Hindawi

Advances in High Energy Physics

Article ID 1287932

Research Article
Cosmological Implications of the Generalized Entropy Based
Holographic Dark Energy Models in Dynamical Chern-Simons
Modified Gravity

M. Younas,1 Abdul Jawad,1 Saba Qummer,1 H. Moradpour,2 and Shamaila Rani1

1
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus-54000, Pakistan
2
Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha (RIAAM), P.O. Box 55134-441, Maragha, Iran

Correspondence should be addressed to Abdul Jawad; abduljawad@cuilahore.edu.pk

Received 28 August 2018; Revised 8 November 2018; Accepted 5 December 2018

Academic Editor: Chao-Qiang Geng

Copyright © 2018 M. Younas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The
publication of this article was funded by SCOAP3 .

Recently, Tsallis, Rényi, and Sharma-Mittal entropies have widely been used to study the gravitational and cosmological setups. We
consider a flat FRW universe with linear interaction between dark energy and dark matter. We discuss the dark energy models using
Tsallis, Rényi, and Sharma-Mittal entropies in the framework of Chern-Simons modified gravity. We explore various cosmological
parameters (equation of state parameter, squared sound of speed ) and cosmological plane (𝜔𝑑 − 𝜔𝑑󸀠 , where 𝜔𝑑󸀠 is the evolutionary
equation of state parameter). It is observed that the equation of state parameter gives quintessence-like nature of the universe in
most of the cases. Also, the squared speed of sound shows stability of Tsallis and Rényi dark energy model but unstable behavior
for Sharma-Mittal dark energy model. The 𝜔𝑑 − 𝜔𝑑󸀠 plane represents the thawing region for all dark energy models.

1. Introduction also a curious component of our universe. It is responsible

In the last few years, remarkable progress has been achieved
in the understanding of the universe expansion. It has been
approved by current observational data that the universe
undergoes an accelerated expansion. The observations of type
Ia Supernovae (SNeIa)[1–4], large scale structure (LSS) [5–8],
and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) [9–
11] determined that the expansion of the universe is currently
accelerating. There is also consensus that this acceleration
is generally believed to be caused by a mysterious form of
energy or exotic matter with negative pressure so called dark
energy (DE) [12–22].
The discovery of accelerating expansion of the universe
is a milestone for cosmology. It is considered that 95% of
our universe is composed of two components, that is DE
and dark matter [17]. The dark matter constitutes about 25%
of the total energy density of the universe. The existence of
the universe is proved by astrophysical observation but the
nature of dark matter is still unknown. Mainly the DE is
for current accelerating universe and DE is entirely different
from baryonic matter. DE constitutes almost 70% of the total
energy density of our universe.
In order to describe the accelerated expansion phe-
nomenon, two different approaches have been adopted. One
is the proposal of various dynamical DE models such as fam-
ily of Chaplygin gas, holographic dark energy, quintessence,
K-essence, and ghost [17]. A second approach for under-
standing this strange component of the universe is modifying
the standard theories of gravity, namely, general relativity
(GR). Several modified theories of gravity are 𝑓(𝑅), 𝑓(𝑇) [18],
𝑓(𝑅, T) [19], and 𝑓(𝐺) [20], where 𝑅 is the curvature scalar,
𝑇 denotes the torsion scalar, T is the trace of the energy-
momentum tensor, and 𝐺 is the invariant of Gauss-Bonnet.
Holographic DE (HDE) model is favorable technique to
solve DE mystery which has attracted much attention and is
based upon the holographic principle that states the number
of degrees of freedom of a system scales with its area instead of
its volume. In fact, HDE relates the energy density of quantum
2 Advances in High Energy Physics

