The Era of New Space

Dear Commander, DistinguishedGuests, Dear Colleagues, Ladies andGentlemen,

I am extremely pleased and honored today to be addressing this historic gathering of the sixth International
Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies, or RAST 2013.

I call it historic because this RAST conference has a special meaning for us. First and foremost, this year
we are celebrating the 10th anniversary of the RAST conference. When we started the first RAST ten years
ago, we were not at all sure how far we would go. We have been organizing the series of RAST Conferences
every other year and each of past events increased our belief in how right we were at picking the topic of
Space. We now feel proud and confident that RAST conferences have turned into a traditional event.

Ladies andGentlemen,

Space is the most exciting and incredible thing and humanity should explore and understand it. Space is the
ultimate observation point for many different purposes. Remote sensing satellites provide us with the
capability to better manage our land and natural resources. They offer us the means to prevent environmental
disasters, as well as assisting us in the recovery efforts when one actually strikes. Satellite communications
afforded by space have enabled real time global communications and networking for business, entertainment,
education, health care and personal services. Space also offers the military forces unobstructed reconnaissance
and communication capability which naturally will be used just because it is available if for no other reason.

The Global Positioning System, GPS was born out of, and for a military need. However today civilian uses
have exceeded military applications to the point where commercial airline safety and other transportation
applications have now become effectively dependent on it. The civilian and military uses ofGPS have become
intertwined and that degrading or disabling it for security purposes would wreak havoc within the civilian
community. In that sense the European Galileo and Russian Glonass projects are welcome initiatives for most
users of GPS services in that they will provide alternative sources in case the original becomes not available
for some reason.

It becomes quite obvious from the foregoing that space has a dual nature. That is, most space activities can
be used for both civilian and military benefits. Space is such an alien environment that attempting to work in it
requires new techniques and knowledge. New technologies originating with or accelerated by space-related
endeavors are often subsequently exploited in other economic activities. These applications of space
technologies have become so familiar that we take them for granted. There are many more to come as space
programs are a potent, often untapped source of innovation and systems expertise for ground-based
applications.

Dear Guests, We all more or less aware of the fact that we are witnessing some important, even historic
developments within the space world. We're in the midst of a paradigm shift in how we explore and develop
space. We have been hearing the term "NewSpace" more frequently. In this part of my speech, I will try to
highlight some points of the "NewSpace" paradigm.

NewSpace, alternate space and entrepreneurial space are umbrella terms for a movement and
philosophy often affiliated, but not synonymous with, an emergent private spaceflight industry. Specifically,
the terms are used to refer to a community of relatively new aerospace companies working to develop low­
cost access to space or spaceflight technologies and advocates of low-cost spaceflight technology and policy.

For a long time since the launch of the first satellite in 1957, access to space was provided by launchers,
which were either developed by or contracted by government organizations. Although new launcher
technologies were at times under consideration at the bureaucratic government monopoly structure, it has been
the American deregulation acts of 1986 and 1990, and the Russian privatization laws in the early 1990's that
opened the way to private sector to bring its creative forces into the picture. The term alternate space was first
used in the early 1980s to describe companies that were making serious efforts to reach outer space without
cooperation with NASA, other governmental agencies, or their contractors. Near the end of the 1990s, a
dramatic increase in companies engaging in this process led to the common usage of the phrase "NewSpace
Companies", "NewSpace" and "Entrepreneurial Space". Today, there are more than a dozen commercial

Vll
launcher development programs in USA, Russia, Europe and Japan, each emphasizing an innovative approach
and providing a host of launch options for satellite owners.

To be more specific, NASA handing off to the private sector the transportation work to International Space
Station (ISS) so that NASA can focus on what it does best: exploring even deeper into our solar system with
missions to an astroid and Mars on the horizon. For that purpose NASA is developing largest rocket ever built
called "Space Launch System" and ORION capsule. NASA has agreements with Boeing, Space-X and Sierra
Nevada to develop and demonstrate commercial crew transportation and rescue capabilities. Today, we have
representatives from 2 of these companies as keynote speakers.

