Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2015;

THERMAL MATURATION Vol. 44, No.

SIMULATION AND1 HYDROCARBON
: 57-92 etc .....

THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON

GENERATION OF THE TURONIAN WATA FORMATION IN RAS
BUDRAN OIL FIELD, GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT

Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, Mohammed A. Ahmeda1 and Ibrahim Korrata

a
Geology Department, Mansoura University-Egypt
a1
author for correspondence, email:awad4@daad-alumni.de

ABSTRACT
A 1D model was performed with PetroMod software using a multi-1D approach within the
framework of a fully integrated dynamic geologic model. The conceptual model was created by di-
viding the penetrated preserved stratigraphic sequence into uninterrupted time series, based on
the petrophysical interpretation of the logged sequence and age equivalent formations. A detailed
well log interpretation was performed for the reservoirs and the organic-rich source rock inter-
vals and integrated into a conceptual model used for 1D basin modeling. Geochemical data were
used to calibrate the log interpretation, which enabled basin modeling with a high resolution of
the stratigraphic sequence, resulting in a detailed and calibrated burial and thermal model. The
Wata Formation of the Turonian has high organic carbon content and the capacity to generate
petroleum liquids. The simulations for three wells in the study area show differences in the buri-
al, thermal history and maturity and, in consequence, differences in the petroleum generation.
The carbonate organic-rich interval of Wata Formation has generated oil around the Early Mio-
cene (~18.25 Million year before present (Mabp)) in RB-B5 and RB-C1 wells. Combining the re-
sults of the petrophysical, geochemical and the 1D basin modeling studies provides a compari-
son between the generation potential with time for the carbonate organic-rich intervals. Most
hydrocarbons were generated in the Miocene. This means that, the hydrocarbon generation has
occurred after Oligocene Rift and during the deposition of the Lower Rudeis Formation. At RB-A2
well, the organic rich interval is completely over-mature due to the magmatic activity of the Oli-
go-Miocene igneous intrusion.
Key words : Ras Budran Oilfield – Wata Formation – Gulf of Suez - Basin Modeling.

INTRODUCTION Gulf of Suez (Figure 1b). This oil field is one of

The Gulf of Suez (Figure 1a) has an excel-
lent hydrocarbon potential and is considered
as the most prolific oil province in Egypt. Ade-
quate potential source rocks are spatially
widespread in the area with two major oil
types identified. The Ras Budran Oil Field
(Figure 1b) is located in the eastern side of the
the giant fields in the Northern Gulf of Suez
province. The oil accumulations in the Ras
Budran structure are present in the Paleozoic
to Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstones.
However, the Ras Budran structure was
formed mainly during the intra-Rudeis tecton-
ic phase in the Early Miocene, and the oil trap

57
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...
was formed only after the deposition of the
cap-rock shales of the Early to Middle Mio-
cene upper Rudeis. The Ras Budran structure
has major synclinal depressions to its north,
west and south, in which the source rocks
reached the peak stage of oil generation dur-
ing the Pliocene (Chowdhary and Taha,
1987). The Nubian Sandstone and Paleozoic
sand rock units are the main reservoirs in
the study area, while the Thebes and Brown
limestone Formations are the main source
rocks in the Ras Budran Oil Field. Source
rocks are commonly shales and lime-mud-
stones, which contain significant amounts of
organic matter. Other source rocks also con-
tain organic matter, but the amount is
generally not significant (Passey et al., 1990).
Good hydrocarbon source rocks must con-
tain organic matter higher than 1% (wt%
TOC). These organic materials could only
generate hydrocarbons, if they reach a level
of thermal maturation, high enough to
generate and expel commercial quantities
of oil and/or gas (Lindquist, 1889). Well log-
ging methodology in geochemical evaluation is
a very important technique, not only for its
usefulness as a quick scan of potential source
rock, but also in its ability to identify the
organic richness (TOC %) of these rocks
58
(Passey et al., 1990 and Jia et al., 2012).
The Petroleum System Modeling (PSM) is
an approach using the structural, strati-
graphic and seismic data integrated with the
other geological and geochemical analysis
data to simulate the basin development in a
forward modeling approach, e.g. subsidence,
structural and tectonic events, hydrocarbon
generation, migration and emplacement
through geologic time. It aims at a four-
dimensional (X, Y, Z, and time) reconstruction
of the characteristics of rock and fluid prop-
erties, as a function of the paleo-history of a
sedimentary basin. The model is designed to
improve the match occur between predictions
and observations for the purpose of integrat-
ing the multi-phase tectonic history of Ras
Budran Oil Field responsible for the develop-
ment of the basin, as a result of sedimenta-
tion, tectonics and erosion, with a petroleum
characterization model, to evaluate the petro-
leum system and hydrocarbon potentialities.
Moreover, the processes of oil and gas genera-
tion, expulsion and migration is quantified
and investigated. It outlines the spatial extent
of the different petroleum systems and pro-
vides data for risk maps to guide the subse-
quent new exploration phases.
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Figure (1:a) : Landsat Thematic Mapper image showing the basement outcrops and oil fields around
the Gulf of Suez region. Satellite image courtesy o f GeoTech, Bahrain. Original Copyright
Earth Satellite Corporation after Farhoud (2006). b) Enlarged location map of the study
area showing the spatial distribution of the available wells addressed throughout the cur-
rent study. This dataset belongs to Suez Oil Company “SUCO” concessions. The deepest
penetrated sequence is Paleozoic Sand Formation with depth ranging from 11655 ft bmsl
at RB-B1 well, to 12171 ft bmsl at RB-A1 well. A total well count of 10 includes 3 dry
wells; and 7 oil producers. Underlined wells represent the studied area throughout the re-
search.