fields in vacuum (as the DE candidate) to the infrared and with respect to 𝑔𝜇] and the scalar field 𝜃, we get the following
ultraviolet cut-offs. In addition, HDE is an interesting effort field equations:
in exploring the nature of DE in the framework of quantum
gravity. Cohen et al. [23] reported that the construction of 𝐺𝜇] + 𝑙𝐶𝜇] = 8𝜋𝐺𝑇𝜇] ,
HDE density is based on the relation with the vacuum energy (2)
𝑙 ∗ 𝜌𝜎𝜇]
of the system whose maximum amount should not exceed 𝑔𝜇] ∇𝜇 ∇] 𝜃 = − 𝑅 𝑅𝜌𝜎𝜇] .
the black hole mass. Cosmological consequences of some 64𝜋
HDE models in the dynamical Chern-Simons framework, as Here, 𝐺𝜇] and 𝐶𝜇] are Einstein tensor and Cotton tensor,
a modified gravity theory, can be found in [24]. respectively. The Cotton tensor 𝐶𝜇] is defined as
By considering the long term gravity with the nature
of spacetime, different entropy formalism has been used 1
to observe the gravitational and cosmological effects [25– 𝐶𝜇] = − ((∇𝜌 𝜃) 𝜀𝜌𝛽𝜏(𝜇 ∇𝜏 𝑅𝛽]) )
2√−𝑔
30]. The HDE models such as Tsallis HDE (THDE) [28], (3)
Rényi HDE model (RHDE) [29], and Sharma-Mittal HDE ∗ 𝜌(𝜇])𝜎
+ (∇𝜎 ∇𝜌 𝜃) 𝑅 .
(SMHDE) [30] have been recently proposed. In the standard
cosmology framework and from the classical stability view The energy-momentum tensor is given by
of point, while THDE is not stable [28], RHDE is stable
during the cosmic evolution [29] and SMHDE is stable ̂ 𝜃 = ∇𝜇 𝜃∇] 𝜃 − 1 𝑔𝜇] ∇𝜌 𝜃∇𝜌 𝜃,
𝑇𝜇]
only whenever it becomes dominant in the world [30]. In 2 (4)
the present work, we use the Tsallis, Sharma-Mittal, and
Rényi entropies in the framework of dynamical Chern- 𝑇𝜇] = (𝜌 + 𝑝) 𝑢𝜇 𝑢] + 𝑝𝑔𝜇] ,
Simons modified gravity and consider an interaction term.
We investigate the different cosmological parameters such as where 𝑇𝜇] shows the matter contribution and 𝑇 ̂ 𝜃 represents
𝜇]
equation of state parameter and the cosmological 𝜔𝑑 − 𝜔𝑑󸀠 the scalar field contribution, while 𝑃 and 𝜌 represent the
plane where 𝜔𝑑󸀠 shows the evaluation with respect to ln 𝑎. We pressure and energy density, respectively. Furthermore, 𝑢𝜇 =
also investigate the squared sound speed of the HDE model (1, 0, 0, 0) is the four velocity. In the framework of Chern-
to check the stability and the graphical approach. Simons gravity, we get the following Friedmann equation:
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we
1 1
provide the basics of Chern-Simons modified gravity. In 𝐻2 = (𝜌𝑚 + 𝜌𝑑 ) + 𝜃2̇ , (5)
Section 3, we observe the equation of state parameter (EoS), 3 6
cosmological plane, and squared sound speed for THDE where 𝐻 = 𝑎/𝑎 ̇ is the Hubble parameter and the dot
model. Sections 4 and 5 are devoted to finding the cosmo- represents the derivative of 𝑎 with respect to 𝑡 and 8𝜋𝐺 =
logical parameter, cosmological plane, and squared of sound 1. For FRW spacetime, the pony trying term ∗ 𝑅𝑅 vanishes
speed for RHDE and SMHDE models, respectively. In the last identically; therefore, the scalar field in (2) takes the following
section, we conclude the results. form:

𝑔𝜇] ∇𝜇 ∇] 𝜃 = 𝑔𝜇] [𝜕] 𝜕𝜇 𝜃] = 0. (6)

2. Dynamical Chern-Simons Modified Gravity We set 𝜃 = 𝜃(𝑡) and get the following equation:
In this section, we give a review of dynamical Chern-Simons
modified gravity. The action which describes the Chern- 𝜃̈ + 3𝐻𝜃̇ = 0, (7)
Simons modified gravity is given as
which implies that 𝜃̇ = 𝑏𝑎−3 , 𝑏 is a constant of integration.
Using this result in (5), we have
1 1
𝐻2 = (𝜌 + 𝜌𝑑 ) + 𝑏2 𝑎−6 . (8)
1 𝑙 𝜌𝜎𝜇] 3 𝑚 6
𝑆= ∫ 𝑑4 𝑥 [√−𝑔𝑅 + 𝜃∗ 𝑅 𝑅𝜌𝜎𝜇]
16𝜋𝐺 ] 4 We consider the interacting scenario between DE and
(1)
1 dark matter and thus equation of continuity turns to the
− 𝑔𝜇] ∇𝜇 𝜃∇] 𝜃 + 𝑉 (𝜃)] + 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑡 , following equations:
2
𝜌𝑚̇ + 3𝐻𝜌𝑚 = 𝑄, (9)

𝜌𝜎𝜇]
where 𝑅 represents the Ricci scalar, ∗ 𝑅 𝑅𝜌𝜎𝜇] is a topo-
logical invariant called the Pontryagin term, 𝑙 is a coupling
constant, 𝜃 shows the dynamical variable, 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑡 represents the
action of matter, and 𝑉(𝜃) is the potential term. In the case of
string theory, we use 𝑉(𝜃) = 0. By varying the action equation
𝜌𝑑̇ + 3𝐻 (𝜌𝑑 + 𝑝𝑑 ) = −𝑄. (10)
Here, 𝜌𝑑 is the energy density of the DE, 𝜌𝑚 is the energy
density of the pressureless matter, and 𝑄 is the interaction
term. Basically, 𝑄 represents the rate of energy exchange
between DE and dark matter. If 𝑄 > 0, it shows that energy
Advances in High Energy Physics 3

