s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ < This local publication is one of the outcomes of the ProVention Consortium Applied

ed Research
Grants Program for Disaster Risk Reduction in South, Southeast, and East Asia Rounds I and II
(2003-2006)

All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are
those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Society for
Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET), the ProVention Consortium, and the Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center (ADPC). Reproduction and dissemination of material in this publication for
educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission
from NSET and ADPC provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication
for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission from NSET and
ADPC.
 n]vs

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

Author
ljgf]b >]i7 Binod Shrestha
zf]w dfu{bz{s Research Mentor
cfdf]b dl0f bLlIft Amod Mani Dixit
OlGhlgol/Ë lrq Engineering Drawing
;'dg k|wfg Suman Pradhan
lrq tyf u|flkmS; Design & Graphics
rGbg Wjh /fgf du/ Chandan Dhoj Rana Magar
k|yd ;+:s/0f First Edition
@)) k|lt 200 copies
k|sfzg >[ª\vnf – @) Publication Series - 20

;jf{lwsf/M e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh–g]kfn

s
 k|fSsyg
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

g]kfn h:tf ljsfzf]Gd'v d'n'sx?df e"sDkLo ljgfzsf] d"n sf/0f g} 3/ eTsg' xf] . oL d'n'sx?df k|fozM 3/x?sf] lgdf{0fdf bIf Ol~hlgo/sf] 1fgsf]
k|of]u ePsf] x'Fb}g / o:tf 3/x? 1fg / r]tgfsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ e"sDk–k|lt/f]wfTds k|ljlw gckgfO{ agfOPsf x'G5g\ . kmntM e'O{+rfnf]sf] wSsfn]
o:tf 3/x? 9N5g\ cf} wghgsf] gf]S;fgL x'G5, rfx] 3/ uf/f]jfnf xf];\ jf kLn/jfnf, gofF xf];\ jf k'/fgf] . ljutsf e"sDkx?n] o; tYonfO{ huhfx]/
u/L;s]sf 5g\ . o;} tYonfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ xfd|f] /fli6«o ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfn] g]kfnsf] ufpF jf ;x/df lgdf{0f x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf 3/x?nfO{ e"sDk–lg/f]wL
agfpgsf nflu ltgsf l8hfO{gdf ge} gx'g] cfjZos O{l~hlgol/ª tTj ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lgb]{lzsfx? (Mandatory Rules of Thumb) tof/ ul/Psf
5g\ . oL lgb]{lzsfx?nfO{ qmlds ?kdf afWofTds ?kdf nfu" ug]{ k|s[of ;d]t xfd|f] d'n'sn] z'? u/L ;s]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf cGtu{tsf oL afWofTds lgb{lzsfx? tyf tLgdf cGtlg{lxt dd{nfO{ u[x lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}n,] ljif]zul/ h'lgo/ O{l~hlgo/,
3/wgL tyf lgdf{0f ;fdlu|sf pTkfbgstf{ / Jofkf/Lju{ ;d]tn], /fd|/L a'em\g ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;lhnf] efiffsf] k|of]u u/L of] k'l:tsf t}of/ ul/Psf]
5 . g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ gofF 3/ lgdf{0fnfO{ e"sDkLo b[i6Lsf]0fn] ;'/lIft agfpg d2t k'uf];\ eGg] x]t'n] 3/sf] hub]lv 5fgf;Ddsf ;a} c+ux?sf] lgdf{0fdf
xf];\ / ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ tYonfO{ o; k'l:tsfdf ;lrq j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