59
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...
GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK
The present-day Gulf of Suez rift, together
with the Red Sea basin and the Aqaba–Dead
Sea transform system; comprise the Sinai
triple junction, which has initiated during the
northeasterly movement of Arabian block
away from Africa. The age of such movement
is mainly Neogene (Fichera and Giori, 1992).
The Gulf of Suez rift lies within the Arabian-
Nubian shield, a segment of the Upper Proter-
ozoic to Lower Paleozoic continental crust
formed during the widespread Pan-African
tectono-thermal event. This crust forms the
basement of much of Northeastern Africa and
Western Saudi Arabia (Engel et al., 1980 and
Gass, 1981). The Pan-African tectono-thermal
event has occurred during 580-570 Mabp
(IHS, 2006). This segment of the crust has de-
veloped through the progressive cratonization
and accretion of numerous intraoceanic is-
land arcs and Indean-type magmatic arcs
during the interval of 900-550 Mabp (Engel et
al., 1980 and Gass, 1981). The basement
complex, with the exception of the basic intru-
sives, is generally accepted to be Precambrian
in age from 620 to 580 Mabp (IHS, 2006).
The pre-rift sediments were deposited in
continental margin sag basins at the southern
margin of the Tethys/Neo-Tethys in at least
two cycles of subsidence commencing in the
Cambrian. The first groups of clastic sedi-
ments are usually referred to as Nubian B,
Nubian C and Nubian D, and are probably all
Paleozoic in age from 570 to 299 Mabp. The
second major phase of pre-rift sedimentation
commenced in a successor basin in the Early
Cretaceous times. An essentially northward
thickening wedge of dominantly marine sedi-
ments, commencing with the clastics of the
60
Nubian A and comprising both the clastics
and carbonates, was deposited more or less
continuously from the Albian-Aptian times to
Late Eocene (IHS, 2006). The final group, the
Nubian A, is dated as Mid-Late Jurassic and
the latest Early Cretaceous. An unconformity
exists between the Nubian A and the Nubian
B, plus an unconformity exists between the
Nubian B and the Nubian C. There are some
evidences for two phases of Hercynian tecton-
ics affecting the distribution of Nubian sedi-
ments. The first phase was during 443-336
Mabp and the second phase of the Hercynian
tectonic events was during 299-260 Mabp
(Patton et al., 1994).
The Late Permian to Early Triassic (Permo-
Triassic) Quisib Red Shale Member of the Nu-
bian A Formation was deposited from 260 to
245Mabp. The Gulf of Suez regional uplifting
tectonic event was during the time from 245
to 145Mabp (Figure 2) (IHS, 2006). The Late
Jurassic Early Cretaceous uplifting resulted
in a hiatus in the geological record. During
the Aptian time, sedimentation renewed and
the alluvial sediments of the Malha Formation
(Aptian-Albian) from 145 to 99Mabp were de-
posited over rocks ranging in age from the
Precambrian to Jurassic (Patton et al., 1994).
The regional northward tilting event was for
the duration of time from 99 to 97 Mabp (Fig-
ure 2). Where from 97 to 50 Mabp, the stress
becomes compressional and resulted in anti-
cline fold (IHS, 2006). This genetic unit is
characterized by at least two phases of ther-
mally driven subsidence at the divergent plate
margins ( the southern margins of Tethys and
Neo-Tethys) ending with the collision between
the African and Eurasian plates (88.5-39
Mabp). The dominant deformation during the
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....
Syrian Arc folding (Early Late Cretaceous to
Early Eocene) was a north-south compres-
sion, swinging to NNW-SSE. The principal
structures were folds with axes oriented
approximately ENE-WSW. Geochronological-
ly, the Pre-rift continental margin Sag Unit
continued to 35.4 Mabp. The Gulf of Suez
Rift was then initiated by a lithospheric
stretching in the latest Oligocene times fol-
lowed by extensionally driven subsidence,
which commenced in the earliest Miocene
times. After this initial phase of subsidence,
there was a period of isostatic uplift on the rift
shoulders and some re-arrangements of the
rift blocks during the Early Miocene, before
renewed extensional subsidence, which end-
ed in the Mid-Miocene. Active divergent con-
tinental margin (gravitational subsidence)
was ranging in age from 29.3 to 14.2 Mabp
(IHS, 2006).
The Syn-rift Unit is characterized by the in-
itial extension due to lithospheric stretching,
at the northern extremity of the East African-
Red Sea Rift System, followed by isostatic up-
lift of the rift shoulders (17Ma). The rifting
commenced in the pre-Miocene, with the max-
imum tectonic subsidence, accompanied by
magmatic events, occurring during the Late
Oligocene–Early Miocene (Gandino et al.,
1990). Subsidence may have continued until
the Late Neogene. The interpretation of the
phases of tectonic subsidence and their peri-
ods and structural stages during the late Ter-
tiary are shown in Figure 3. The Suez rift it-
self was initiated between 24 and 21 Mabp,
that is the Latest Oligocene to Earliest Mio-
cene (Evans, 1990). The uplifting of the rift
shoulders was through the time from 21 to 20
Mabp (IHS, 2006). Between 20 and 17 Mabp,
61
the flanks of this basin began to rise, because
of the heating effects (Steckler, 1985). Several
unconformities interrupt the sedimentary
record, with major ones in the Paleozoic, Tri-
assic–Jurassic, Oligocene, and Late Miocene
(Messinian). These basin wide unconformities
have formed primarily in response to the re-
gional tectonic adjustments associated with
the different rift phases of the Gulf of Suez
(Dolson et al., 2001). Rifting was caused by
tensional stresses transmitted through the
lithosphere, accompanied by upwelling of hot
asthenospheres. Both the crustal extension
and tectonic subsidence of the axial trough
reached their maximum development between
19 and 15 Mabp (Steckler et al., 1988). A fur-
ther pulse of extension and fault blocking
ended in the Middle Miocene (14.2 Mabp). The
principal structures formed during this period
were tilted fault-blocks, half-grabens, rollover
and other accommodation structures in the
hanging wall blocks. A number of other
trends are commonly reported, of which the
most important are the NNE-SSW Aqaba
Trend (020°-200°) and the so called " ENE-
WSW cross" trend (050°-230°) (IHS, 2006). At
this time interval (from 14.2 to 14Ma), the
Suez phase extension terminates and the Aqa-
ba transverse begins (Figure 3) (Bosworth et
al., 1998; Griffin, 1999). Further extension of
the fault block rotation tectonic event has oc-
cured at 14.2 Mabp (Figure 4) (IHS, 2006).
The period 14.2-5.2 Mabp is characterized by
post-rift thermal subsidence, during a period
of relative quiescence on the whole Red Sea
rift system. The principal structures are rollo-
ver and other accommodation structures in
the hanging-wall blocks of the re-activated
faults, and compaction/subsidence driven
structures. Following Kareem deposition,
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...
there appeared to have been another period of
relative uplifting resulting in a local unconfor-
mity at the top of the Kareem Formation.
Thereafter the dominant control appears to
have been post-rift thermal subsidence, dur-
ing a period of quiescence on the whole Red
Sea Rift System, until the latest Miocene time
when the Red Sea Rift System again became
active. This relative uplift may have been re-
sponsible for establishing a barrier, that iso-
lated the Suez Rift from its former open link
to the Mediterranean Sea. The result of the
barrier was the end of normal marine condi-
tions in the Gulf of Suez and the first phase of
massive evaporite deposition. Within the first
of the evaporite units, the Belayim Formation,
there were, however, two periods of normal
marine deposition, the last of which produced
important carbonate reservoir facies, in the
form of algal buildups on the crest of the tilt-
ed pre-Miocene fault-blocks. Thermal subsi-
dence time is 11.4-10.7 Mabp (IHS, 2006)
(Figure 2). Post-Belayim deposition consists of
two further evaporitic units, the South Gharib
Formation (dominantly halite) and the Zeit
Formation (interbedded anhydites and clas-
tics, with minor halite). These evaporites are
the key sealing facies in the basin (Figure 2)
(IHS, 2006).
By 5 Mabp, the Aqaba–Dead Sea trans-
form fault replaced the Gulf of Suez as the
primary plate boundary between the African
and Arabian plates (Evans, 1990). The period
5.2-0 Mabp is characterized by subsidence
driven dominantly by cooling following the ac-
62
tive rifting, but with an overprint of locally re-
newed extensional faulting in the south of the
basin (5.2-4 Mabp). The main structures in-
clude half-grabens, drape structures and
modification of existing block traps through
the rejuvenation of the bounding faults (IHS,
2006). A pronounced unconformity is recog-
nized at the top of the Zeit Formation, before
the renewed subsidence and accumulation of
the Plio-Pleistocene clastics commenced. This
renewed subsidence appeared to reflect the
resumption of extension and sea floor spread-
ing in the south of the Red Sea Rift System.
Although the bulk of the extension in the Red
Sea appeared to have been accommodated by
movements on the Dead Sea-Gulf of Aqaba
transform, there is an evidence for renewed
extension in both the north and south of the
Gulf of Suez, from about 5 Mabp to present.
In the south, a number of faults cut the
seabed with earthquake activity, which indi-
cates the active faulting at the present. In the
north, the very large thicknesses of Zeit For-
mation and Post-Zeit sediments (EL-Tor
Group), adjacent to the Darag Fault, following
negligible deposition of the South Gharib sedi-
ments, points to renewed extension (Figure 2)
(IHS, 2006). The evolution of the Gulf of Suez
basin in stages from the Paleozoic to the Holo-
cene is characterized by tectonic extensional
episodes producing tensional block faulting
(horst and graben) and block subsidence (Fig-
ure 4) (Kingston et al., 1983). The Gulf of
Suez has developed in a series of distinct evo-
lutionary stages, as shown in Figure 4.
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Figure (2) : Litho-stratigraphic column and tectonic correlation chart of Belayim Marine Oil Field,
Gulf of Suez, Egypt .The facies succession, ages, distribution of potential source and res-
ervoir rocks are also represented (IHS, 2006).