is being transferred from DE to the dark matter. For 𝑄 < 0, After combining (15) and (16), we get the following relation:
the energy is being transferred from dark matter to the DE.
We consider a specific form of interaction which is defined Λ4 ≤ 𝛾 (4𝜋)𝛿 𝐿2𝛿−4 , (17)
as 𝑄 = 3𝐻𝑑2 𝜌𝑚 and 𝑑2 is interacting parameter which shows
the energy transfers between CDM and DE. If we take 𝑑 = 0, where Λ4 is vacuum energy density and 𝜌𝑑 ∼ Λ4 . So, the
then it shows that each component, that is, the nonrelativistic Tsallis HDE density [30] is given as
matter and DE, is self-conserved. Using the value of 𝑄 in (9)
we have 𝜌𝑑 = 𝐵𝐿2𝛿−4 . (18)
2
−3(1−𝑑 )
𝜌𝑚 = 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎 , (11) Here, 𝐵 is an unknown parameter and IR cut-off is taken as
where 𝜌𝑚0 is an integration constant. Hence, (10) finally leads Hubble radius which leads to 𝐿 = 1/𝐻, where 𝐻 is Hubble
to the expression for pressure as follows: parameter. The density of Tsallis HDE model along with its
derivative by using (18) becomes
𝜌𝑑̇
𝑝𝑑 = − (𝑑2 𝜌𝑚 + 𝜌𝑑 + ), (12)
3𝐻 𝜌𝑑 = 𝐵𝐻4−2𝛿 ,
The EoS parameter is used to categorize the decelerated (19)
𝜌𝑑̇ = 𝐵 (4 − 2𝛿) 𝐻3−2𝛿 𝐻.̇
and accelerated phases of the universe. This parameter is
defined as
Here, 𝐻̇ is the derivative of Hubble parameter w.r.t. 𝑡. The
𝑝
𝜔= . (13) value of 𝐻̇ is calculated in terms of 𝑧 using 𝑎 = 1/(1 + 𝑧)
𝜌 which is given as follows.
If we take 𝜔 = 0, it corresponds to nonrelativistic matter and
the decelerated phase of the universe involves radiation era 𝑑𝐻
0 < 𝜔 < 1/3. 𝜔 = −1, −1 < 𝜔 < −1/3, and 𝜔 < −1 correspond 𝑑𝑧
to the cosmological constant, quintessence, and phantom 2 (20)
eras respectively. To analyze the dynamical properties of the (1/2) (𝜌𝑚0 (1 − 𝑑2 ) (1 + 𝑧)3(1−𝑑 ) + 𝑏2 (1 + 𝑧)6 )
=
DE models, we use 𝜔 − 𝜔󸀠 plane [31]. This plane describes (1 − (1/3) 𝐵 (4 − 2𝛿) 𝐻3−2𝛿 ) 𝐻 (1 + 𝑧)
the evolutionary universe with two different cases, freezing
region and thawing region. In the freezing region the values Inserting these values in (12) yields
of EoS parameter and evolutionary parameter are negative
1 2
(𝜔 < 0 and 𝜔󸀠 < 0), while for the thawing region, the value 𝑝𝑑 = (−3𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 )
of EoS parameter is negative and evolutionary parameter is 3
(21)
positive (𝜔 < 0 and 𝜔󸀠 > 0). In order to check the stability of 2−2𝛿 2 ̇ .
− 𝐵𝐻 (3𝐻 + (4 − 2𝛿) 𝐻))
the DE models, we need to evaluate the squared sound speed
which is given by
The EoS is obtained from (13):
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝/𝑑𝑡
V𝑠2 = = . (14) 2
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌/𝑑𝑡 𝑝 𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 ) 𝐻2𝛿−4 (2𝛿 − 4) 𝐻̇
𝜔𝑑 = 𝑑 = −1 − + . (22)
𝜌𝑑 𝐵 3𝐻2
The sign of V𝑠2 decides its stability of DE models, when V𝑠2 > 0,
the model is stable; otherwise, it is unstable. The plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝑧 is shown in Figure 1. In this parameter
and further results, the function 𝐻(𝑧) is being utilized
3. Tsallis Holographic Dark Energy numerically. The other constant parameters are mentioned
in Figure 1. The trajectory of EoS parameter remains in
The definition and derivation of standard HDE density are quintessence region at early, present, and latter epoch.
given by 𝜌𝑑 = 3𝑐2 𝑚𝑝 2 /𝐿2 , where 𝑚𝑝 2 represents reduced The square of the sound speed is given by
Plank mass and 𝐿 denotes the infrared cut-off. It depends
upon the entropy area relationship of black holes, i.e., 𝑆 ∼ 1 2
V𝑠2 = (9𝑑2 (𝑑2 − 1) 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎3𝑑 𝐻2𝛿 𝑎̇
𝐴 ∼ 𝐿2 , where 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝐿2 represents the area of the horizon. 6𝐵 (𝛿 − 2) 𝑎 𝐻 𝐻̇
4 3

Tsallis and Cirto [32] showed that the horizon entropy of the
(23)
black hole can be modified as − 2𝐵 (𝛿 − 2) 𝑎4 𝐻
𝑆𝛿 = 𝛾𝐴𝛿 , (15) × (3𝐻2 𝐻̇ − 2 (𝛿 − 1) 𝐻̇ 2 + 𝐻𝐻))
̈ .
where 𝛿 is the nonadditivity parameter and 𝛾 is an unknown
constant [32]. Cohen at al. [23] proposed the mutual relation- The plot of squared sound speed versus 𝑧 is shown in
ship between IR (L) cut-off, system entropy (S), and UV (Λ) Figure 2 for different parametric values. This graph is used
cut-off as to analyze the stability of this model. We can see that V𝑠2 > 0,
for −0.6 < 𝑧 < 1 which corresponds to the stability of THDE
𝐿3 Λ3 ≤ (𝑆)3/4 . (16) model. However, the model shows instability for 𝑧 < −0.6.
4 Advances in High Energy Physics

Tsallis HDE Tsallis HDE

−0.2 4

−0.4 3
d

(d )
−0.6 2

−0.8 1

−1.0 0
−0.5 0.0 0.5 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2
z d
Figure 1: Plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝑧 for THDE model where 𝛿 = 1.1, 𝜌𝑚0 =
Figure 3: Plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝜔𝑑󸀠 for THDE model where 𝛿 = 1.1,
1, 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝐵 = −1.3, 𝑏 = 0.5.
𝜌𝑚0 = 1, 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝐵 = −1.3, 𝑏 = 0.5.

