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Soekarno
Soekarno
R. Soekarno (was born in Surabaya, East Java, on June 6 1901 – died in Jakarta, on
June 21 1970 in the age 69 years) was Indonesian President first that hold the office of in the
period 1945 - 1966. He played the role important to liberate the Indonesian nation from the
Dutch colonisation. He was the Kepancasilaan excavator. He was the Proclaimer of
Indonesian Independence (was with Mohammad Hatta) that happened on August 17 1945. He
published the Letter Of Instruction on March 11 1966 Supersemar that was controversial that,
that it seems, including his contents was assigned Lieutenant General Soeharto to pacify and
maintain his authority. But this Supersemar was misused by Lieutenant General Soeharto to
undermine his authority with the road to accuse him of taking part in masterminding the
Movement on September 30. The charges caused People's Consultative Assembly Sementara
that his member was replaced with the person who for Soeharto, shifted the presidency to
Soeharto
Finally, the government of the Japanese occupation pay attention to and at the same time
making use of the leading figure of the Indonesian leading figure like Soekarno, Mohammad
Hatta et cetera in each organisation and the agency agency to appealing the Indonesian
inhabitants. Named in various organisations like Javanese Hokokai, Pusat of the Rakyat
Power (Putera), BPUPKI and PPKI, the leading figure of the leading figure like Soekarno,
Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, K.H Mas Mansyur and so on other was talk about and seen so
active. And finally national leading figures co-operated with the government of the Japanese
occupation to achieve Indonesian independence, although there are those that carried out the
underground movement like Sutan Syahrir and Amir Sjarifuddin because of considering
Japan was the dangerous fascist.
President Soekarno personally, during the speech on the opening by text reading of the
proclamation of independence, said that although in fact we co-operated with Japan in fact
we believed and have faith as well as relied on the strength personally.
He was active in an effort to preparations for Indonesian independence, among them were to
formulate Kepancasilaan, UUD 1945 and the foundation of the foundation of the Indonesian
government including formulating the text of the proclamation of Independence. He could be
persuaded xNP to take refuge in Rengasdengklok Peristiwa Rengasdengklok.
During 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo invited the Indonesian leading figure
namely Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo to Japan and was
received directly by Emperor Hirohito. Moreover the emperor gave the empire Star (Ratna
Suci) to three Indonesian leading figures. Penganugerahan Bintang made the government of
the Japanese occupation most startled, because that was significant that the three Indonesian
leading figures it was considered the family of Japanese Emperor personally. In August 1945,
he was invited by the Marshal Terauchi, headed by the South-East Asian territory Army in
Dalat Vietnam that afterwards stated that the proclamation of Indonesian independence was
the people's Indonesian affair personally
However his involvement in the organisation bodies of the Japanese construction made
Soekarno be accused of by the Netherlands co-operating with Jepang,betwen other in the case
romusha.
Soekarno with national leading figures began to prepare gazed at the Proclamation of
Republic of Indonesia independence. After the session of the Investigator's Body preparations
efforts for Indonesian Independence BPUPKI, The Small Committee that consisted of eight
people (official), the Small Committee that consisted of nine people/the Committee of nine
(that produced Jakarta Charter) and the preparations Committee for Independence Indonesian
PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta established the Indonesian Country was based on Kepancasilaan and
UUD 1945.
After meeting the Terauchi Marshal in Dalat, Vietnam, the Rengasdengklok Incident on
August 16 1945 happened; Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta were persuaded xNP by the
young men to take refuge in the barracks of defence troops Motherland Peta Rengasdengklok.
The leading figure of the young man who persuaded in part Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih as
well as Chairul Saleh. The young men demanded that Soekarno and Hatta immediately
proclaimed Republic of Indonesia independence, because in Indonesia happened vacuum of
the authority. This was caused because Japan has surrendered and allied troops did not yet
arrive. However Soekarno, Hatta and the leading figures refused on the basis of being waiting
for the clarity concerning the Japanese surrender. The other developing reason was Soekarno
appointed moment exact for Republic of Indonesia independence that is chosen by him on
August 17 1945 at that time coincided with the date 17 Ramadhan, the holy month of Muslim
who were believed in was the date of the fall of the first revelation Muslims to the Prophet
Muhammad SAW namely Al Qur-an. On August 18 1945, Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta
were appointed by PPKI to Republic of Indonesia President and Vice President. On August
29 1945 the appointment became the President and Vice President was strengthened by
KNIP. In on September 19 1945 Soekarno's authority could resolve without Ikada bloodshed
of the field incident where 200,000 Jakarta peoples would the clash with Japanese troops that
were still fully-armed.