The commercial space sector is gaining ground and will harness Earth orbital resources to benefit
expanding commercial business markets. Technologies will be needed to make this sector financially viable
and a contributor to nations' economy. The disruptive and innovative culture of Silicon Valley is fueling
entrepreneurs who are starting a new generation of commercial space companies. The potential for private
business in space is enormous. Although space commerce so far has been dominated by the satellite and
launch industries, other NewSpace sectors are emerging. Space tourism and entertainment, microgravity
research, 3-D manufacturing, asteroid mining, Single stage to orbit and Non-rocket space launch vehicles,
Solar power satellites, satellite repair and space debris removal are just some of the verticals with long-range
potential.

To elaborate further, let me give you some examples of headline news about NewSpace companies and
their visions;

• Bigelow Aerospace signed to provide an inflatable habitat for installation to ISS by 2015,

• NASA made an agreement with CASIS to expand the commercial use of ISS,

• NASA intends to establish an additive manufacturing facility (AMF) i.e. 3-D printing capability on
ISS by late 2014.

• Space Adventures estimates that with the advent of new spacecraft and destinations, well over 400
commercial seats to orbital space will have been sold by 2025.
• Mars One is a non-profit organization that will take humanity to Mars in 2023.

I can extend this list more but I cannot conclude this topic without mentioning the small satellite
revolution. Thanks to the advancements in sensors and electronics technologies, we can do more with smaller
satellites even for a lesser budget. Small satellites opened the door to space for developing countries and
changed the nature of space economics, space education and research. This change will certainly have impact
on the military satellites as well. We have today the pioneer of small satellites, Sir Martin Sweeting here with
us as a plenary speaker.

Ladies andGentlemen,

While we have these exciting developments on the space journey of mankind, I would like to turn the other
side of the medallion to make the case for the long-standing issues with regard to space security and
international cooperation especially among space-faring and developing countries.

This is the century we break free of the gravity that has limited our ability to colonize space. We need to
learn how to collaborate effectively in a global soon to be multi-planetary community.

As reflected in the new US space policy document, the interconnected nature of space capabilities and the
world's growing dependence on space-derived information and systems require greater emphasis on
expanding international cooperation on mutually beneficial space activities to broaden and extend the benefits
of space and further the peaceful use of space. It also aims to strengthen stability in space through domestic
and international measures to promote the safe and responsible use of the space environment, improve
information collection and sharing for space collision avoidance, and strengthen measures to mitigate orbital
debris.

With reference to space debris, the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities just reiterates
each nation's commitment to observe UN guidelines for the mitigation of space debris, which are already
failing on their own because of limited enforcement. Besides that another factor raising the space debris

Vlll
concerns is that operators from 70 countries operate satellites but fewer than 10 of them have space agencies
able to monitor their space activities. We have a special session on this issue during the conference to be
presented by the world-recognized scientists and subject matter experts.

Another distinct feature of space is that it is both open and conducive to international cooperation. For
many nations, space cooperation is the general rule or mode of operation, rather than an exception. While
ESA and APSCO provide excellent examples for an organizational framework for space cooperation, the
International Space Station is a good example of a specific joint project partnership.

Just as cooperation exists among nations, I suppose the same cooperative atmosphere exists among the
relevant organizations within a specific country. There is a valid model of international cooperation: the
International Civil Aviation Organization (lCAO), which safeguards national sovereignty while effectively
achieving the results that we all witness daily in managing air traffic. ICAO model could very well be
extended to the Space domain.

Another issue is the vulnerability of space systems and infrastructure to the cyber attacks. Cyber attacks
are increasingly using software/information systems not as the target, but as the attack vector into a machine
system. Recently a number of agencies have taken an interest in developing new methods to handle cyber
attacks on systems combining diverse software, hardware and control mechanisms. Space systems have the
advantage of a long history of using detailed models and analysis during the design of their control systems
and physical components, as well as diverse instrumentation during operations that yields critical health and
status data that can be used to detect and mitigate anomalous behavior during the mission. However, there are
also serious gaps in the traditional approach to failure and error detection that become especially vulnerable
during cyber attacks. In that respect we need such space technologies that contribute to security, including all
aspects of threats, natural and man-made.