Tsallis HDE
where 𝛿 ≡ 1−𝑈, where 𝑈 is a real parameter. Now, combining
0.3 the above equations, we find their mutual relation given as

0.2 1
S= ln (1 + 𝛿𝑆𝑇 ) . (26)
s 2

𝛿
0.1
This equation shows that S belongs to the class of most
general entropy functions of homogenous system. Recently,
0.0
it has been observed that Bekenstein entropy, 𝑆 = 𝐴/4, is in
−0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 fact Tsallis entropy which gives the expression
z
Figure 2: Plot of V𝑠2 versus 𝑧 for THDE model where 𝛿 = 1.1, 𝜌𝑚0 = 1 𝐴
𝑆= ln (1 + 𝛿 ) , (27)
0.8, 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝐵 = −1.3, 𝑏 = 0.5. 𝛿 4
which is the Rényi entropy of the system. Now for the
RHDE, we focus on WMAP data for flat universe. Using the
Taking the derivative of the EoS parameter with respect assumption 𝜌𝑑 𝑑V ∝ 𝑇𝑑𝑠, we can get RHDE density
to ln 𝑎, we get 𝜔𝑑󸀠 as follows.
3𝐶2 𝐻2
1 2 𝜌𝑑 = . (28)
𝜔𝑑󸀠 = (−3𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0
3𝑑
𝐻2𝛿 (3 (𝑑2 − 1) 𝐻𝑎̇ 8𝜋 (1 + 𝛿𝜋/𝐻2 )
3𝐵𝑎4 𝐻6
̇ + 2𝐵 (𝛿 − 2) × 𝑎4 𝐻2 (−2𝐻̇ 2 (24) Considering the term 8𝜋 = 1 and substituting in (28), we get
+ (2𝛿 − 4) 𝐻)
the expression for density as
̈
+ 𝐻𝐻))
3𝐶2 𝐻2
𝜌𝑑 = . (29)
1 + 𝛿𝜋/𝐻2
The graph of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝜔𝑑󸀠
is shown in Figure 3, for which
𝜔𝑑󸀠 depicts positive behavior. Hence, for 𝜔𝑑 < 0, the evolution Now, 𝑑𝐻/𝑑𝑧 is given by the following.
parameter shows 𝜔𝑑󸀠 > 0, which represents the thawing region
of evolving universe. 𝑑𝐻
𝑑𝑧
2 (30)
4. Rényi Holographic Dark Energy Model (1/2) (𝜌𝑚0 (1 − 𝑑2 ) (1 + 𝑧)3(1−𝑑 ) + 𝑏2 (1 + 𝑧)6 )
= 2
We consider a system with 𝑊 states with probability of getting (1 − (2𝑐2 𝐻2 (𝑧2 + 𝛿𝜋) − 𝑐2 𝐻4 ) / (𝐻2 + 𝛿𝜋) ) 𝐻 (1 + 𝑧)
𝑖th state 𝑃𝑖 and satisfying the condition Σ𝑊
𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 = 1. Rényi and
Tsallis entropies are defined as The pressure for this case is obtained as
2
1 𝑝𝑑 = −𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 )
S = ln Σ𝑊
𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖
1−𝛿
,
𝛿
(25) ̇
𝑐2 𝐻2 (−3𝐻2 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) − 2 (2𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) 𝐻) (31)
1 + .
𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑊 (𝑃1−𝛿 − 𝑃𝑖 ) , (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 )
2
𝛿 𝑖=1 𝑖
Advances in High Energy Physics 5

Renyi HDE Renyi HDE

0.0
200
−0.2
150
−0.4
d

s 2
−0.6 100

−0.8
50
−1.0
−0.5 0.0 0.5 0
z −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
z
Figure 4: Plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝑧 for RHDE model where 𝛿 = 1.1, 𝜌𝑚0 =
0.8, 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝑐 = 0.1, 𝑏 = 0.05. Figure 5: Plot of V𝑠2 versus 𝑧, for RHDE model where 𝛿 = 1.1, 𝜌𝑚0 =
0.8, 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝑐 = 0.1, 𝑏 = 1.5.