63
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Figure (3) : The relationship between tectonic subsidence rates, types, periods, climate and sea level chang-
es during the Neogene in the Gulf of Suez (compiled and modified from (Bosworth et al., 1998
and Griffin, 1999). Smaller V symbols represent periods of rapid basin subsidence, for example,
the Burdigalian; larger V symbols represent modest rates of basin subsidence, for example, in
the Serravallian.

64
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Figure (4) : Development stages of the Gulf of Suez, as an example of a typical interior frac-
ture rift basin (Alsharhan, 2003).

65
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...
BASIN MODELING PROCEDURE
Basin modeling has become an important
tool in the study of the burial history and
thermal evolution of sedimentary basins (Litt-
ke et al., 1994 and Yalcin et al., 1997) and
has a great potential to verify different theo-
ries on basin subsidence. In recent years, the
development of two-dimensional integrated
programs also permitted the analysis of as-
pects of fluid flow in sedimentary basins, in
particular of migration and accumulation of
oil and gas (Zhou and Littke, 1999 and Yahi
et al., 2001). Thus, basin modeling have been
developed into a superb tool in petroleum sys-
tem analysis. It comprises numerical simula-
tion of the geologic structures through time,
based on physical and chemical reactions
(Welte and Yükler, 1981; Ungerer et al., 1990
and Burrus et al., 1996). The thermal history
of a basin controls the hydrocarbon genera-
tion, as well as their migration and accumula-
tion (Ungerer et al., 1990). The basin model
depends on a well-defined geologic time
framework (conceptual model). The simulation
is then performed on the numerical represen-
tation of the conceptual model (Tables 1 and
2). The physical sequence of layers has been
66
converted into an uninterrupted sequence of
events with absolute ages for each event
boundary (Poelchau et al., 1997). Each strati-
graphic event represents a time span, during
which one of the three basic geologic process-
es prevailed, i.e. accumulation of a layer (dep-
osition), non-deposition (hiatus), or uplift and
erosion (unconformity). The goal is to achieve
a reliable “chronostratigraphic” interpretation
of a basin-fill, so that the distribution and na-
ture of sedimentary facies is modelled in
terms of geologic processes operating at a spe-
cific time. The composite time scale, that in-
cludes the geologic records from the Cambri-
an to the present time, was used for
chronostratigraphic subdivisions (Harland et
al., 1990). Since the present-day thicknesses
are those of compacted sediments, they must
be corrected to reflect the actual porosity at
any geologic unit, i.e. the layer must be de-
compacted. This is achieved by a “Backstrip-
ping method” or by iterative forward model-
ing, using assumptions about original
porosities. In order to model layer thickness
as a function of time, it is necessary to model
the change in porosity, as a function of time
or, equivalently, as a function of depth.
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Table (1) : Chronostratigraphic conceptual model of the basin fill in terms of geologic processes operating at
a specific time for RB-B5 well.

*Source rock interval with 4.7 wt% TOC, HI is 741 mgHC/g TOC, Kinetics (Pepper and Corvi 1995_TIIS(A)).

67
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Table (2) : Chronostratigraphic conceptual model of the basin fill in terms of geologic processes operating at
a specific time for RB-A2 well.

*Source rock interval with 4.7 wt% TOC, HI is 741 mgHC/g TOC, Kinetics (Pepper and Corvi 1995_TIIS(A)).

