5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

THEORETICAL PAPER

THE MOTION FOR RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

IN HOUSEHOLD TO IMPROVE WATER RESILIENCE
IN A CHANGING WORLD

Susilawati1*, and Nisanson1

1
Flores University
*sr.susi.dp@gmail.com; phone no. +62.81394058770

Abstract

Managing rainwater can be done on watershed, sub-watershed, or smaller scale as

household scale. Based on the principle that rainfall water which fallen on the
home-yard is the blessing of God, so that will not allowed to flow-out from the
owner’s yard. It has been developed to manage rainwater on household scale for
home-yard agriculture and clean-water with mineralization process. It was
constructed, operated and maintenance by the family themselves. This case
initiates further to develop community-based motion for managing rainwater on
household scale. The dissemination is done through mass media or public
network, religious institutions, Friday prayer sermon, weekly sermons, or in
Muslim boarding schools and seminaries. Socialization can be done in the form of
guidance and counselling, as had been done by groups, which concerned of
rainwater harvesting in Yogyakarta. The form of socialization is done through a
thematic community services program in the university or community service
activities with directly assistance in a village community development in urban
areas. This motion will build a community capacity to be more independent in
improving water security, sustainable food sovereignty and brings the public for
better appreciate the water value and use it more wisely.
Keywords: rainwater management, household scale, public motion, water
security, sustainable

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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

INTRODUCTION

General Background

Managing rainwater can be done on a watershed, such as reservoirs or dams and a

smaller scale, namely sub-watershed, such as water trap series along the gully
natural drainage (Susilawati, 2011). It has been developed to manage the
rainwater on a smaller scale as household scale (Susilawati, 2014, 2015). Based
on the principle that rainfall water which fallen in the home-yard is the blessing of
God, so that will not be allowed to flow out from the owner’s yard. It has been
developed to manage rainwater on household scale for home-yard agriculture and
clean-water with mineralization process (Susilawati, 2015). The structures were
constructed, operated and maintenance by the family themselves. This case
initiates further to develop community-based motion for managing rainwater on
household scale as the motion for rainwater management in household to improve
water resilience in a changing world.

Explanation about literature study

Ecological rainwater management methods in urban areas can contribute to

(Papafotiou and Katsifarakis, 2015):
1) Reduction of total rainwater runoff and of its peak
2) Storage of rainwater, in order to cover low quality water demand, such as
household field irrigation.
3) Storage of rainwater (with mineralization process) also can be used for
domestic or drinking after cooked first.
4) Local aquifer replenishment.
5) Reduction of property damage and activity disruption, which is due to
insufficient sewer networks
6) Improvement of rain runoff quality through pollutant retention, filtration,
decomposition, plant uptake, etc.
7) Mitigation of pollution of runoff receiving water bodies and
8) Upgrading of urban and suburban landscape.

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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

According to the previous research, it has been developed also the guidance book
for implementation/application of rainwater management for agriculture and live
for small island dry areas of Indonesia (Susilawati, 2016). This guidance book is
intended to assist in the implementation of the rainwater management in
household scale on the other areas. What should be noted and taken into
consideration, how the necessary steps to be done in applying this concept for
other areas.

The hydrological analysis for rainwater management in household scale was

basically done to determine the potential of runoff, which have to be managed.
This runoff is managed by stored it in a tank, which can be used for home-yard
agriculture during the dry season. Most runoff is also infiltrated into the ground
for groundwater recharge. The rooftop rainwater will be caught by the catcher
channel rainwater. Catcher channel is designed as a mineralization process, so it
was better quality for drinking water after cooked first. The formula used to
determine the potential runoff followed by Plotting Position method (Dahmen
ER. And Hall MJ., 1990).

Data processing is carried out to find a possible exceeded 20% (wet year),
exceeded 50% (normal year) and exceeded 80% (year dry). The possibility of
processing annual rainfall exceeded 20%, 50%, 80% was using a probability value
based on the following equation:

………………………(1)

Where: Fa : plotting position

m : rank order number
N : the amount of data recorded

The possible value exceeded 20%, 50%, 80% can be plotted on a lognormal graph
paper. Then the amount of monthly rainfall is calculated using the equation:

a. Dry monthly rainfall:

……………………………(2)

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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

Where: : Monthly rainfall in dry years

: The average monthly rainfall
: Annual rainfall exceeded 80%

b. Normal monthly rainfall:

…………………………….(3)

Where: : Monthly rainfall in normal years

: The average monthly rainfall
: Annual rainfall exceeded 50%

c. Wet monthly rainfall:

……………………………(4)

Where: : Monthly rainfall in wet years

: The average monthly rainfall
: Annual rainfall exceeded 20%

By using Rational Equation Calculator (Ken Edwards, 2013), it can be determined

the potential rainwater discharge, which has to be managed. The Rational equation
is the simplest method to determine peak discharge from drainage basin runoff. It
is not as sophisticated as the SCS TR-55 method, but is the most common method
used for sizing sewer systems. The formula of the rational equation is:

Q = c i A ……………………………………..…………………(5)

The Rational equation requires the following units:

Q = Peak discharge, cfs
c = Rational method runoff coefficient
i = Rainfall intensity, inch/hour
A = Drainage area, acre

The Rational method runoff coefficient (c) is a function of the soil type and
drainage basin slope. A simplified table is shown below. The Rainfall intensity (i)
is typically found from Intensity/Duration/Frequency curves for rainfall events in

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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

the geographical region of interest. The duration is usually equivalent to the time
of concentration of the drainage area.