To conclude this part of my speech, I would like to present the military perspectives stemming from the
changing requirements. The military space priorities are threefold: continue to deliver space capabilities to
support the war-fighter, make space more affordable, and posture for new architectures. The concept of
disaggregation addresses and impacts all three. Disaggregation denotes an evolution away from a few large,
very expensive satellites with multiple missions, to distributing various mission elements to other launch
vehicles as hosted dispersing payloads, presumably in a more cost-effective manner. The military needs the
ability to start the transformational disaggregated systems development while protecting space systems from
cyber attacks.

Dear Guests, these developments reflected by the "NewSpace" term are the main reason why we had
choosen the theme of the this year's RAST conference as "New Ways of Accessing Space for the Benefit of
Society". RAST 2013 has the main objective of providing a forum for the presentation and review of recent
developments in the new ways of accessing space. I am confident today that we have achieved this objective.

RAST conferences also have served the purpose of creating and increasing space awareness in Turkey as it
was inspired by Atatlirk's statement of "The Future is in the Skies" which has been the motto for the Turkish
Air Force. We have come to a new interpretation of that saying, in that, the word "skies" does not mean just
the lower atmosphere but the limitless dimension from ground on up. Atatiirk's vision and direction is once
again serving as our guideline.

With the accumulated knowledge and experience of more than 100 years, our Air Force is inspired and
determined to take all the necessary action to strongly participate in space operations. We are now proud of
sending just recently our indigeneously designed and developed military reconnaissance satellite Goktlirk-2.
You can listen to the presentations by TAl and TUBiTAK Space Institute during a special session dedicated to
that program during the conference.

In paralel with our country's ambitious objectives for Space as captured in the "Vision 2023" document,
Turkey also plans to build a spaceport for launching satellites as there will be a series of Goktiirk military
satellites to follow as well as the TURKSAT's communication satellites. To manage these high-value space
projects and "Vision 2023" space objectives effectively, Turkey has established the long-awaited "Turkish
General Directorate of Aeronautics and Space Technologies" in May 2012 to serve as the Turkey's Space
Agency. You can meet the officials from this agency during the conference.

IX
 Dear Participants, we have strived to make each RAST better than the previous one. That is, a conference
where papers submitted are increasing in number, quality and diversity of origin. As a natural consequence,
we expect to get more attendence. In spite of the negative impact of the global financial crisis, the number of
abstracts submitted to RAST-2013 is above the 400 mark. We will be hearing about half that number in the
presentations by highly qualified space scientists and engineers from nearly 40 countries over the next 3 days.
Besides the usual technology intensive topics like Remote Sensing, Space robotics and satellite design, we
have many papers and even dedicated sessions on Space law, international cooperation and benefits of
information available from space.

On the occasion of sixth RAST conference we are joined and honored by a number of the distinguished
leaders of the World's space community, who are in very important positions to shape the future of space
activities in the World. I welcome them and thank them graciously for accepting our invitation to enlighten us
with their vision of the future of space.

Dear Commander, DistinguishedGuests, Dear Colleagues, Ladies andGentlemen,

As a final word, I must acknowledge here the efforts of a large number of dedicated people and supporting
organizations who have helped us bring together RAST 2013. The staff and students of the Aeronautics and
Space Technologies Institute, ASTIN, of the Turkish Air Force Academy, in cooperation with the
academicians from the leading state universities of Istanbul have made RAST conferences a real success
story. I would like to thank them and the RAST 2013 committee members specifically. In addition, we have
the two internationally prestigious organizations, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
and AIAA (American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics) that have supported us all along from the
first days of the RAST conferences ten years ago. They all deserve our thanks and gratitude in making RAST
an internationally recognized event. Being the sole graduate school of the Turkish Air Forces, I would like to
present our particular thanks and appreciation to our commanders through the chain of command. They have
given us not only material and moral support but has also guidance on a number of issues when needed.

I would like to say a few words for our foreign guests. I think it is not an understatement to say that you are
now in a city with the greatest natural beauty, cultural and historic riches all put together in one place. Istanbul
has been a capital to three empires, which all have left their marks. I hope and I encourage you to take the
time to visit and enjoy the richness of Istanbul.

Once again I welcome you to RAST-2013. I wish you all a fruitful conference and very enjoyable time in
Istanbul. I hope to see you again in RAST-2015.

Mustafa iLARSLAN
Colonel
General Chair