of] k'l:tsf ljZj AofÍåf/f ;dly{t ProVention Consortium Applied Research Grant Program cGtu{t ul/Psf] zf]wsf] Ps c+z xf] . of] zf]w cfkm} g}
e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh–g]kfn (NSET) sf] bL3{sflng /0fgLltsf] Pp6f c+u xf] tyf o; zf]w cGj]if0fsf] bLzflgb]z
{ g NSET åf/f ljut bzsdf xfl;n
ul/Psf pknlAw tyf klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZotfx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . e"sDkLo hf]vLd Go'lgs/0fsf] lbzfdf NSET sf] ;tt\ k|ofznfO{ 6]jf lb+b} ;g\ @))%–@))^
sf] ProVention Consortium Applied Research Grant Program ljZjsf %) xf]gxf/ o'jf a}1flgx?dWo] k|:t't k'l:tsfsf n]vs Pj+ Pg;]6s} >LdtL
lxdf >]i7nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]df xfdL pQm ;+:yfk|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ . ;fy} tL %) dWo] k|sfzgof]Uo 5flgPsf * zf]wu|Gyx? dWo] xfd|f NSET sf b'j}
zf]wu|Gy 5flgPsfdf xfdL To; Grant sf] Joj:yfkgsf] cleef/f kfPsf rL/sfnb]lvsf xfd|f ldq–;+:yf Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC),
Bangkok k|lt xflb{s ;fw'jfb ck{0f ub{5f}+ .

qmlds ?kn] g]kfnsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iff clej[4Ldf of] k'l:tsf ;xof]uL x'g]5 eGg] xfdLn] cfzf u/]sf 5f}+ .

cfdf]b dl0f bLlIft

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh–g]kfn

v
Preface

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

“What are the tricks for constructing earthquake-resistant buildings?”
By Binod Shrestha, Geotechnical Engineer, NSET,
Grantee of ProVention Consortium Applied Research Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction II

Lack of earthquake resistance of buildings is the main source of earthquake risk in developing countries despite the fact that the
knowledge required for improving seismic performance of building is available since long. In developing countries, significant
proportions of buildings are still being constructed without any consideration of earthquake forces, making them highly vulnerable
to earthquakes. Growing urban population and unplanned development of new urban centers are the cause of increasing risks.
A majority of buildings are constructed by informal processes led primarily by masons, petty contractors and house-owners, who
are not trained in academic environment. Thus the existing knowledge has not been able to those who practice. This scenario
needs to be changed.

In an effort to bring about a qualitative change in the construction process of non-engineered buildings, several new initiatives
such as training programs for masons, petty contractors and owner-builders as well as house-owners are being implemented in
many countries. NSET has been a pioneer to develop a system of such training programs. This booklet is yet another effort to
bring the desired change. It targets the key players in the construction process of non-engineered building construction aiming
to empower them with the new knowledge to fulfill the basic requirements of earthquake resistant buildings. This booklet can
be distributed to the communities, to the social workers and disaster related organizations as an awareness tool for creating the
demand for earthquake-resistant construction. This can also be used as a reference material for the training programs for masons
and petty contractors and owner-builders. As a technical guide for construction, this booklet will guide the building owners to
demand and control the construction process.

This publication, brought out in the Nepali language, is a concise version of the results and suggestions of the research project -
Sets of Standard Building Designs: A Supportive Step to Reduce Earthquake Risk conducted by Mr. Binod Shrestha, Geotechnical
Engineer of NSET, under the Applied Research Grants Program for Disaster Risk Reduction Round II funded by the ProVention
Consortium. This program awards a small number of young researchers and practitioners worldwide, selected through a global
competitive selection process to pursue action oriented research over a 9-12 month period for the benefit of communities they
live and work in, in partnership with local organizations. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) is one of the regional
implementing partners of the program, acting as a regional center and managing grants in countries of South, South East and
East Asia. During the course of the research, NSET mentored the grantee and this publication also reflects their experiences in
improving seismic performance of existing and new-engineered construction. It is young dedicated practitioners like Mr. Binod
and the other grantees that represent a hopeful sign in taking on the challenges of DRR in the coming decade.

u
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ < ADPC and NSET have jointly pioneered several innovative methods and process for reducing earthquake risk in the region during
the past decade. Beginning with the implementation of the Kathmandu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Program (KVERMP)
during 1997-2001, initiated under our pioneering USAID funded Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, joint publication of
the Curriculum for Mason Training on Earthquake Resistant Construction of Buildings – Guidelines for Instructors on 2005 and
the Proceedings of the Symposium on Seismology, development and implementation of the training program on Earthquake
Vulnerability Reduction for Cities (EVRC), and collective advocacy on aspects of disaster risk management are some of the
successful cases of fruitful collaboration. The research and publication of this booklet is yet another step in this direction.

