Paper of Algebra Structure

CRITICAL JOURNAL REVIEW

“ALGEBRA STRUCTURE OF GROUPS IN INVERTIBLE MATRIX SETS”

Lecture : Dr. Izwita Dewi, M.Pd

Arranged by :

Meidy AdelinaLumban Toruan ( 4163312017)

MATHEMATICS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2019
 PREFACE

Thank you, the author of the presence of God Almighty, because thanks to his grace the
author can compile and present the Critical Journal Review (CJR) with the title "Study of
Algebra Structure of Groups in Invertible Matrix Sets". This CJR is made to fulfill the
assignments " Algebraic Structures ". Do not forget the author thanked the various parties who
have provided encouragement and motivation. The author realizes that in the preparation of the
CJR there are still many shortcomings and far from perfection. Therefore, the author expects
constructive criticism and suggestions to perfect this task and can be a reference in arranging
further assignments. The author also apologizes if in writing this task there are typing errors and
errors that confuse the reader in understanding the author's intent.

Medan, March 12th 2019

Author
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Matrix is a collection of elements arranged according to rows and columns so that they
are rectangular, whose length and width are indicated by the number of columns and rows.
Matrices can be grouped as a set based on a certain character and certain types of entries. In
general, the Mm notation, n (k) describes a m × n sized matrix whose entry is in the field k. Mm,
n (k) is a dimensionless vector space with a scalar binary sum and multiplication operation, so
that it can further be investigated for the properties that apply to the set of matrices based on
character, the field with matrix entries and binary operations that apply to the matrix. From the
description above, the validity of group axioms and subgroups in a set of matrices that have
inverse (invertible) will be examined. This scientific work aims to prove the validity of group
requirements in an invertible matrix set and examine the shape of subsets which are also groups
of matrix multiplication operations which are also subgroups of invertible matrices.
 CHAPTER II

2.1. JOURNAL IDENTITY

A. Journal I

Title : Kajian Struktur Aljabar Grup Pada Himpunan Matriks Yang

Invertibel
Author : Novi Rustiana Dewi, Ning Eliyati, dan Oktavianus
Hasiholan Marbun
Volume : Volume 14 Nomer 1(A) 14101 Jurnal Penelitian Sains
Page : 3 Pages
Year : January 2014

B. Journal II

Title : K- Aljabar
Author : Iswati dan Suryoto
Volume : Vol. 13, No.1Jurnal Matematika
Page : 20 - 33
Tahun : April 2010

C. Journal III
Title : Invers Matriks Tergenalisasi Atas Aljabar Maxplus
Penulis : Mustofa
Volume page : vol.7, No.1,20-30 Jurnal Matematika dan Komputer
Tahun : 30April 2004
ISNN : 1410 -8518
2.2. Journal Review
Journal I

According to Bakerjika given Mm, n (k) a set of m × n sized matrices whose entries are in Field
k, then denoted entries (i, j) of a matrix A measuring m × n with Aij or aij and...

Furthermore, special notation is used: Mn (k) = Mn, n (k), kn = Mn, l (k) Mm, n (k) is a vector-k
space with a scalar and multiplication matrix operation. The null vector is the zero Om matrix, n
which is usually denoted by O only. The following are given some definitions and theorems
related to group studies in an invertible set of matrices, beginning with some definitions and
properties of square matrices.

Definition 1 The square matrix (squarematrix) is matirks whose same number of rows and
columns are denoted by the An matrix, n = An.

Teorema 1f A and B are square matrices with the same order, then det (AB) = det (A) det (B)

Teorema 2 If A is a matrix that has an inverse then A−1 = 1adj(A)[1].

Definisi 2 Identity matrices are also called unit matrices, which are denoted by "I", are
cage budget matrices where all the main diagonal elements are equal to 1, and all other
elements are equal to 0. The following are given definitions of group algebraic structures
and some group and subgroup properties.

Definisi 3“G is given a non-empty set that is equipped with a binary “ * ”.

The set G is said to be a group if it fulfills the following axioms:

(i) Closed that is for everya, b ∈G then a * b ∈ G.

(ii) ssociative for every a, b, c ∈ G maka (a*b) *c = a*(b * c)
 (iii) There is e e ∈G such that for each a ∈pplies e * a = a * e = a (there is a neutral
element e ∈ G.
(iv) For every a ∈ tt there is a single inversea−1∈ttso that a∗a−1=a−1∗a=e

Definisi 4If a subset of H of a group G is closed under a binary operation on G and if H

itself is a group, then H is a subgroup of G. Then the notation H * G or G * H states that H
is a subgroup of G, and H <G means H * G but H 6 = G
Teorema 3Theorem 3 Theorem 3 Suppose that tt is a group and the empty space is H
subgroup of tt, then the following statement is equivalent:
(i) For every a, b, ∈H, apply ab ∈ H dan a−1∈H
(ii) For everya,b,∈H,applyab−1∈H

Journal II

1. From a K-algebra can be formed a set of parts that have the properties of K-algebra
against the same binary operation called K-sub algebra
2. As in the group with the concept of group homomorphism, there is also a homomorphism
concept called homomorphism in the K- algebra.
3. The properties that apply to the group, will also apply to K-algebra.
Journal 3

If the A matrix is over the field, then there must be a single matrix B that satisfies the
nature of ABA = A. The B matrix that satisfies this property is called the generalized
inverse matrix A. In maxplus algebra, there is no guarantee that each matrix has
generalized inverse. If A has a generalized inverse, then A is said to be regular.
2.3 WEAKNESS AND STRENGTH

A. ADVANTAGES

1. In the first journals explain more detailed explanation about Algebra

Structure of Group Invertible Matriks Sets.

2. In the second Journal Researchers have included suggestions which are

the hopes of the researcher. So that readers can take a positive impact
from the research with the information and knowledge provided

3. In third journal This study reveals the progress of students'

understanding of the ability of higher levels of thinking and cognitive
domains, namely Analysis and Synthesis.

4. In third Journal Research conducts observations and evaluates the

development of students' complete abilities from all activities.

B. WEAKNESS

1. In the third journal There is no picture of the determination of the control

class and the experimental class chosen.
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

The results of the discussion can be concluded as follows:

1. A set of matrices invertible GLn (k) with binary multiplication operations is a
group
2. A set of SLn (k) from GLn (k) which is a set of matrices whose determinant 1 is
a subgroup of GLn (k).
K-algebra is an algebra structure built on a group so that characters of a group will apply
also at K-algebra. If at group there is subgroup and homomorfism group, hence at K-
algebra there is K-subalgebra and K-homomorfism. By using characters of group, will be
proved characters applied at K-algebra.