68
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....
The backbone of basin modeling is the re-
construction of paleo-temperature and its
spatial variation with time and location in the
basin. Basin modeling simulation tools deter-
mine temperature fields using the finite ele-
ment method. Therefore, the simulation pro-
gram needs boundary conditions.
Temperature at the top, the bottom and sides
of a sedimentary basin must be established,
to determine the interior temperature field
(Broichhausen, 2004 and Broichhausen et al.,
2005). Temperature is calculated from basal
heat flow values specified for each geologic
event, thermal conductivity (Table 3) and sur-
face temperature (Yükler et al., 1978). The
thermal boundary conditions are the sedi-
ment-water interface temperature at the top
of the model and the paleo heat flow at the
bottom (Tables 4 and 5 – Figures 6 and 7).
Temperatures at the sediment–water interface
depend on the water depth and paleolatitude.
Surface temperature trends as a time-latitude
diagram, which is useful for estimating values
for shallow water sediments within the global
climatic belts, have been synthized (Wygrala,
1989). For paleo-heat flow values, the most
reasonable initial approach consists of using
the known plate tectonic framework and anal-
ogies of the basin to be modeled and crustal
evolution models (Allen and Allen, 1990). The
calculation of vitrinite reflectance from the
temperature histories was carried out using
the EASY%Ro algorithm of (Sweeney and
Burnham, 1990), that allows the calculation
of vitrinite reflectance values between 0.3 and
4.5 % VRr and allows a better calibration of
the thermal histories than earlier approaches.
Therefore, it is widely applied in numerical
basin simulations (e.g., (Littke et al., 1994)).
The petroleum system is defined by applying
69
the specific properties to the geological layers
(Table 3). For the source rock sequences, the
content of organic matter (TOC) and quality of
Hydrogen Index (HI) has to be defined togeth-
er with the reaction kinetic parameters for the
thermal primary cracking to light and heavier
petroleum components. Once the paleo-
temperatures are well modeled and calibrated,
equations for chemical kinetics can be used to
evaluate petroleum generation. From labora-
tory pyrolysis, experiments at different heat-
ing rates, activation energies and a pre-
exponential factor are calculated and used for
the temperature history of the relevant sedi-
ments. This approach assumes the conver-
sion of kerogen to oil and gas to be irreversi-
ble reactions, which can be defined by a set of
parallel pseudo-reactions. For a more detailed
description of the basin modelling, its concept
and limitations (Yalcin et al., 1997). The re-
spective kinetic values used for hydrocarbon
generation are those of (Pepper and Corvi,
1995). The available geochemical data include
vitrinite reflectance (Ro%) and Rock-Eval
Tmax, as well as the total organic carbon
(TOC), Rock-Eval S1 (free low-molecular-
weight hydrocarbons), S2 (hydrocarbons gen-
erated by thermal cracking of kerogen, gener-
ation potential), S3, Hydrogen Index and Oxy-
gen Index.
The thermal modeling procedures include
the reconstruction of the present-time tem-
perature regime and the temperature history
evaluation. Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)
were used to calculate the present-day tem-
perature. Deficiencies in the database must
be recognized. Normally, more than one inter-
pretation fits the observable data. The calcu-
lated parameters are compared with the
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...
measured data, so that the thermal model can
be calibrated (Figure 5). If necessary, the con-
ceptual model is adjusted or modified to lead
to a better match between the simulation re-
sults and calibration data. The kinetic equa-
tions are defined for different kerogen types.
For kerogen types I and II, the kerogen to oil
reaction is the main process, while for kero-
gen type III, kerogen to gas reactions predomi-
nate. The 1D models for wells were estab-
lished, using the modeling software
(PetroMod® V.2011.1 SP3) developed by IES
GmbH (Aachen, Germany). The Interactive-
Petrophysics software of Schlumberger was
used for borehole geophysical data processing
and petrophysical evaluation of the penetrat-
ed sequence in each well. The available data
were utilized for differentiation of the logged
sequence into elements of the petroleum sys-
tem as source rock, reservoir zone, pay zone
and seal rock. Wireline logs were applied to
deduce the vertical extent of source rock
units. Evaluations of source rock intervals re-
quired calibration with organic geochemical
reports and maturity data for certain wells, in
order to distinguish the source rocks from
non-source rock intervals.
Modelling Igneous Intrusions
Some Basins, especially those associated
with lithospheric stretching have been intrud-
ed by igneous bodies, such as the dykes and
70
sills of the rifts of northeast Africa. Some of
these sills and dykes were emplaced at tem-
perature of 1000˚c at shallow levels into rocks
with temperature in the range (0-100˚c).
Therefore, whether the heating of dykes and
sills has a significant effect on the tempera-
tures experienced by sedimentary rocks of the
basin fills. The heating is effective for a dis-
tance into the country rock or basin sedi-
ments roughly equal to sill width, but also de-
pend on the emplacement temperature of the
sill. The heating from sill is clearly extremely
important in affecting the thermal maturity,
but is restricted within a zone approximately
one to two sill widths of either side of it (Allen
and Allen, 2013). Magmatic intrusions can
have substantial effects on the pa-
leo–temperatures and all thermal calibration
parameters. Although the duration of such
events is relatively short, extremely high tem-
peratures can trigger rapid chemical reactions
in the adjacent environment. Igneous intru-
sions are modeled with the magmatic temper-
ature, as inner boundary condition at the lo-
cation and time of the intrusion. In
subsequent time steps, the temperature de-
creases in both the intrusion and the sur-
rounding layers. Then, hot liquid magma
crystallizes to solid rock. The related crystalli-
zation heat is important and has to be taken
into account in the heat balance (Hantschel
and Kauerauf, 2009).
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Table (3) : Summary of some established characteristic parameters of lithostratigraphic unit in Belayim Ma-
rine Oil Field used for modeling.

*Actual used lithologies for the used model. IP: Initial Porosity. MP: Minimum Porosity.

71
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Table (4) : The thermal boundary conditions for RB-B5 well including the sediment-
water interface temperature at the top of the model and the paleo-heat flow
at the bottom. Sediment–water interface temperature depends on water
depth and paleolatitude, synthesized after (Wygrala, 1989). The basal heat
flow values are specified for each geologic event using the known plate tec-
tonic framework and crustal evolution models (Allen and Allen, 1990).

SWIT : Sediment-water interface temperature

HF : Heat flow

72
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Table (5) : The thermal boundary conditions for RB-A2 well including the sediment-
water interface temperature at the top of the model and the paleo-heat flow
at the bottom. Sediment–water interface temperature depends on water
depth and paleolatitude, synthesized after (Wygrala, 1989). The basal heat
flow values are specified for each geologic event using the known plate tec-
tonic framework and crustal evolution models (Allen and Allen, 1990).