I encourage readers of this publication and those further interested in the program and participating in further rounds as grantees,
mentors and host or partner organization to visit the website of ProVention (http://www.proventionconsortium.org/) and ADPC
(http://www.adpc.net) for more information on the program. Institutions interested may also request ADPC for a copy of the
publication entitled Innovative Initiatives in Disaster Risk Reduction: Applied Research by Young Practitioners in South, South
East and East Asia, which showcases the work of 15 grantees. The book will be an interesting addition to your library.

Finally, we would like to thank ProVention Consortium for the grant program initiatives and the funding support for the continuation
of the program. We highly appreciate Mr. Binod for his enthusiastic and dedicated performance and NSET for their valuable
contribution on this study and furthering contribution to this publication.

Aloysius Rego
Director and Team Leader
Disaster Management Systems
ADPC

3
of] k'l:tsf k|of]u s:n] / s;/L ug]{ <

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

g]kfn ljZjd} e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf] b[li6sf]0fn] clt ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf kb{5 . To;}n] o;sf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg] Psdfq pkfP
eg]sf] xfdLn] agfpg] 3/ nufotsf ;+/rgfx? e"sDk y]Ug ;Sg] agfpg' g} xf] . o;sf] nflu hlt ;Sbf] w]/} o; ;DaGwL
1fgnfO{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx? pbfx/0fsf] nflu 8sdL{x?, 3/ dflnsx? nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg' clt cfjZos
5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ of] k'l:tsfdf e"sDk k|lt/f]wL 3/ agfpFbf ug'k{ g]{ sfo{x?sf] dxTjk"0f{ aFb' fx? ;lrq k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfdf ljz]iftM 3/sf] cfsf/–k|sf/ s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy–;fy}
agfOPsf 3/x? e"sDkaf6 s;/L elTsP / ;f] sf] ;dfwfg s] xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/sf 3/df ljefhg ul/ pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;du|df of] k'l:tsfdf tLg efu 5g\ .
!_ Shape and Size of Building -3/sf] cfsf/ k|sf/_
@_ Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure Building -lkn/jfnf 3/_
#_ Load Bearing Structures -uf/f]jfnf 3/_ h; cGtu{t O{+6f tyf 9'ËfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
of] k'l:tsf e"sDk k|lt/f]lw 3/ agfpFbf ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/e"t ky k|bz{s (Guide Line) dfq xf] . o;df k|:t't ul/Psf] pkfox?
o:tf 3/x?sf] nflu pkof]uL 5g\ .
s_ nueu !))) ju{ lkm6 If]qkmn ePsf] .
v_ ;a}eGbf nfdf] ladsf] nDafO{ !$ kmL6 eGbf a9L gePsf] .
u_ tLg tNnfeGbf sd, /
3_ a;f]af;sf] nflu agfOPsf] .
dfyL pNn]lvt eGbf 7"nf tyf km/s lsl;dsf 3/sf] nflu OlGhlgo/af6 l8hfOg u/fO{ ;f]lx adf]lhd ug'{kb{5 .
o;df k|:t't ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx? ljz]iftM 3/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ 8sdL{x?, k]6L 7]sb] f/x?, 3/ wgLx? tyf ;dfhsf cu'jfx?nfO{
nlIft ul/ k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n] of] k'l:tsfsf] k|of]un] dfly pNn]lvt JolQmx?, e"sDk ;DaGwL hgr]tgf hufpg]
;+3;+:yfx?sf ;fy} ;d'bfodf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg]5 .
!
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
3/sf] cfsf/–k|sf/

e"sDksf] ;dodf 3/ s;/L xlNnG5 eGg] s'/f 3/sf] cfsf/ k|sf/df e/kb{5 . tnsf lgDg a+'bfx? 3/ agfpg' cufl8 g}
Vofn /fVg'k5{ M–

!_ 3/sf] nDafO{ tyf prfO{ rf}8fO{sf] tLgu'0ff eGbf sd x'g'k5{ .

nDafO < #X rf}8fO{
prfO{ < # X rf}8fO{
pbfx/0fM 3/sf] rf}8fO{ !) kmL6 5 eg] prfO{ tyf nDafO{ #)
kmL6eGbf w]/} x'g'x'Fb}g .

lrq – !

