Library of Congress Catalaging In Publication Data Senior, John, M., 1951— Optical fiber communications. Bibliography: p. Includes indax. 1. Optival communications. 2. Fibor optics. . Title. TK5103.59.846 1984 621.380414 a4-8315, ISBN 0-13-638248-? (caso) ISBN 0-13-638222-3 {pbk} British Library Cataloging in Publication Data Sesion he M Optical fiber communications. SE ar opts oe 621.38'0414 TK5103.59° \seno-13-ec028-7 ak6 Sev ocisesezneo roe 32566 21985 by Prentice-Hall International, Ine., London All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in @ retrioval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any moans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the aria: permission of Prentice-Hall Internetional, inc., London. For permission within the United States contact Prentice-Hall inc., Englewood Clits, NJ 07632. ISBN 0-13-b38246 7 ISBN O-13-b38222 3 {PBK Prentice-Hall International, Inc. London Prentice-Hall of Austral.a Pty. Ltc., Sydney Prentice-Hall Caneda, Inc., Toronto Prentice-Hall of India Private Lid., New Dethi Prentice-Hall of Sautneas! Asia Pte., Ltd, Singapore Prentice-Hall Ino., Englewood Clits, Now Jersey Prontice-Hall da Bresil Ltdo.,Aio de Janaira Whitehall Books Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand 987654921 ‘Typeset by Pintail Studios Lte., Ringwood, Hants., UK. Printed in tha United States of AmericaContents Preface ix Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations —_ xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Historical Development — 1 1.2 TheGenaral System 4 1.3 Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication 7 References 10 2 OPTICALFIBER WAVEGUIDES 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Ray Theory Transmission 12 22.1 Total internalrefiection 42 2.2.2 Acceptance angle 14 2.2.3 Numerical aperture 15 2.2.4 Skewrays 19 2.3. Electromagnetic Moda Theory For Optical Propagation 22 Electromagnetic waves: 22 Modes in a plarar guide 24 Phase and group velocity 27 Phase shift with total intemal reflection and the evanescent fild 29 Goos-Haenchen shift 34 Cylindrical fiber Mode coupling 41 2.4 Step Index Fibers 43 2.4.1. Multimode step index fibers 44 24.2 Single made step index fibers 45. 2.5 Graded IndexFibors 48 Problems 57 References 59 3 TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBERS 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Attenuation 63 3.3 Material Absorption Losses 65 3.3.1 Intrinsic absorption 65 3.3.2 Extrinsic absorption 66 3.4 Linger Boattering Lost 68 3.41 Rayisigh scattering 69. 34.2 Miescattering = 713.5 Nontinaar Scattering Losses 71 3.5.1 Stimulated Brillouin scattering 72 3.5.2 Stimulatad Raman scattering — 72 3.6 FiberBondLoss 73 3.7 Dispersion 76 3.8 Intramodal Dispersion 80 3.8.1 Materialdispersion 81 3.8.2 Waveguide dispersion 84 3,9. intermodal Dispersion 84 3.9.1. Multimode step index fiber 85. 9.9.2 Multimode graded index fiber 90. 3.10 Qvarall Fiber Dispersion 93 3.10.1 Multimode fibers 93 3.10.2 Single mode fibers 94 3.11 Modai Noise 98 3.12 Polarization 100 3.12.1 Modal birefringence 100 Problems 104 References 108 OPTICAL FIBERS, CABLES AND CONNECTIONS 44 4.2 43 44 45 46 47 48 43 4.10 441 Introduction Preparation of Optical Fibers uid Phase (Melting) Techniques Fiber drawin: Vapor Phase Deposition Techniques 431 4.4.1 442 443 444 445 Optical Fibers 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 484 4.5. Optical Fiber Cables 4.6.1 4.6.2 Cable Design 474 4.7.2 473 ara Optical Fiber Connection 4.8.5 Fiber Splices 49.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 Fiber Connectors Butt Jointed Connectors 4,114 Ferrule connactor 4.11.2. Bieonical connector 141 112 113 14 118 ‘Outside vapor phase oxidation (OVPO} pracess Vapor axial deposition (VAD} 124 Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) Plasme-activated chemical vapor deposi Summary of vapor phase deposition techniques 128 Multimode step index fisers Multimode graded index fibers Single mode fibers 130 Pisstic-clad fibers 131 Aikplestic fibers 132 133 Fiber strenath and durabil 134 Stability of the fiber transmission characteristics 138 Fiber buffering Cable structural and strength members 138 139 Cable sheath and water barrier Examples offiber cables. 141 144 Fiber alignment and joint loss 156 Fusion splices 157 Mechanical splices Multiple splices. 164 140 146 159 163 168 166 167 ” in (PVD) CONTENTS aw 120 123 126 126 138