The expressions for EoS parameter 𝜔𝑑 can be evaluated from

(12) as follows: Renyi HDE
3.5
2
−𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 ) 3.0
𝜔𝑑 = (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) (
3𝑐2 𝐻4 2.5
(32) 2.0
̇
(3𝐻2 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) + 2 (2𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) 𝐻)
(d )

− 2
). 1.5
3𝐻2 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 )
1.0
Figure 4 shows the plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝑧. The trajectory 0.5
of EoS parameter evolutes the universe from quintessence
0.0
region towards the ΛCDM limit. The squared sound speed −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
of this RHDE model is given by using (13) as d
2 2
2
3𝐻 (1 − 𝑑2 ) 𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 ) (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) Figure 6: Plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝜔𝑑󸀠 for RHDE model where 𝛿 = 1.1,
V𝑠 = 𝜌𝑚0 = 0.8, 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝑐 = 0.1, 𝑏 = 0.05.
6𝑐2 𝐻3 (2𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) 𝐻̇
1
− (33)
3𝐻2 (2𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 )
graph shows that, for 𝜔𝑑 < 0, the evolutionary parameter
× {𝐻̇ (6𝜋2 𝛿2 𝐻2 + 9𝜋𝛿𝐻4 + 3𝐻6 + 4𝜋2 𝛿2 𝐻)
̇ remains positive at the early, present, and latter epoch. This
type of behavior depicts the thawing region of the evolving
+ 𝐻𝐻̈ (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) × (2𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 )} . universe.

The graph of squared speed of sound is shown in Figure 5

versus 𝑧. In this case, we have V𝑠2 > 0 for all ranges of 𝑧, which 5. Sharma-Mittal Holographic Dark Energy
shows the stability of RHDE model at the early, present, and Model
latter epoch of the universe.
The expression for 𝜔𝑑󸀠 is evaluated as From the Rényi entropy, we have the generalized entropy
content of the system. Using (26), Sharma-Mittal introduced
1 2 2
𝜔𝑑󸀠 = 2
{−𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎3𝑑 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) a two-parametric entropy which is defined as
3𝑐2 𝑎4 𝐻6 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 )

⋅ (3𝐻𝑎̇ (−1 + 𝑑2 ) 1 1−𝛿 1−𝑟/𝛿

𝑆𝑆𝑀 = ((Σ𝑊
𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 ) − 1) , (35)
1−𝑟
× (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) − 2𝑎𝐻̇ (2𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 )) (34)
where 𝑟 is a new free parameter. We can observe that Rényi
+ 2𝑐2 𝑎4 𝐻2 (4𝜋2 𝛿2 + 8𝜋𝛿𝐻2 + 2𝐻4 ) 𝐻̇ 2 − 2𝐻 (𝜋𝛿 and Tsallis entropies can be recovered at the proper limits;
using (25) in (35), we have
̈ .
+ 𝐻2 ) (2𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) 𝐻}

In Figure 6, we plot the EoS parameter with its evolution 1 𝑅/𝛿

𝑆𝑆𝑀 = ((1 + 𝛿𝑆𝑇 ) − 1) , (36)
parameter to discuss 𝜔𝑑 − 𝜔𝑑󸀠 plane for RHDE model. The 𝑅
6 Advances in High Energy Physics

where 𝑅 ≡ 1 − 𝑟. Using the argument that Bekenstein entropy where 𝑐2 is an unknown free parameter. Using 8𝜋 = 1 in
is the proper candidate for Tsallis entropy by using 𝑆 = 𝐴/4, above equation, we get the following expression for energy
where 𝐴 is horizon entropy, we get the following expression: density

1 𝐴 𝑅/𝛿
𝑆𝑆𝑀 = ((1 + 𝛿 ) − 1) , (37)
𝑅 4

and the relation of UV (Λ) cut-off, IR (L) cut-off, and system

horizon (S) is given as follows.
3𝑐2 𝐻4 𝛿𝜋 𝑅/𝛿
4 𝑆 𝜌𝑑 = [(1 + 2 ) − 1] . (40)
Λ ∝ 4 (38) 𝑅 𝐻
𝐿

Now, taking 𝐿 ≡ 1/𝐻 = √𝐴/4𝜋, then the energy density

of DE given by Sharma-Mittal [30] is considered as

3𝑐2 𝐻4 𝛿𝜋 𝑅/𝛿
𝜌𝑑 = [(1 + 2 ) − 1] , (39)
8𝜋𝑅 𝐻 The differential equation of 𝐻 is given by the following.

𝑑𝐻 (1/2) (𝜌𝑚0 (1 − 𝑑2 ) (1 + 𝑧)3(1−𝑑 ) + 𝑏2 (1 + 𝑧)6 )

= (41)
𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑐2 𝜋 (1 + (𝛿𝜋/𝐻2 ))
𝑅/𝛿−1 𝑅/𝛿
− (2𝑐2 𝐻2 /𝑅) ((1 + 𝛿𝜋/𝐻2 ) − 1) 𝐻 (1 + 𝑧)

The pressure can be evaluated by energy conservation (11) as The EoS parameter for this model is given by
follows:

𝑝𝑑 = −𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 )

2
𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿−1
𝜔𝑑 = 2𝑐2 (𝜋 (1 + )
𝐻2
𝑅/𝛿
3 ((1 + 𝜋𝛿/𝐻2 ) − 1) 𝐻4
−𝑐 ( 2 2𝐻2 𝐻̇ 𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿
− ((1 + 2 − 1) ))
𝑅 𝑅 𝐻 (43)
2

𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿−1
(42) 𝑑2 𝑅𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 )
− 2𝜋𝐻̇ (1 + 2 ) − 𝑅/𝛿
− 1.
𝐻 3𝑐2 𝐻4 ((1 + 𝛿𝜋/𝐻2 ) − 1)
𝑅/𝛿
4 ((1 + 𝜋𝛿/𝐻2 ) − 1) 𝐻2 𝐻̇
The plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝑧 is shown in Figure 7. The EoS
+ ).
𝑅 parameter represents the quintessence nature of the universe.
The square of the sound speed is evaluated as

1 2
V𝑠2 = 𝑅/𝛿−1 𝑅/𝛿
× {−3𝑑2 𝐻 (−1 + 𝑑2 ) 𝜌𝑚0 𝑎−3(1−𝑑 )
6𝑐2 𝐻𝐻̇ (−𝜋 (1 + 𝜋𝛿/𝐻2 ) + (2𝐻2 /𝑅) ((1 + 𝜋𝛿/𝐻2 ) − 1))

2𝑐2 𝐻 1 𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿
+ (6𝐻2 𝐻̇ + 4𝐻̇ 2 + 2𝐻𝐻̈ − 2
(1 + )
𝑅 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) 𝐻2 (44)

⋅ (3𝐻2 𝐻̇ (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) (−𝜋𝑅 + 2𝜋𝛿 + 2𝐻2 ) + 2𝐻̇ (𝜋2 (𝑅 − 2𝛿) (𝑅 − 𝛿) − 2𝐻̇ 2 𝜋 (𝑅 − 2𝛿) 𝐻2 + 2𝐻4 ))

+ 𝐻𝐻̇ (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) × (−𝜋𝑅 + 2𝜋𝛿 + 2𝐻2 ) 𝐻)}

̈ .

In Figure 8, we draw V𝑠2 versus 𝑧 which shows the unstable and latter epoch.
behavior of the SMHDE model as V𝑠2 < 0 at early, present,
Advances in High Energy Physics 7

Sharma–Mittal HDE Sharma–Mittal HDE

0.0
−2
−0.1
−0.2 −3
−0.3

s 2
d

−4
−0.4
−0.5 −5
−0.6
−6
−0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
z z

Figure 7: Plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝑧 for SMHDE where 𝛿 = 1.1, 𝜌𝑚0 = 0.01, Figure 8: Plot of V𝑠2 versus 𝑧 for SMHDE where 𝛿 = 1.1, 𝜌𝑚0 = 0.8,
𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝑐 = 0.01, 𝑏 = 0.4, 𝑅 = 7. 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝑐 = 0.8, 𝑏 = 0.05, 𝑅 = 7.

Sharma–Mittal HDE
1500

1000

(d )
1 1
𝜔𝑑󸀠 = − 2
( 2
3 ((1 + 𝜋𝛿/𝐻2 )
𝑅/𝛿
− 1) 𝐻6 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) 500

2 𝜋𝛿 2𝑅/𝛿
⋅ 2𝐻2 (2 (−2 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) + (1 + ) 0
𝐻2 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0.0
2 2 4 d
⋅ (𝜋 (𝑅 − 2𝛿) 𝛿 + 2𝜋 (𝑅 − 2𝛿) 𝐻 − 2𝐻 )
Figure 9: Plot of 𝜔𝑑 versus 𝜔𝑑󸀠 for different values of 𝛿 for SMHDE
𝑅/𝛿
𝜋𝛿 where 𝛿 = 1.1, 𝜌𝑚0 = 0.01, 𝑑2 = 0.001, 𝑐 = 0.01, 𝑏 = 0.4, 𝑅 = 7.
+ (1 + )
𝐻2
Table 1: Summary of the cosmological parameters and plane.
× (−𝜋2 (𝑅2 + 𝑅𝛿 − 4𝛿2 ) − 2𝜋 (𝑅 − 4𝛿) 𝐻2 + 4𝐻4 ))
DE
𝜔𝑑 V𝑠2 𝜔𝑑 − 𝜔𝑑󸀠
models
𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿
⋅ 𝐻̇ 2 + (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) × ((1 + 2 ) − 1) THDE
quintessence-to-
partially stability thawing region
𝐻 (45) vacuum
quintessence-to-
𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿 RHDE stability thawing region
⋅ 𝐻 (−2 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) + (1 + ) vacuum
𝐻2 SMHDE quintessence un-stable thawing region