@_ c+uh]| L cIf/sf] L, U, T cfsf/sf] 3/ e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf] b[li6sf]0fn]

hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf 3/ agfpg k/] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t}
5'§f5'§} Ans agfpg' k5{ .

lrq – @

@
 #_ lkn/ l;:6ddf lkn/ / uf/f]jfnfdf uf/f] lu|8df x'g'k5{ .

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

$_ ;a} lkn/nfO{ ladn] afFw]sf] x'g'k5{ .

lrq – #

%_ ;a} lad lkn/ eP/ uPsf] x'g'k5{ . lrq–$ df b]vfO{Psf] h:tf]

3/ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 .

lrq – $

^_ ‰ofn, 9f]sf jf leQ] b/fh cfndf/L h:tf vfln efux? hlxn]

klg sf]7fsf] s'gfaf6 slDtdf @ kmL6 k/ dfq /fVg'k5{ . lrq–%
df h:tf] s'gfdf /fVbf s] ult x'G5 eGg] b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

lrq – %

#
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
&_ k;n /fVg, kfls{ª ug{sf] nflu e'O{+tNnfdf uf/f] nufO{+b}g h;n] ubf{ ;f] tNnf sdhf]/ x'G5, To;}n] ;f] tNnfnfO{ 3/
agfpg] ;dodf g} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

e'O{+ tNnfdf kfls{ªsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lrq – ^ e'O{+ tNnf e"sDksf] sf/0fn] Wj:t eof] lrq – &

$
lkn/jfnf 3/

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

lkn/jfnf 3/nfO{ e"sDk y]Ug] agfpg oL bz a+'bf ofb ug}{k5{ M–

!_ hu lad (Foundation Beam)

hflnsf] ;fO{h %x% sf] /fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 . b'j} tkm{ $ nfOgsf]
808L ^ X ^ OGrsf] b"/Ldf /fVg'k5{ . lrqdf b]vfO{P h:t}
lkn/sf] 808LnfO{ @) OGr L agfO{ hflnsf] aLrdf kg]{ u/L
/fVg' k5{ . 9nfg ubf{ slDtdf ^ OGr df]6f] x'g] ul/ !=% kmL6
le/fnf] (Slope) agfpg' k5{ .

lrq – !

hldgdfyL 6fOlad /fv]h:t} e'Od

+{ l' g xflQ kfOn]sf] 7Ls
dfly lkn/x?nfO{ ladn] afFWg'k5{ h;nfO{ hu lad
(Foundation Beam) elgG5 . o;n] e"sDksf] ;dodf
;a} lkn/nfO{ Ps l9Ssf agfO /fV5 / ;fwf/0f ;dodf
klg s'g} Ps lkn/nfO{ dfq efFl;g (Settlement)
lb+b}g .

lrq – !s

%
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
@_ lkn/ -Pillar_
lkn/jfnf 3/ agfpFbf ;a}eGbf alnof] lkn/
x'g'k5{ . To;}n] lkn/sf] ;fOh slDtdf !@x!@
OGrsf] /fVg'kb{5 . 808Lsf] ;+Vof !^ ld=ld sf] $
j6f -5]psf] lkn/x?df_ / !@ ld=ld sf] * j6f @ kmL6
-aLrsf lkn/x?df_ /fVg'k5{ . lkn/ agfpFbf lgDg
^) X 808Lsf]
yk s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'k5{ . df]6fO{
s_ hxfF hlxn]klg 808L ufF:g' k/]df df]6fOsf] ^)
u'0ff vK6\ofpg'k5{ .
v_ ufF:g] 7fpF ladaf6 -tn xf];\ of dfly_ slDtdf
@ lkm6 6f9f x'g'k5{ . @ kmL6
u_ ;a} 808Lx? Ps} 7fpFdf ufF:g' x'Fb}g .
3_ l/ªnfO{ $÷$ OGrsf] b"/Ldf /fVg'k5{ .
ª_ se/ rf/}lt/ !=% OGr -$) ld=ld=_ /fVg'
k5{ .
lrq – @s

l/ª 6f9f 6f9f /fv]sf] lrq – @v o;/L t agfpg} ePg lg Û lrq – @u

kl/0ffd
^
#_ lad -Beam_

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

3/df lkn/ kl5sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ efu lad xf] . ladsf 808Lsf] u“;fO{ 808Lsf] df]6fO{sf] ^) u'0ff
;a} 808Lx? lkn/sf] 808L leqaf6 hfg'k5{ . cGo Wofg
lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? lgDg 5g\ M– -lrq–#s_ n÷# n÷# n÷#

808Lsf] df]6fO{
s_ ladsf] dflyNnf] txsf] 808L aLr efudf ufF:g'k5{ .
v_ tNnf] txsf] 808L b'j} kLn/af6 b'O{ kmL6 6f9f t/
aLrsf] Ps rf}yfO efudf gkg]{ ul/ ufF: g'k 5{ .