Table 1. Simplified table of rational method runoff coefficients:

Ground Cover Runoff Coefficient, c
Lawns 0.05 - 0.35
Forest 0.05 - 0.25
Cultivated land 0.08-0.41
Meadow 0.1 - 0.5
Parks, cemeteries 0.1 - 0.25
Unimproved areas 0.1 - 0.3
Pasture 0.12 - 0.62
Residential areas 0.3 - 0.75
Business areas 0.5 - 0.95
Industrial areas 0.5 - 0.9
Asphalt streets 0.7 - 0.95
Brick streets 0.7 - 0.85
Roofs 0.75 - 0.95
Concrete streets 0.7 - 0.95
Lawns 0.05 - 0.35
Source: Lindsley, 1992

Methodology of Study

The methodology of study for this paper was illustrated as flowchart below:
previous implementation/ some new
research application experiences

new concept/ literature emerging

theoritical paper study new ideas

Figure 1. Methodology flowchart

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Guidance book for the rainwater management in household scale model design is
provided to be used as guidelines in designing the structures of rainwater field
ponds/wells storage or rainwater catcher gutter in the system to improve water
quality as a mineralization process. The rainwater that falls on the field yard is
captured and directed to flow into the rainwater catcher gutter, which is equipped
with a mix of rock, sand and fibers to manipulate the mineralization process, so

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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

that the water quality is increased. Similarly, rainwater that falls on the roof top of
the house is directed to flow into the rainwater catcher gutter to be collected into
rainwater ponds/wells that have undergone a process of mineralization
(Susilawati, 2015). Overflow can be channeled into a bio-retention area such as a
rain garden or swale. Two kind of ponds/wells storage can be used as domestic
needs (with mineralization process) and irrigation water for household agriculture
(without mineralization process). This explanation is described in implementation
of the study in 2015 (Figure 2). The detail structure is described in Figure 3 and 4.

Lockbrick house

The existing house

Ferro-cement pond

Figure 2. The situation of rainwater management construction in household scale

Figure 3. Ferro-cement pond for agriculture

Control box

Figure 4. Control box from mineralization process for clean water tank

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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

Socialization and assistance is needed to prepare the potential and participation of

the community for the motion of rainwater management in household scale. By
the guidelines, which had been developed for applying the concept of rainwater
management in household scale, it can be designed the water infrastructure for
each household yard conditions. Furthermore, a small fund is also needed as a
stimulant fund to encourage community for constructing rainwater ponds/wells
storage or rainwater gutter catcher that has been designed.

Limitations for this infrastructure (Daviv J. Sample and Lia Doumar, 2013):

1. Tanks may remain full between rain events, so water quality benefits can
be reduced due to the potential for overflows.
2. Mosquitos need to be screened out or treated to prevent breeding.
3. Rainwater management systems do not filter out nutrients.
4. Water for drinking should be cooked first.

The motion of rainwater management in household scale requires a motion to

bring around the public for better appreciate the water value and use it more
wisely. Socialization is constantly needs to be done, either through the mass
media or an education network from primary to secondary level upwards. There
should also be disseminated through the religious institutions, the Friday prayer
sermon, weekly sermons, or in Muslim boarding schools and seminaries.
Socialization of the motion of rainwater management can be done in the form of
guidance and counselling, as had been done by groups, which concerned of
rainwater harvesting in Yogyakarta. A form of socialization can also be done
through a thematic community services program or community service activities
with directly assistance in a village community development, or environment
development in urban areas.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The results of the analysis concluded that each household is able to meet its water
needs, both for domestic use (clean water with mineralization process) and for
agricultural (without mineralization process) independently. This motion is also

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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali

building a community capacity to be more independent in improving water

security and sustainable food sovereignty. This motion brings the public for better
appreciate the water value and use it more wisely. Economy and public welfare
will be increased due to the available clean water and water for agricultural are
met with the requirement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Gratitude expression was addressed to the NGO “Yayasan Tangan Pengharapan”,

which has helped in the implementation of rainwater management in household
scale concept, at the home-yard of Mr. Lukas Hiler Liunesi, Tli'u village, East-
Amanuban district, South-Central-Timor regency.

REFERENCES

Dahmen E.R. and Hall M.J. (1990). Screening of Hydrological Data: Tests for
Stationarity and Relative Consistency. International Institute for Land
Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) Publication. The Netherlands.
David J. Sample and Lia Doumar, 2013. Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 6:
Rainwater Harvesting. Urban Stormwater: Terms and Definitions, Virginia
Cooperative Extension (VCE) publication 426-119. Download at:
https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-125/426-125_pdf.pdf
Ken Edwards, 2013. LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd.
http://www.LMNOeng.com or http://www.lmnoeng.com/Hydrology/rational.php
Papafotiou and Katsifarakis, 2015. Ecological Rainwater Management in Urban
Areas. Preliminary Considerations for the city of Corinth, Greece. Agriculture
and Agricultural Science Procedia, 4 (2015) 383 – 391. Download at:
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2210784315001060/1-s2.0-S2210784315001060-
main.pdf?_tid=a41eeaf4-2d34-11e6-b15d-
00000aacb362&acdnat=1465361659_8b9945771168db070863d91afac4792b
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Rumah Tangga. Lampiran dalam Laporan Penelitian Hibah Bersaing.
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Menuju Infrastruktur Tanggap Bencana Banjir dan Kekeringan yang Efektif,
Efisien dan Berkelanjutan. Prosiding KoNTekS 9, Paper ID: INF04 Hal.27-31
Susilawati, 2014. Inovasi Teknologi Keairan yang Berkelanjutan Pengelolaan Air
Hujan Lingkup Rumah Tangga. Prosiding PIT-HATHI 31, Hal. 51-62.
Susilawati, 2011. Pengelolaan Air Hujan untuk Pertanian Pada Pulau Kecil di
Kawasan Kering Indonesia. Gita Kasih - ISBN 978-979-3748-89-4, Kupang.