At the time of the arrival of the Ally (AFNEI) that was led by Lt Gen. Mystically Phillip
Christison, Christison had finally acknowledged the Indonesian sovereignty de facto after
holding the meeting with President Soekarno. President Soekarno also tried to resolve the
crisis in Surabaya. However resulting from the provocation that was launched by NICA
troops (the Netherlands) that followed the Ally. (was supervised by England) exploded the
Incident on November 10 1945 in Surabaya and fell him Brigadier General A.W.S Mallaby.
Because of many provocations in Jakarta at that time, President Soekarno had finally moved
the Republic of Indonesia capital from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed by the Vice President
and the senior official of the other country.
The position President Soekarno according to UUD 1945 was President's position as the head
of government and the head of state (presidential/single the Executive). For the revolution of
fredom, sistem the government changed became semi-presidential/double the Executive.
President Soekarno as the Head of State and Sutan Syahrir as the Prime Minister/ Head of
Government. That happened because of the existence of the announcement Vice President No
X, and the announcement of the government in November 1945 about the political party. This
was followed so that the Republic of Indonesia it was considered the more democratic
country.
Although the government's system changed, at the time of the revolution of independence,
the position of President Soekarno stayed most important, especially in facing the Madiun
Incident 1948 as well as during Aggression of Militer Netherlands Ii that caused President
Soekarno, Vice President Mohammad Hatta and several senior officials of the country to be
kept by the Netherlands. Although having the Government of the Republic of Indonesia
Emergency (PDRI) with the chairman Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, but in fact the international
community and the domestic situation continue to acknowledged that Soekarno-Hatta was the
Indonesian leader that actually, only of his policies that could complete the Indonesia-the
Netherlands dispute.
R. Soekarno (lahir di Surabaya, Jawa Timur, pada 6 Juni 1901 - meninggal di Jakarta, pada 21 Juni
1970 di usia 69 tahun) adalah Presiden Indonesia pertama yang memegang jabatan pada periode
1945 - 1966. Ia memainkan peran penting untuk membebaskan bangsa Indonesia dari penjajahan
Belanda. Dia adalah salah satu pencetus pancasila. Dia adalah Proklamator Kemerdekaan Indonesia
(bersama Mohammad Hatta) yang terjadi pada 17 Agustus 1945. Ia menerbitkan Surat Instruksi pada
11 Maret 1966 Supersemar yang kontroversial itu, yang tampaknya, termasuk isinya yang ditugaskan
Letnan Jenderal Soeharto untuk menenangkan dan mempertahankan kekuasaannya. Tapi
Supersemar ini disalahgunakan oleh Letnan Jenderal Soeharto untuk melemahkan kekuasaannya
dengan jalan menuduh dia mengambil bagian dalam mendalangi Gerakan pada 30 September. Biaya
disebabkan MPR SEMENTARA bahwa anggota-nya diganti dengan orang yang untuk Soeharto,
bergeser presiden untuk Soeharto
Latar belakang dan pendidikan
Soekarno dilahirkan dengan nama Kusno Sosrodihardjo. Ayahnya bernama Raden Soekemi
Sosrodihardjo, seorang guru di Surabaya, Jawa. Ibunya bernama Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai berasal dari
Buleleng, Bali .Ketika kecil Soekarno tinggal bersama kakeknya di Tulungagung, Jawa Timur. Di usia
14 tahun, seorang teman ayahnya yang bernama Oemar Said berkata Tjokroaminoto meminta
Soekarno tinggal di Surabaya dan akan dikirim ke sekolah untuk Hoogere Burger School (H.B.S.) yang
mana membaca Alquran di tempat Tjokroaminoto. Di Surabaya, Soekarno sering bertemu para
pemimpin serikat Islam, organisasi yang dipimpin oleh Tjokroaminoto saat itu. Soekarno kemudian
bergabung dengan organisasi Jong Java (Kelompok Muda dari Jawa) .Lulus dari H.B.S. pada tahun
1920, Soekarno melanjutkan ke Technische Hoge School (sekarang ITB) di Bandung, dan selesai pada
tahun 1925. Selama di Bandung, Soekarno berinteraksi dengan Tjipto Mangunkusumo dan Dr.
Douwes Dekker, pada saat itu pemimpin organisasi National Indische Partij.