^)X
u_ l/ªsf] b"/L lkn/af6 @ lkm6;Dd $÷$ OGrdf / aLr #÷* n #÷$ n #÷* n

efudf ^÷^ OGrsf] b"/Ldf /fVg'k5{ . t/ ufFl;Psf]

7fpFdf rfFlx $ OGr b"/Ldf g} /fVg'kb{5 .
3_ laddf se/ ! OGr -@% ld=ld=_ /fVg'k5{ . lrq – #s

$= lkn/–ladsf] hf]gL{ -Pillar-Beam Joint_

hf]gL{ ;a}eGbf ;+jb] gzLn efu xf] . lkn/ / lad cfkm}df alnof]
eP/ dfq k'Ub}g. To;sf] k"/f ;b'kof]usf] nflu o;sf] hf]gL{
clt alnof] x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu lgDg sfo{x? ug'{kb{5 M–

lrq – #v s] of] hf]gL{ alnof] lyof] xf]nf t <

&
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
s_ 5]psf lkn/x?df, hxfF ladsf] cGt x'G5, ladsf] dflyNnf] txsf
808Lx? tnlt/ / tNnf] txsf 808Lx? dflylt/ df]8g\ k' 5{ . o;nfO{
lrq g+= $s df k|i6;+u b]vfO{Psf] 5 .
v_ hf]gL{df klg lkn/ tyf laddf /flvP h:t} u/L l/ª /fVg'k5{ t/
lkn/sf] efudf eg] l/ª /fVg}k5{ .

808Lsf] df]6fO{
ladsf] 808L
lad

x
lkn/sf] 808L

^)
lkn/

st} xfdLn] o;/L hf]8]sf t 5}gf}+ < hf]gL{sf] sdhf]/L lrq – $v lrq – $s

%= 5t (Slab)
3/sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ c+u 5t xf] . of] lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'k5{ M–
s_ 5t 9nfgsf] nflu 808L la5\ofpFbf k|To]s sf]7fsf] 5f]6f] efu -rf}8fO{_ ;+u ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L ;a}eGbf d'lg d'Vo
808L (Main Bar) /fVg' k5{ eg] nfdf] efu -nDafO{_ lt/ d'Vo 808LdfyL qm; u/]/ ;xfos 808Lx? (Distribution
Bars) /flvG5.
v_ oL 808Lx? 5]psf ladlt/af6 ladsf] nDafOsf] cf7 efusf] Ps efu / aLrsf] ladaf6 Ps rf}yfO{ efu agfpg'
k5{ . Pp6f k"/} nfdf], csf]{ 5f]6f] .
u_ 6kaf6 /fVbf klg ;f]lx cg';f/ 5]p tyf aLrsf] ladaf6 L÷* / L÷$ nfdf] /fVg'k5{ .
*
 3_ olb 5]psf] ladtkm{ :nfoa lad

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

eGbf aflx/ -6k cflb_ hf+b}g eg]
6k af/nfO{ slDtdf ^ OGr ladleq
3';fpg' k5{ .
ª_ aLrsf] laddfly 6kaf6 L÷$ nfdf]
/flvPsf] 808Lx?sf] aLr–aLrdf
L÷* sf] b/n] /fVg' k5{, ;f] dfly
klg ;xfos 8l08 /fVg'k5{ .
r_ b'O{ tx 5'6o\ fpg @=% OGr prfOsf]
lrqdf b]vfOP h:tf] r]o/ -chair_
/fVg'k5{ .

lrq – %

^= l/ª -Ring_
e"sDk y]Ugsf] nflu l/ª clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . l/ª agfpg] 808Lsf]
df]6fO{ slDtdf ;ft -&_ ld=ld= x'g' kb{5 . o;sf] cfsf/ tyf x's
lrqdf b]vfOP h:tf] x'g'k5{ .
lrq – ^

(
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
&= 9nfg -Concrete_
9nfgsf] efu l;d]G6 !, afn'jf @ / lu§L $ x'g'k5{ . of] eGbf sdhf]/ agfpg x'+b}g .

