, the solid Z velocity along the line
solid-volume fraction was lower for the after-design-change case Y = 3.9 m was lower for X > 0 and higher for X < 0. However, along
in the middle of the combustor, near the front wall. However, the the Y = 12.25 m line, the opposite trend was observed; the solid Z
solid volume fraction was higher near the side walls. This is due velocity was higher for X > 0 and lower for X < 0. In the annulus
to the movement of coal feeder ‘‘a” and the secondary air nozzles region along the Y = 3.9 m line, the falling velocity was higher
(located beside coal feeder ‘‘a”) to the middle of the combustor, (4.2 m/s) for the after-design-change case than the falling veloc-
which resulted in the washing of sand particles from the middle ity (2 m/s) for the before-design-change case for the near-wall
of the combustor into the side walls (see Fig. 3). At Z = 20 m, a more region (X = 4.2 m). However, no significant change was observed
intense local core-annulus structure was observed between wing for the near-wall region (X = 4.2 m) in the after-design-change case
wall tubes for the after-design-change case. In addition, the solid compared to the before-design-change case. In addition, no signif-
volume fraction was higher in the middle of the combustor. icant change was observed in the annulus region along the
The core–annulus structure can be confirmed by Z-velocity Y = 12.25 m line in the after-design-change case compared to the
curves showing a downward movement of solids in the near-wall before-design-change case.
region, while solids rise in the center, as reported in previous Fig. 7 shows contours of 60 s time-averaged solid Z (vertical)
works [21,23–31]. At Z = 6 m, in the entire core region, the solid velocity. Negative velocities were observed near the walls and pos-
Z velocity along the line Y = 3.9 m was lower for the after-design- itive velocities were observed in the middle of the combustor. After
change case than for the before-design-change case, especially changing the coal feeding rates and coal feeder positions (the after-
for X > 0. Along the Y = 12.25 m line, however, the opposite trend design-change case), the solid vertical velocities decreased near the
was observed. The solid Z velocity in the after-design-change case side walls and increased in the middle of the combustor. These
was higher in the core region, especially for X > 0. At this level conditions led to higher heat transfer to the upper part of the com-
(Z = 6 m) in the annulus region, the falling velocities along the bustor (see Table 6 and Fig. 16). Fig. 8 shows contours of 60 s time-
Y = 3.9 m line, were higher for the after-design-change case averaged gas vertical velocity. In the after-design-change case, gas
(5 m/s for X = 4.2 m and 4.6 m/s for X = 4.2 m) than the falling velocities also increased in the middle of the combustor. Further-
velocities for the before-design-change case (4 m/s for more, the magnitude of the average velocity at each horizontal
X = 4.2 m and 4.2 m/s for X = 4.2 m). In the annulus region along (X–Y plane) cross-section also increased (see also Table 4), result-
the Y = 12.25 m line, no significant change was observed for the ing in higher heat transfer to the upper part of the combustor (see
region near X = 4.2 m; however, the falling velocity was higher also Fig. 16).
Before design
change
After design
change
Fig. 12. Gas temperature contours: (a) central X–Z plane, (b) Y–Z planes, (c) X–Y planes.
M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200 197
Before design
change
After design
change
Fig. 13. O2 mass fraction contours: (a) central X–Z plane, (b) Y–Z planes, (c) X–Y planes.
Before design
change
After design
change
Fig. 14. CO2 mass fraction contours: (a) central X–Z plane, (b) Y–Z planes, (c) X–Y planes.
Fig. 15. Axial distributions of O2 and CO2 mass fractions averaged at each cross section.
(the height where the wing wall tubes are located), implying that tions in both cases were high both near the coal feeders and in
that more heat was transferred above this level. the upper portion of the combustor. Fig. 15 shows axial distribu-
Fig. 13 shows mass fraction contours for O2 species. The con- tions of O2 and CO2 mass fractions. In both cases, the O2 mass frac-
centration of O2 was high at the bottom of the combustor and tion decreased and CO2 mass fraction increased with the
decreased in the axial direction owing to the conversion to CO2 increasing height of the combustor. Although the combustion zone
by oxidation. After the design change, the combustion zone was was moved to the central region of the combustor in the after
moved to the central region of the combustor, where most of design change case, the overall distribution of O2 and CO2 along
the O2 was consumed. Hence, the amount of CO2 increased in the axial direction was similar to the distribution observed in
the central region of the combustor (see Fig. 14). CO2 concentra- the before-design-change case. The O2 concentration at the exit
M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200 199
Before design
change
After design
change
Fig. 16. Details of heat absorption for different parts of the combustor.
of the combustor for ‘before design change’ was 2.5% and for ‘after 6. Conclusions
design change’ was 1.8%. The CO2 concentration at this location for
‘before design change’ was 25% and for ‘after design change’ was Three-dimensional numerical simulation of air and sand parti-
26%. cle hydrodynamics and coal combustion was investigated in an
As stated in Section 4, another problem in the Yeosu power industrial-scale CFB combustor using DDPM for two different coal
plant was that the heat absorption by wing wall tubes was low. feeder positions and rates (before-design-change and after-design-
Fig. 16 shows details of the heat transfer to different parts of the change cases) and the following results were obtained:
combustor. After the design change, total heat absorption
increased by 20% (see Table 6). Heat absorption to the evaporator (1) The distributions of gas temperature, solid volume fraction,
tubes (including the evaporator wing wall tubes, division walls, pressure, and mass fractions of combustion products were
and combustor walls) improved by 13.5%, and heat absorption to successfully predicted, and both the pressure drop along
the secondary and final superheater wing wall tubes improved the axial direction and the bottom and exit gas temperatures
by 26.8% and 44%, respectively (see Table 6). Table 6 also compares for the before-design-change case agreed with real operating
the calculation values for the before-design-change case with the data.
design values. Overall, the numerical results are in good agreement (2) After the design change, solid concentrations on the roof of
with the design values. The maximum error occurred at the final the combustor and near the side walls decreased, which
superheater wing wall tubes. could be helpful for decreasing erosion in these regions.
200 M. Massoudi Farid et al. / Fuel 192 (2017) 187–200
(3) After the design change, heat transfer to the upper part of [11] Jung J, Gamwo IK. Multiphase CFD-based models for chemical looping
combustion process: fuel reactor modeling. Powder Technol 2008;183:401–9.
the combustor (including wing wall tubes) improved.
[12] Deng Z, Xiao R, Jin B, Song Q. Numerical simulation of chemical looping
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