3𝑑2 (−1 + 𝑑2 )
̈ +
× (−𝜋𝑅 + 2𝜋𝛿 + 2𝐻2 )) 𝐻)
𝑐2 6. Conclusion
2 𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿 In this paper, we have discussed the THDE, RHDE, and
⋅ 𝜌𝑚0 𝑅𝑎−3(1−𝑑 ) 𝐻2 × ((1 + ) − 1) SMHDE models in the framework of Chern-Simons modi-
𝐻2
fied theory of gravity. We have taken the flat FRW universe,
2
2𝑑2 𝜌𝑚0 𝑅𝑎−3(1−𝑑 ) and linear interaction term is chosen for the interacting
+ ((𝜋 (𝑅 − 2𝛿) − 2𝐻2 ) × (1 scenario between DE and dark matter. We have evaluated
𝑐2 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 ) the different cosmological parameters (equation of state
parameter and squared sound speed), 𝜔𝑑 − 𝜔𝑑󸀠 cosmological
𝜋𝛿 𝑅/𝛿 ̇
+ ) + 2 (𝜋𝛿 + 𝐻2 )) 𝐻) plane. The trajectories of all these models have been plotted
𝐻2 with different constant parametric values.
We have summarized our results in Table 1.
Jawad et al. [33] have explored various cosmological
Figure 9 shows the plot of 𝜔𝑑 -𝜔𝑑󸀠 plane to classify the parameters (equation of state, squared speed of sound, Om-
dynamical region for the given model. We can see that 𝜔𝑑󸀠 > diagnostic) and cosmological planes in the framework of
0 for 𝜔𝑑 < 0, which indicates the thawing region of the dynamical Chern-Simons modified gravity with the new
universe. holographic dark energy model. They observed that the
8 Advances in High Energy Physics
equation of state parameter gives consistent ranges by using
different observational schemes. They also found that the
squared speed of sound shows a stable solution. They sug-
gested that the results of cosmological parameters show
consistency with recent observational data. Jawad et al. [34]
have also considered the power law and the entropy corrected
HDE models with Hubble horizon in the dynamical Chern-
Simons modified gravity. They have also explored various
cosmological parameters and planes and found consistent
results with observational data. Nadeem et al. [35] have also
investigated the interacting modified QCD ghost DE and
generalized ghost pilgrim DE with cold dark matter in the
framework of dynamical Chern-Simons modified gravity. It
is found that the results of cosmological parameters as well as
planes explain the accelerated expansion of the universe and
are compatible with observational data.
However, the present work is different from the above-
mentioned works in which we have recently proposed DE
models along with nonlinear interaction term and found
interesting and compatible results regarding current acceler-
ated expansion of the universe.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are
available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The work of H. Moradpour has been supported financially by
Research Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics of Maragha
(RIAAM) under research project No. 1/5237 − 8.
References
[1] A. G. Riess, The Astronomical Journal , vol. 116, 1998.
[2] S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering, G. Goldhaber et al., “Measurements
of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae,” The Astrophys-
ical Journal, vol. 517, no. 2, pp. 565–586, 1999.
[3] P. de Bernardis, P. A. R. Ade, and J. J. Bock, “A flat Universe from
high-resolution maps of the cosmic microwave background
radiation,” Nature, vol. 404, pp. 955–959, 2000.
[4] S. Perlmutter et al., The Astrophysical Journal , vol. 598, 2003.
[5] M. Colless et al., Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society , vol. 328, 2001.
[6] M. Tegmark et al., Physical Review D , vol. 69, Article ID 103501,
2004.
[7] S. Cole, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , vol.
362, 2005.
[8] V. Springel, C. S. Frenk, and S. D. M. White, “The large-scale
structure of the Universe,” Nature, vol. 440, no. 7088, pp. 1137–
1144, 2006.
[9] S. Hanany et al., The Astrophysical Journal Letters , vol. 545,
2000.
[10] C. B. Nettereld, P. A. R. Ade, and J. J. Bock, “A measurement by
BOOMERANG of multiple peaks in the angular power spec-
trum of the cosmic microwave background,” The Astrophysical
Journal, vol. 571, no. 2, pp. 604–614, 2002.
[11] D. N. Spergel et al., The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
, vol. 148, 2003.
[12] T. Chiba, T. Okabe, and M. Yamaguchi, “Kinetically driven
quintessence,” Physical Review D: Particles, Fields, Gravitation
and Cosmology, vol. 62, Article ID 023511, 2000.
[13] T. M. Aliev, M. Savcı, and B. B. Şirvanlı, “Double-lepton
polarization asymmetries in Λ 𝑏 󳨀→ Λℓ+ ℓ− - decay in universal
extra dimension model,” The European Physical Journal C, vol.
52, no. 2, pp. 375–382, 2007.
[14] G. Pérez-Nadal, “Stability of de Sitter spacetime under isotropic
perturbations in semiclassical gravity,” Physical Review D: Par-
ticles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology, vol. 77, Article ID
124033, 2008.
[15] S. D. H. Hsu, “Entropy bounds and dark energy,” Physics Letters
B, vol. 594, no. 1-2, pp. 13–16, 2004.
[16] S. P. de Alwis, “Brane worlds in 5D and warped compactifica-
tions in IIB,” Physics Letters. B. Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics
and Cosmology, vol. 603, no. 3-4, pp. 230–238, 2004.
[17] K. Bamba, S. Capozziello, S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov, and K.
Bamba, “Dark energy cosmology: the equivalent description
via different theoretical models and cosmography tests ,” Astro-
physics and Space Science, vol. 342, no. 1, pp. 155–228, 2012.
[18] W. A. Ponce, J. B. Flórez, and L. A. Sánchez, “Analysis of SU(3)𝑐 ×
SU(3)𝐿 × U(1)𝑋 local Gauge theory,” International Journal of
Modern Physics A, vol. 17, p. 643, 2002.
[19] E. H. Baffou, M. J. S. Houndjo, and J. Tossa, “Exploring stable
models in 𝑓(𝑅; 𝑇; 𝑅𝜇] ; 𝑇𝜇] ) gravity,” Astrophysics and Space
Science, vol. 361, article 376, 2016.
[20] S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, Physics Letters B , p. 1, 2005.
[21] M. Roos, Introduction to Cosmology, John Wiley and Sons, UK,
2003.
[22] S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, “The new form of the equation of
state for dark energy fluid and accelerating universe,” Physics
Letters B, vol. 639, no. 3-4, pp. 144–150, 2006.
[23] A. G. Cohen and alet, Physical Review Letters , vol. 73, 1999.
[24] A. Pasqua, R. da Rocha, and S. Chattopadhyay, “Holographic
dark energy models and higher order generalizations in dynam-
ical Chern-Simons modified gravity,” The European Physical
Journal C, vol. 75, article 44, 2015.
[25] H. Moradpour, A. Sheykhi, C. Corda, and I. G. Salako, “Implica-
tions of the generalized entropy formalisms on the Newtonian
gravity and dynamics ,” Physics Letters B, vol. 783, pp. 82–85,
2018.
[26] H. Moradpour, A. Bonilla, E. M. C. Abreu, and J. A. Neto,
Physical Review D , vol. 96, Article ID 123504, 2017.
[27] H. Moradpour, “Implications, consequences and interpreta-
tions of generalized entropy in the cosmological setups,” Inter-
national Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 4176–
4184, 2016.
[28] M. Tavayef, A. Sheykhi, K. Bamba, and H. Moradpour, “Tsallis
holographic dark energy,” Physics Letters B, vol. 781, pp. 195–200,
2018.
[29] H. Moradpour et al., “Thermodynamic approach to holographic
dark energy and the Rényi entropy,” General Physics, 2018.
[30] A. Sayahian Jahromi, S. A. Moosavi, H. Moradpour et al.,
“Generalized entropy formalism and a new holographic dark
Advances in High Energy Physics 9