SWIT: Sediment-water interface temperature

HF : Heat flow

73
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Figure (5) : Plot of paleotemperature calibrated with measured corrected static bottom hole tem-
perature in a reference wells (RB-A2 and RB-B5) against depth. The cross-plot of ob-
served and computed reflectance shows a good fit.

74
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Figure (6) : The boundary conditions assessments for RB-B5 well including the paleo water depth at
the top, the sediment-water interface temperature at middle (top of the model) and the pa-
leo-heat flow at the bottom must be established to determine the interior temperature
field. Sediment–water interface temperature depends on water depth and paleolatitude,
synthesized after (Wygrala, 1989). The basal heat flow values were specified for each geo-
logic event using the known plate tectonic framework and crustal evolution models (Allen
and Allen, 1990).

75
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Figure (7) : The boundary conditions assessments for RB-A2 well including the paleo water depth at
the top, the sediment-water interface temperature at middle (top of the model) and the pa-
leo-heat flow at the bottom must be established to determine the interior temperature
field. Sediment–water interface temperature depends on water depth and paleolatitude,
synthesized after (Wygrala, 1989). The basal heat flow values were specified for each geo-
logic event using the known plate tectonic framework and crustal evolution models (Allen
and Allen, 1990).

76
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Burial history
The burial history of Ras Budran Oilfield
is represented by time-depth history plots
(Figure 8), that show the burial of different
horizons traced through time, from deposition
to present-day. The plots exhibit the main fea-
tures of deposition in this Oilfield. The model
of the unconformity surface is considered as a
period of deposition and erosion. Figure (9) re-
veals the tectonic subsidence of the studied
wells, as normalized from the start of the bu-
rial process. The sediments and water load
above the horizon of interest in a sedimentary
basin causes isostatic effects. The total subsi-
dence, as a consequence, is made up of a tec-
tonic driving force component (due to exten-
sional forces acting on the lithosphere),
thermal effects (due to changes in the litho-
sphere heat flow), and the response of the
lithosphere due to the load of sediments.
Maturity and hydrocarbon generation
The Turonian Wata Formation was pene-
trated at nine wells at depths range between
9773ft (TVDss) at RB-A5 well and 11160ft
(TVDss) at EE85-2 well. The thicknesses vary
from 78ft to 453ft at RB-C1 well and RB-B3
well, respectively. The organic rich interval,
Wata-S, occurred at three wells RB-C1, RB-A2
and RB-B5 (Tables 1 and 2). The present-day
depth to top ranges between 10472ft (TVDss)
at RB-A2 well and 10918ft (TVDss) at RB-C1
well with a total thickness ranges between
23ft at RB-C1 well and 110ft at RB-B5 well. It
is assigned to Pre-rift basin fill sediments of
limestone organic rich interval, that has de-
posited in open marine depositional environ-
ment. It is considered as type II kerogen, with
an excellent generation potential for liquid hy-
77
drocarbons (oil prone type II-S kerogen).
The organic-rich interval of Wata Forma-
tion in Ras Budran Oil field concession, Wata-
S, entered the oil window close to the Early
Miocene (Burdigalian ~18.25 Mabp), and has
been in the wet gas window (gas onset) since
~17.55 Mabp (Early Miocene), during the dep-
osition of Lower Miocene Rudies Formation
and shortly after the associated Oligocene rift-
ing phase and thermal subsidence, at both
wells: RB-C1 and RB-B5 (Figure 13). The
Suez rift was initiated between 24 and 21 Ma,
that is latest Oligocene to earliest Miocene
(Evans, 1990). Between 20 and 17 Ma, the
flanks of this basin began to rise, because of
heating effects (Steckler, 1985). The oil win-
dow depths range between 3771ft (TVDss)
(~18.25 Mabp Early Miocene) and 4521ft
(TVDss) (~18.25 Mabp Burdigalian), before the
maximum burial has reached, at RB-C1 and
RB-B5 wells, respectively. The oil window is
shallower at RB-C1 well compared to that
depth at RB-B5 well (Figures 13). The gas (gas
generation onset) depths range between
4330ft (TVDss) (~17.55 Ma Early Miocene) to
5048ft (TVDss) (~17.55 Mabp Early Miocene)
at RB-B5 and RB-C1 wells, respectively. Both
the crustal extension and tectonic subsidence
of the axial trough reached their maximum
development between 19 and 15 Ma (Steckler
et al., 1988). On the other hand, at a single
reference location at RB-A2 well, the Wata-S
entered the oil windows close to the Early Mi-
ocene (~22 Mabp) at a depth 2312 ft (TVDss)
and had been in the overmature phase since
~ 22 Mabp at a corresponding depth of 2313ft
(TVDss). This is resulted from the magmatic
activity (igneous intrusion of Early Miocene)
(Figure 13). The present-day depth of the
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...
Wata-S is in the range, in which a single-
phase fluid (Medium oil) might be expected
(Figures 13) at RB-C1 and RB-B5 wells. How-
ever, at RB-A2 well, the organic rich interval
is completely overmaturing (Figure 13). Petro-
leum generation starts at a vitrinite reflec-
tance close to 0.5%, which is reached at dif-
ferent depths throughout the area (Figure 9),
(~18.25 Mabp Burdigalian) at RB-C1 well at a
crosspending paleo-temperature value of
155°F. At RB-B5 well, the vitrinite reflectance
value of 0.51% is encountered since ~18.25
Mabp (Early Miocene); at a temperature of
177°F (Figure 11). Rifting was caused by ten-
sional stresses transmitted through the litho-
sphere, accompanied by an upwelling of the
hot asthenosphere. A rapid tectonic subsi-
dence in the Middle Burdigalian-Langhian
was followed by strong block faulting and up-
lifting of the rift shoulders, about 17-19 Mabp
(Evans, 1988 and Patton et al., 1994). By con-
trast at RB-A2 well, petroleum generation
starts at a vitrinite reflectance close to 0.5%,
which is reached at different ages and depths
(Figure 12), (~22 Mabp Early Miocene) with a
corresponding paleo-temperature value of
174°F. Moreover, it has been in the overma-
ture stage since ~22 Mabp (Early Miocene),
that characterized by a vitrinite reflectance
value of 1.55%Ro and a temperature value of
453 °F (Figure 12). With increasing maturity,
the generation of gas from both kerogen (pri-
mary cracking) and already generated, but
unexpelled oil (secondary cracking) increases
by breaking of the carbon-carbon bonds (Dow,
1977; Horsfield et al., 1991 and Behar et al.,
1995). The gas-onset vitrinite reflectance val-
ue is 0.54% at ~17.55 Ma (Early Miocene) in
RB-B5 well with a temperature of 205°F;
whereas in RB-C1 well, it was reached to
78
0.65% at ~17.55 Ma (Early Miocene) with a
temperature of 232 °F (Figure 11). The
present-day vitrinite reflectance values are
based on the calculation (Sweeney and Burn-
ham, 1990), in association with the present-
day depth, showing varying vitrinite reflec-
tance values for the organic rich interval of
Wata Formation, Wata-S. The present-day
maximum simulated vitrinite reflectance val-
ue 0.76% at RB-B5 well corresponds to a tem-
perature of 252°F (Figure 9). The maximum
present-day temperature of 252°F at RB-B5
well is due to a shallower depth of the base-
ment relief, in association with the effect of
the complete missing of the Shale Marker of
the Nubia A Formation, which is character-
ized by low thermal conductivity. In addition,
the burial effect due to the deposition of the
Matulla (344ft), Rudies (3226ft), Kareem
(731ft), Zeit (1347ft) and Post-Zeit (2989ft)
sediments, has also the same reason, that af-
fect the shallower depth of gas generation at
