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How DC Motor Works PDF
How DC Motor Works PDF
WORKS?
ISBN : 978-17-90813-49-0
Imprint: Independently published
For information contact :
www.rhymak.com
jigneshmakwana326@gmail.com
rhymakconsultancy@gmail.com
https://electrical.teachable.com
I dedicate this book to my daughter Rhythm, for allowing me
the time to write it. I carry your mesmerizing smile and
whispering words throughout the writing of the book. I may
not be able to carry you in my arms by the time, but I will
always carry you in my hearts.
Chapter 1: Fundamental
Concept
This chapter explains how mechanical force produces by electric
current and arrangement required to produce rotary motion.
Page |4
Consider the case where one magnet is fixed and other is free
to move as shown in Fig.6. Here force of repulsion experienced by the
magnet will results in its displacement and velocity. Here mechanical
force is produced due to interaction of two flux or say magnetic field.
Good thing is that we can produce the same magnetic flux with
the help of electric current and coil too. When electric current flows
through the conductor, it produces magnetic flux around its periphery.
Direction of current and flux produced are shown in Fig. 7 & 8. When
Page |8
(a) (b)
Fig. 13 Current carrying coil in magnetic field
Fig. 17 Electric supply to moving object (bumping cars) from fixed voltage
source
(d) (e)
Chapter 2: Mathematical
Representation
This chapter explains about mathematical relation among speed,
torque and other variables like supply voltage, armature resistance,
field resistance, armature current & field current.
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𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐸𝑏 (1)
(a)
(b)
𝑁 = 𝑓(𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) (4)
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑁 (5)
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐾𝑏 𝑁 (6)
Now equation (6) have both speed and voltage. So, let’s simplify the
equation for required format.
It becomes,
𝑉𝑑𝑐 −𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑁= (7)
𝐾𝑏
𝑇𝑚 = 𝐾𝑡 𝐼𝑎 (8)
𝑇
𝑉𝑑𝑐 − 𝑚 𝑅𝑎
𝐾𝑡
𝑁= (9)
𝐾𝑏
Thus, equation (9) gives idea about how motor speed changes
with supply voltage and required torque. Here we have not discussed
about load toque yet. If torque developed by the motor is Tm, let’s
consider the load torque TL. As we have seen how motor current
increases automatic in response to higher load torque, we can assume
that motor develops more torque when increases load torque TL. So,
neglecting friction and inertia of the rotor, torque developed by the
motor Tm is equal to load torque TL. Thus, if we say torque developed
by the motor is very less, it means motor is lightly loaded and vice
versa. Current carrying capacity of conductor decides maximum
torque of the motor. It also limits the maximum supply voltage.
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𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑁𝑛𝑙 = (10)
𝐾𝑏
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑁𝑓 (11)
𝑇
𝑉𝑑𝑐 − 𝑚 𝑅𝑎
𝐾𝑡
𝑁= (12)
𝐾𝑏 𝑓
𝑉
𝑁𝑛𝑙 = 𝐾 𝑑𝑐 (13)
𝑏 𝑓
P a g e | 32
Summary:
Equation of Force:
Let’s derive equation of force experienced by current carrying
conductor.
Force produce at any instant is proportional to the current
flowing through the conductor “I” and active length of conductor “l”.
Considering constant flux density “B”, developed force,
𝐹 = 𝐵𝑙𝐼 Newton (15)
where flux density 𝐵 = 𝐴 weber/m2.
𝑑
𝑒 = 𝑑𝑡 (18)
Appendix:
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49
Faraday’s Law:
It is about generation of electricity with the help of magnet and
coil. It states that whenever flux linked with the coil changes an emf
induces in coil. It was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831.
Mathematically it represents magnitude of induce emf when flux
linked changes.
𝑑
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝑑𝑡
Lenz’s Law:
Lenz’s law gives direction of induced emf. It states that emf
induce in such direction so it opposes the quantity which is
responsible for its production. Simply say’s current produce due to
change in flux linked produces another flux in opposite direction. It
was discovered by Emili Lenz in 1834. Mathematically it is
represented by negative sign in emf equation.
𝑑
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − 𝑑𝑡
Screw Rule:
It used to remember direction of circular magnetic field (flux)
produces around periphery of current carrying conductor. By knowing
fact that we rotate the screw in clock-wise direction to insert the screw
inward and anti-clockwise direction to take it out. When current flows
inward, flux produces in clockwise direction as explained in Fig. 8.
This is analogs to known fact that rotating screw clockwise results
inward motion of screw.
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