*= l;n tyf lnG6]n aGwg -Sill and Lintel Band_

‰ofnd'lg (Sill Level) tyf ‰ofndfyL (Lintel Level) uf/f] afFWgsf] nflu Ps O{6+ f a/fa/sf] df]6fOsf] b'O{ j6f # nfOgsf]
808L /fv]/ k]6L agfpg' k5{ . o;sf] nflu lkn/ agfpFb}df cu|]hLsf] U cfsf/sf] agfO{ /fVg'k5{ / kmdf{ lgsfn]kl5 Tof]
808LnfO{ l;wf agfP/ aGwgsf] nflu 808L ufF:g' k5{ . o;nfO{ lrq *s df k|i6;+u b]vfOPsf] 5 .

Aof08sf] nflu
/flvPsf] 808L

lrq – *s aGwg g/fv] o:tf] x'g;S5 . lrq – *u

aGwg

lrq – *v

!)
(= lkn/sf] 5f]6f]kgfsf] c;/ (Short Column Effect)

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

;a} lkn/sf] c;/ Ps} k|sf/sf] x'g'k5{ . t/ olb
xfdLn] ‰ofn, 9f]sf, e]lG6n]zg cflbnfO{ lkn/;+u}
hf]8/] /flvlbof}+ eg] Tof] lkn/ e"sDksf] a]nfdf ;f]lx
v'Nnf efusf] prfO{ hlt dfq ePsf] h:tf] Jojxf/
u5{ cyf{t c? lkn/ nfdf] Tof] -v'nf /flvPsf] efu_
dfq 5f]6f] x'G5 TolxFaf6 Iflt z'? x'G5 . o;sf] c;/
lrq g+ (s / v af6 a'em\g ;lsG5 .
lrq – (s lrq – (v

!)= lr;f] hf]gL{ (Cold Joint)

xfdL lkn/ p7fP/ 5f]8g\ ] / nfdf] ;dokl5dfq yk lkn/ tyf 5t 9nfg ug]{ u5f},+{ Tof] /fd|f] xf]Og . olb To;/L 5f]8g\
k/]df sf7 jf 9'Ëfsf] slDtdf $x$ OGr nfO{ 9nfgsf] a]nf lkn/ leq /flv ef]lnkN6 lgsfNg' k5{ . 9nfg ubf{ /fd|f; ] u+
;kmf ug'{k5{ .

lrq – !)s st} xfdL o:tf] lrq – !)v km]l/ o:tf] xf]nf lg Û lrq – !)u o:tf] ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
ul//x]sf t 5}gf} <
!!
 uf/f]jfnf 3/
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

olb xfdL tLg tNnf;Dddfq cUnf] 3/ agfpF5f+} eg] l;d]G6sf] hf]8fOdf OF6fsf] uf/f]jfnf 3/klg lkn/ hlts} e"sDk y]Ug]
lsl;dsf] agfpg ;lsG5 t/ 9'Ëfsf] uf/f]jfnf ejg agfpg] eP b'O{ tNnfd} l;ldt ug'{k5{ .

!_ hu aGwg (Foundation Band)

hudf ;f]lnªdfly Ps O6f a/fa/ df]6fOsf] aGwg (Band) agfpg'
k5{ . h;nfO{ lrq g+= ! df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

lrq – !