RB-B5 well. The thicknesses as of the individ-
ual units vary greatly, because of the irregular
topography of the underlying block-faulted
Early Miocene Formations (Fichera and Giori,
1992).
However, the present-day minimum simu-
lated vitrinite reflectance value of 0.68% and
temperature value of 235°F (Figure 9) has
been calculated at RB-C1 well. This is ex-
plained by the opposite effect due to the rela-
tively considerable thickness of 79ft, that be-
longs to the Shale Marker of the Nubia A
Formation, that was characterized by relative-
ly low thermal conductivity. Moreover, the rel-
atively low basal heat flow value due to the
deep-seated basement. Although, the burial
effect due to the maximum thickness of the
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....
Esna (42ft), Thebes (389 ft), Nukhul (543ft)
and Belayim (915ft) sediments. In addition,
the great influence of high thermal conductivi-
ty of the thick South Gharib Formation
(924ft), that effectively transfers heat to the
overlain formation. This indicates that, the
maturity of the organic-reach intervals of
Wata Formation is closely related to the basin
burial and evolution with a minor heat flow
influence. This means that, the source rock
may have to be buried to greater depths in the
area to generate oil, even all other factors be-
ing the same. The present-day transformation
ratio ranges between 43.31% at RB-C1 well
and 68.73% at RB-B5 well, whereas the maxi-
mum bulk generation mass is 0.04 Mtons at
the present-day at RB-B5 well (Figure 10). By
the advent of the Miocene rifting phase, an
abrupt increase in the transformation ratio of
2.19% to 56.43% was observed at ~17.17
Mabp at RB-B5 well (Figure 10). This is due to
the increased heating rate, that accompanied
the Miocene rifting phase. The expulsion of
the hydrocarbons occurred mainly after the
generation of the gas and after the Miocene
Rifting Phase. Biostratigraphic data indicate
that, extension began in the northern part of
the Gulf of Suez and spread southward dur-
ing the Miocene (Patton et al., 1994; Krebs et
al., 1996 and Wescott et al., 1998).
The expulsion occurred since the Early Mi-
ocence (~17.2 Mabp) at a depth ranges be-
tween 4619 ft (TVDss) at RB-C1 and 5324ft
(TVDss) at RB-B5 well. The efficiency of expul-
sion depends on the petrophysical properties
of the source rock interval such as the thick-
ness of the organic rich interval and the
amount of generated hydrocarbon that is re-
lated to the initial amount of TOC value. The
79
resultant low expulsion efficiency causes a
preservation of hydrogen until gas is generat-
ed by cracking of the trapped bitumen at
more elevated maturity stages (Littke and Ley-
thaeuser, 1993). Therefore, the shallower
depth of explusion at RB-C1 well may be ex-
plained by the small thickness (23ft) of the or-
ganofacies Wata-S compared to the larger
thickness of 110 ft at RB-B5 well. At RB-C1
well, the generated hydrocarbon, partially ac-
cumulated in the source rock and adsorbed
by the organic matter. Whereas at RB-B5
well, the generated hydrocarbons slightly ac-
cumulated in the source rock and adsorbed
by the organic matter, the expulsion occurred
after the Miocene rifting phase (~17.2 Mabp),
where the paleotemperature has reached a
value of 262°F. Not all the expelled hydrocar-
bons have accumulated in the reservoir but,
mostly were lost through the migration path-
ways. The important aspects of primary mi-
gration are the nature of the hydrocarbons ex-
pelled (oil or gas), the efficiency of expulsion,
and the timing of the expulsion. Whether mi-
gration occurs mainly in vertical or horizontal
direction also depends on the source rock
properties. For example, fractures seem to de-
velop more often parallel to the bedding plane
in the shaly source rocks than in the carbo-
nate source rocks, in which fractures cut bed-
ding at high angles (Littke et al., 1988). The
Ras Budran structure has major synclinal de-
pressions to its north, west and south in
which the source beds reached the peak stage
of oil generation. The expelled oil from these
beds has migrated laterally and upward along
the fault planes, which acted as conduits for
migration, and accumulated in the low-
potential reservoirs of the Ras Budran trap
(Chowdhary and Taha, 1987). Rocks with low-
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...
er percentages of organic carbon may not be
able to expel the generated oil, possibly due to
the adsorption of the hydrocarbon molecules
on minerals (Littke et al., 1997). Oil genera-
tion windows after both the Oligocene rifting
phase and its associated thermal subsidence,
that accompanied the deposition of the Lower
Rudies Formation and before the maximum
burial depth reached. Hydrocarbon generation
is mainly related to the exchange of basin evo-
lution and burial. Maturation of the Late Cre-
taceous source rocks was controlled by the
rapid subsidence of small half-grabens from
Early Miocene time's onward (Salah and Al-
sharhan, 1996). At RB-C1 well, the oil window
depth is shallower than that at RB-B5 well,
due to the deposition of thick moderately high
thermal conductive Nukhul sediments of
534ft and Thebes sediments of 389 ft, where-
as they are completely eroded at RB-B5 well.
At RB-A2 well, the calibrated model shows
that, the igneous intrusion of the Early Mio-
cene age accelerated the hydrocarbon genera-
tion and increased the maturity level from im-
mature organofacies before the igneous
intrusion to overmature source rock interval
(Figure 13). A great variety of crystalline and
metamorphic rocks, with abundant dykes and
sills of basic intrusives, form the basement of
the sedimentary sequence of the Suez graben.
Different types of granites, crystalline schists,
gneisses and porphyrotes are recognized
(Schlumberger, 1984).
The geologic controls on the distribution of
hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Suez are based
on the areal extent and richness of potential
source rock, tectonic subsidence, and excel-
lent seals (e.g., evaporite), that accelerated hy-
drocarbon formation and redistribution (Al-
80
sharhan, 2003).
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE1D NU-
MERICAL MODELLING
The uncertainties and significance of the
two main parameters affecting maturity, heat
flow and burial depth, are discussed. For the
studied wells calibration data (corrected bot-
tom hole temperature) is available. Thus, the
influence of changing input parameters (heat
flow and thickness of eroded sediments) can
be estimated. Maturity data reflect the ther-
mal history of sedimentary rocks, which in
turn depends on the depth of burial, basal
heat flow, radioactive heat production, the
sediment/ water interface temperature, as
well as on the physical rock properties, in
particular heat conductivity and heat capaci-
ty. The burial and temperature histories were
calibrated by comparing calculated and meas-
ured temperature data. Burial and heat flow
histories were calculated based on the con-
ceptual model described above (Tables 1 and
2) and calibrated for times of maximum
temperatures/maximum burial with vitrinite
reflectance and corrected temperature data.
For the Oligocene and Miocene rifting phases,
heat flow values respectively of 100 mW/m2
and 120 mW/m2 decreasing exponentially
with time, were assumed and a comparison
between the calculated and measured maturi-
ty data has been done. An increase of
these heat flow values to 105 mW/m2 and
125 mW/m2, decreasing exponentially with
time, was assumed for a second scenario for
both rifting phases, respectively (Figure 5).
There is no shift of the calculated vitrinite re-
flectance values compared to the original
scenario. These heat flow modifications do
not change the shape of the temperature
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