Keluarga Soekarno
Istri Soekarno
• Oetari
• Inggit Garnasih
• Fatmawati
• Hartini
• Ratnasari Dewi Soekarno (nama asli: Naoko Nemoto)
• Haryati
anak Soekarno
• Guruh Soekarnoputra
• Megawati Soekarnoputri, Presiden Republik Indonesia masa jabatan tahun 2001-2004
• Guntur Soekarnoputra
• Rachmawati Soekarnoputri
• Sukmawati Soekarnoputri
• Taufan dan Bayu (dari istri Hartini)
• Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno (dari istri Ratna sari Dewi Soekarno)
Benar-benar gerakan nasional
Selama tahun 1926, Soekarno mendirikan Algemene Studie Klub di Bandung. Organisasi ini menjadi
cikal masa depan Partai Indonesia nasional yang didirikan pada tahun 1927. kegiatan Soekarno di PNI
menyebabkannya dia ditangkap oleh Belanda pada bulan Desember 1929, dan membawa pledoi dia
yang fenomenal Mengkritik Indonesia, sampai dibebaskan lagi pada tanggal 31 Desember 1931
pada bulan Juli 1932, Soekarno berkumpul dengan Partai Indonesia (Partindo), yang merupakan
bagian dari PNI. Soekarno ditangkap pada bulan Agustus 1933, dan diasingkan ke Flores. Di sini,
Soekarno hampir dilupakan oleh tokoh-tokoh nasional. Namun semangatnya terus bersinar sebagai
yang tersirat di salah satu suratnya ke Guru Islam Asosiasi bernama Ahmad Hassan. Selama 1938
sampai 1942 Soekarno diasigkan ke Provinsi Bengkulu. Soekarno bebas pada periode penjajahan
Jepang tahun 1942.
Benar-benar kolonisasi Jepang
Pada awal masa penjajahan Jepang (1942-1945), pemerintah Jepang memiliki kesempatan untuk
tidak memperhatikan tokoh-tokoh terkemuka dari gerakan Indonesia terutama untuk
"mengamankan" keberadaannya di Indonesia.This terlihat dalam Gerakan 3A dengan nya sosok
Shimizu dan Mr. Syamsuddin terkemuka yang sedikit tidak populer.
Akhirnya, pemerintah Jepang memperhatikan dan pada saat yang sama penggunaan membuat
waktu tokoh tokoh Indonesia terkemuka seperti Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta dan lain-lain di
setiap organisasi dan lembaga lembaga untuk menarik penduduk Indonesia. Dinamakan dalam
berbagai organisasi seperti Jawa Hokokai, Pusat Power Rakyat (Putera), BPUPKI dan PPKI, tokoh
tokoh terkemuka seperti Soekarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, KH Mas Mansyur dan sebagainya
berbicara tentang dan melihat begitu aktif. Dan tokoh akhirnya nasional bekerjasama dengan
pemerintah pendudukan Jepang untuk mencapai kemerdekaan Indonesia, meski ada yang dilakukan
gerakan bawah tanah seperti Sutan Syahrir dan Amir Sjarifuddin karena mempertimbangkan Jepang
adalah tindakan yang berbahaya.
Presiden Soekarno secara pribadi, selama pidato pada pembukaan membaca teks proklamasi
kemerdekaan, mengatakan bahwa meskipun sebenarnya kita bekerjasama dengan Jepang
sebenarnya kita percaya dan memiliki iman serta mengandalkan kekuatan pribadi.
Selama tahun 1943, Perdana Menteri Jepang Hideki Tojo mengundang tokoh Indonesia yakni
Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta dan Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo ke Jepang dan diterima langsung oleh
Kaisar Hirohito. Selain itu kaisar memberi bintang (Ratna Suci) untuk tiga tokoh Indonesia.
Penganugerahan Bintang membuat pemerintahan pendudukan Jepang yang paling terkejut, karena
yang signifikan bahwa tiga terkemuka Indonesia itu dianggap keluarga Kaisar Jepang secara pribadi.
Pada bulan Agustus 1945, ia diundang oleh Marsekal Terauchi, pemimpin Angkatan Darat wilayah
Asia Tenggara di Dalat Vietnam yang kemudian menyatakan bahwa proklamasi kemerdekaan
Indonesia adalah urusan Indonesia rakyat secara pribadi
Namun keterlibatannya dalam badan-badan organisasi pembangunan Jepang membuat Soekarno
dituduh oleh Belanda bekerja sama dengan Jepang, betwen lain dalam kasus romusha.