@_ 7f8f] 808L -Vertical Bar_

hudf 9nfg ug'{ cl3 x/]s sf]7fsf]
s'gf s'gfdf 7f8f] 808L p7fpg'
k5{ . ;f] 808L tLg tnf eP !^=
ld=ld gq !@ ld=ld sf] x'g'k5{ .
lrq g+= @v . lrq g+= @ s df 7f8f]
808L /fv]/ clnslt s+lqm6 /flv
lrq – @s lrq – @v l;wf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

!@
#_ l8=lk=l;= aGwg -DPC Band_

s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <

of] txdf cfPkl5 ;s];Dd ^ OGrsf]
df]6fOsf] aGwg (Band) nufpg'
k5{ . ;f]lx txaf6 ‰ofn tyf 9f]sfsf]
bfofF / afofF b'j}tkm{ !) ld=ld -#
nfOg_ sf] 808L 7f8f] ul/ p7fpg'–
k5{ . h;n] ‰ofn 9f]sfaf6 z'?x'g]
lr/f (Crack) nfO{ /f]S5 .
lrq – #s lrq – #v l8=lk=l;= aGwg gx'Fbf o;/L
elTsof] .

$_ ‰ofn d'lgsf] aGwg (Sill Band)

dflysf aGwgx?df h:t} of] txdf
klg ;a} uf/f]x?dfly -9f]sf afx]s_of]
aGwg afFWg'k5{ .

lrq – $s ‰ofnsf] s'gfaf6 lrq – $v o:tf] lr/f /f]Sg ‰ofnsf] bfoFf

z'? ePsf] lr/fx? . afoFf 7f8f] 808L g} rflxG5 .

!#
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
%_ s'gf aGwg (Stitching)
:6Lr x/]s @÷@ kmL6sf] prfOdf
/fVg'k5{ . k|fo xfd|f 3/x?df ‰ofn
sf] prfO{ $–% kmL6 x'G5 . To;}n] @ kmL6 @ kmL6
o;sf] aLrdf x/]s s'gfdf aGwg

@ kmL6
/fVg'k5{ .
@–@=% kmL6

lrq – %s lrq – %v

^_ ‰ofn dfyLsf] aGwg (Lintel

Band)
‰ofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b'at} km{ /flvPsf]
7f8f] 808LnfO{ aª\UofO{ of] txdf
ldnfOG5 .

lrq – ^s lrq – ^v

!$
 s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
&_ r'nL uf/f] aGwg (Gable Band)
;s];Dd r'ln uf/f] /fVg' /fd|f] xf]Og . olb /fVg} k/] o;sf]
dfyL cyf{t 5fgfd'lg klg aGwg ug'{k5{ .

lrq – &s r'nL uf/f] ;a} eGbf klxn] v:5 .

lrq – &v

!%
s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
*_ bfFt] uf/f] (Toothing)
uf/f]nfO{ Ps} k6s @–@=% kmL6
eGbf cUnf] p7fpg x'+b}g /
p7fpFbf l;+9L h:tf] tx tx
(stepping) u/] / p7fpg'
k5{ . lrq g+= *v
lrq – *v tx tx u/L uf/f] p7fPsf]

lrq – *s bfFt] uf/f] lrq – *s o;sf] c;/

(_ s+l} r dfg]{ 9'·f (Through Stone)

9'Ëfsf] uf/f] agfpFbf prfO tyf
nDafO{ b'jt} km{ lrqdf b]vfOP h:t}
b' O { kmL6df s+ } l r dfg] { 9' Ë f
/fVg'k5{ . 9'Ëf nfdf] gkfOPdf
Ans jf kmnfdsf] 808LnfO{ S
cfsf/sf] agfO /fVg ;lsG5 .
lrq g+= (v .
s}+lr gdfbf{ Pp6} uf/f] b'O6f ePsf] lrq – (s o;/L /fVg' k5{ s}+lr dfg]{ 9'·f lrq – (v

!^
 s] u/] aG5 t e"sDk y]Ug] 3/ <
!)_ 9'·fsf] uf/f]
9'Ëfsf] uf/f] nufpFbf 9'ËfnfO{ 7f8f] u/L slxNo} /fVg' x+'b}g .
o;f] ubf{ uf/f] sdhf]/ x'G5 . ;s];Dd lrqdf b]vfOP h:t}
tx ldnfP/ nufpg' k5{ .

lrq – !)

!&
National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET)
!!## b]jsf]6f ;8s, dxfb]j:yfg, afg]Zj/, kf]=a=g+=M !#&&%, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]g g+=M -(&&–!_ $$*^$$$, $$()#%(, km\ofS; g+=M -(&&–!_ $$()($#
O–d]nM nset@nset.org.np, j]a ;fO6M www.nset.org.np