and maturity curves. It should be noted that,
the maximum heat flows reached during both
rifting phases did not affect the present-day
maturity, because the sediments were depos-
ited as Miocene post-rifting basin fill at a
shallow depth and younger in age. In con-
trast, there is no clear evidence for heat
flow values during the syn-rift and early
post-rift stages, i.e. for both the Oligocene
and Miocene rifting phases. However, heat
flows much higher than those applied do not
seem to be probable, since there is an evi-
dence of intense magmatic activity in the
study area.

Figure (8) : Quantitative simulated geohistory, burial history and recalibrated temperature development
history as a function of time and space of the reference (RB-A2) well using the paleotempera-
ture determined by Easy% Ro approach. The solid lines traces the depth-time relation for the
sediment with discrepancy between present (compacted) and decompacted thickness. The low-
er curve shows subsidence of the basement. The upper curves are sea-level and the sediment
interface .

81
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Figure (9) : Quantitative simulated geohistory, burial history and recalibrated temperature de-
velopment history as a function of time and space of the reference (RB-A2) well using
the paleotemperature determined by Easy% Ro approach. The solid lines traces the
depth-time relation for the sediment with discrepancy between present (compacted)
and decompacted thickness. The lower curve shows subsidence of the basement. The
upper curves are sea-level and the sediment interface .

82
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Figure (10) : The simulated transformastion ratio value and the associated bulk generation mass
of Wata Formation in a reference wells (RB-C1, RB- A2, RB-B5) against geologic time
scale (Ma).

83
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Figure (11) : The simulated vitrinite reflectance value and the associated thermal history of
Wata formations in a reference well (RB-B5) as a function of time and space. The cal-
culated vitrinite reflectance value carried out using the Easy%Ro algorithm (Sweeney
and Burnham, 1990) and temperature profile against geologic time scale (Ma).

84
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....

Figure (12) : The simulated vitrinite reflectance value and the associated thermal history of
Wata formations in a reference well (RB-A2) as a function of time and space. The cal-
culated vitrinite reflectance value carried out using the Easy%Ro algorithm (Sweeney
and Burnham, 1990) and temperature profile against geologic time scale (Ma).

85
 Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, et al...

Figure (13) : The simulated burial history at RB-A2 and RB-B5 well, with the hydrocarbon zone
properties overlay according to the Papper and Corvi 1995_TIIS(A) oil-gas kinetics
equation of (Pepper and Corvi, 1995) for the source interval of Wata formations
through geologic time scale (Ma).

86
 THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON etc .....
CONCLUSIONS
The scenario investigated was restricted to
the available well locations and reflect their
geological evolution through time. The multi-
ple 1D model was calculated with “PetroMod
2011.1 SP1” software, provided by IES. Wata
Formation is characterized by mature to over-
mature source rocks with a tendency to pro-
duce oil. The maturity of the organic-rich in-
tervals of Wata Formation is closely related to
the basin burial and evolution with a minor
heat flow influence. This means that, the
source rock will have to be buried to greater
depths in the area to generate oil, all other
factors being the same. Application of the pe-
troleum kinetics equations for type II kerogen
of Wata Formation indicates that, oil genera-
tion started close to the Early Miocene (Bur-
digalian ~18.25 Mabp), and has been in the
wet gas window (gas onset) since ~17.55
Mabp (Early Miocene), during the deposition
of the Lower Miocene Rudies Formation and
shortly after the Oligocene rifting phase and
its associated thermal subsidence, at both
RB-C1 and RB-B5 wells. It is considered as
an active currently expelling effective source
rock that has already generated and expelled
hydrocarbons. Oil generation windows after
both the Oligocene rifting phase and its asso-
ciated thermal subsidence, that accompanied
the deposition of the Lower Rudies Formation
and before the maximum burial depth
reached. Hydrocarbon generation is mainly
related to the exchange of basin evolution and
burial. At RB-C1 well, the oil window depth is
shallower than that at RB-B5 well, which is
resulted from the deposition of thick moder-
ately high thermal conductive Nukhul sedi-
ments of 534ft and Thebes sediments of 389
ft, whereas they are completely eroded at RB-
87
B5 well. At RB-A2 well, the calibrated model
shows that, the igneous intrusion of the Early
Miocene age accelerated the hydrocarbon gen-
eration and increased the maturity level from
immature organofacies before igneous intru-
sion to over-mature source rock interval after
igneous activites.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Egyptian
General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC) and
Suez Oil Company (SUCO) for providing the
raw material and reports used in this study
and permission of publication.
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‫ا ﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﳊﺮاري واﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻮاﻃﺎ ذات اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻮرﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻞ رأس ﺑﺪران ‪ -‬ﺧﻠﻴﺞ اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ‪-‬ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻮض أﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺼﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﻋﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫إﺑﺮاﻫﻴـــــــــﻢ ﻛـــــﺮات‬
‫ﻗﺴـﻢ ﭼﻮﻟﻮﭼﻴـﺎ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ﻨﺼـﻮرة ‪ -‬ﻣﺼـﺮ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ـﻮذج أﺣـﺎدي اﻷﺑﻌـﺎد ـﺘـﻜﻮن اﻟـﻮاﻃـﺎ ﺣﻘـﻞ رأس ﺑﺪران ﻣـﺘـﻀﻤـﻨـﺎ اﻟﺘـﻄـﻮر اﳉـﻴﻮﻟـﻮﺟﻲ وﺗـﺄﺛـﻴﺮ اﻷﺣـﺪاث اﻟـﺘﻜـﺘـﻮﻧـﻴﺔ واﻟـﻔـﻴﺰﻳـﺎﺋـﻴﺔ‬

‫واﻟﻜﻴـﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟـﺰﻣﻦ اﳉﻴـﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﻬـﺪف ﺗﻘـﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺘـﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟـﻬﻴﺪروﻛـﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﺑـﺈﺳﺘﺨـﺪام ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ “PetroMod 2011.1 Sp1” .‬وﺑـﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﺮة اﻟـﻨﻤﻮذج أﺣـﺎدي اﻷﺑﻌـﺎد اﺗﻀﺢ ﺗﺒـﺎﻳﻦ درﺟﺎت اﻟـﻨﻀﺞ اﳊﺮاري ﻟـﻠﻤـﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀـﻮﻳﺔ اﶈـﻔﻮﻇﺔ ـﺘﻜـﻮن اﻟﻮاﻃﺎ ﺑـ اﻟﻨﺎﺿـﺞ إﻟﻲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧـﻀﻮﺟﺎ‬

‫و ﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻨـﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﳉﻴﻮﻛـﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻌـﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪي اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻪ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛـﺮﺑﻮن ﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻮاﻃﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﺗﻀﺢ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻧﻀﺞ‬

‫ا ـﺎدة اﻟﻌﻀـﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﻄﻮر اﳉﻴﻮﻟـﻮﺟﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ زاد ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟـﺘﻐﻴـﻴﺮ اﳊﺮاري ا ﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻓﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘـﻄﻮر اﻟﺘـﻜﺘﻮﻧﻲ ا ﺼـﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﻬﺒـﻮط اﳊﺮاري اﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﻋﻦ‬

‫اﳋـﺴﻒ اﻷوﻟﻴـﺠﻮ‪ -‬ﻣـﻴـﻮﺳﻴـﻨﻲ أﺛﻨـﺎء ﻣﺘـﻜـﻮن رودﻳﺲ اﻟﺴـﻔﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄـﺒﻴﻖ ﻣـﻌﺎدﻻت ?‪ II-S Kinetics‬ﺗـﺒ أن إﻧـﺘﺎج اﻟـﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺪأ ﻣـﻨﺬ‬

‫‪ 18.25‬ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ وأن ﺗـﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز ﺑﺪأ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 17.55‬ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟـﺒﺌﺮ رأس ﺑﺪران ‪ B5‬ورأس ﺑﺪران ‪ C1‬ﻋﻠﻲ أﻋﻤـﺎق ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ أن‬

‫ﻧـﻀﺞ اﻟـﺰﻳﺖ ﻓـﻰ ﺑـﺌـﺮ رأس ﺑﺪران ‪ C1‬ﺑﺪأ ﻋـﻠﻲ ﻋـﻤﻖ )‪ (3771ft TVDss‬وﻫـﻮ ﻋـﻤﻖ أﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﺌـﺮ رأس ﺑﺪران )‪B5 (4521ft TVDss‬‬

‫وذﻟﻚ ﻧﺘـﻴﺠـﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺳـﻴﺐ أﺳﻤﻚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺘﻜﻮن ) ‪ 534ft ( Nukhul‬وﻣﺘﻜﻮن )‪ Thebes (389ft‬ذو اﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﻞ اﳊﺮاري ا ﺘـﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺒﺌﺮ رأس‬

‫ﺑﺪران ‪ C1‬وﻋـﺪم ﺗﺴﺠـﻴﻠـﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑـﺌﺮ رأس ﺑﺪران ‪ . B5‬وﺑﺘـﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟـﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟـﺒﺘـﺮوﻓﻴـﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴـﺔ واﳉﻴـﻮﻛﻴـﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻴﺔ اﻟـﻌﻀـﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘـﺎﺋﺞ اﶈﺎﻛـﺎة اﻟﺮﻗـﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫وﺑـﺎﺳـﺘـﺨﺪام ﺑـﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ”‪ “PetroMod 2011.1 Sp1‬ﺗـﺒـ ﺗـﺄﺛـﻴـﺮ اﻟﺘـﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟـﻨـﺎري )ا ـﻴـﻮﺳﻦ ا ـﺒـﻜـﺮ( ﻓﻲ ﺑـﺌـﺮ رأس ﺑﺪران ‪ A2‬ﻋﻠـﻲ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛـﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ زاد ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬـﺎ وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﳊـﺮاري ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺿﺞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻨـﺎري إﻟﻲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻀﻮﺟﺎ ﺑﻌﺪه وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‬

‫ا ﻌﺪل اﳊﺮاري ا ﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﺎري‪.‬‬

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JOESE 5

THERMAL MATURATION SIMULATION AND HYDROCARBON

GENERATION OF THE TURONIAN WATA FORMATION IN RAS
BUDRAN OIL FIELD, GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT

Hafsa Mahmoud Atiaa, Mohammed A. Ahmeda1 and Ibrahim Korrata

a
Geology Department, Mansoura University-Egypt
a1
author for correspondence, email:awad4@daad-alumni.de

Reprint
from
Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2015; Vol. 44, No. 1 : 57-92
57-92

http://eulc.edu.eg/jes P-ISSN 1110-192X

e-ISSN 2090-9233

93