energy model,” Physics Letters. B. Particle Physics, Nuclear Composition Comments

Physics and Cosmology, vol. 780, pp. 21–24, 2018.
[31] E. J. Copeland, M. Sami, and S. Tsujikawa, “Dynamics of dark
energy,” International Journal of Modern Physics D: Gravitation,
1. Please check and confirm the author(s) first and last names
Astrophysics, Cosmology, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1753–1935, 2006.
[32] C. Tsallis and L. J. L. Cirto, “Black hole thermodynamical
and their order which exist in the last page.
entropy,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 73, no. 7, p. 2487,
2013. 2. We made the highlighted change as per journal style.
[33] A. Jawad, S. Rani, and T. Nawaz, “Interacting new holographic Please check.
dark energy in dynamical Chern-Simons modified gravity,” The
European Physical Journal Plus, vol. 131, p. 282, 2016. 3. Please carefully check your Data Statement, as
[34] A. Jawad, S. Rani, and N. Azhar, International Journal of Modern it may have been added/rephrased by our editorial
Physics D , vol. 26, Article ID 1750040, 2016.
staff. If you’d like assistance in making further
[35] N. Azhar, International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern
Physics , vol. 15, Article ID 1850034, 2018. revisions, please refer to our Research Data policy at
https://www.hindawi.com/research.data/#statement.

4. Comment on ref. [1]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

5. Comment on ref. [4]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

6. Comment on ref. [5]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

7. Comment on ref. [6]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

8. Comment on ref. [7]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

9. Comment on ref. [9]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

10. Comment on ref. [11]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

11. Comment on ref. [17]: We deleted reference [23] in the

current article, which was a repetition of [17]. Consequently
we will replace all the citations of [23] within text with those
of [17]. Please check.

12. Comment on ref. [20]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

13. Comment on ref. [23]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

14. Comment on ref. [25]: We split reference [26] from the

original paper to [25–27] in the 1st galley proof. Please check
it.

15. Comment on ref. [26]: Please provide the title of this

reference.
10 Advances in High Energy Physics

16. Comment on ref. [34]: Please provide the title of this

reference.

17. Comment on ref. [35]: Please provide the title of this

reference.
 Author(s) Name(s)

It is very important to conrm the author(s) last and rst names in order to be displayed correctly
on our website as well as in the indexing databases:

Author 1 Last Name: Qummer

Given Names: M.
Last Name: Younas Author 4
Given Names: H.
Author 2 Last Name: Moradpour
Given Names: Abdul
Last Name: Jawad Author 5
Given Names: Shamaila
Author 3 Last Name: Rani
Given Names: Saba

We strongly recommend that you deposit your article with arXiv, under one of the high energy physics
categories; Experiment (hep-ex), Lattice (hep-lat), Phenomenology (hep-ph), or eory (hep-th). You can
log into their system at https://arxiv.org/user/login. e submission procedure is well explained at http://
arxiv.org/help/, where you can also nd the answers to frequently asked questions. Once your manuscript
is submitted there, please provide us with the arXiv ID.
It is very important for each author to have a linked ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID)
account on MTS. ORCID aims to solve the name ambiguity problem in scholarly communications by
creating a registry of persistent unique identiers for individual researchers.
To register a linked ORCID account, please go to the Account Update page (http://mts.hindawi.com/
update/) in our Manuscript Tracking System and aer you have logged in click on the ORCID link at the
top of the page. is link will take you to the ORCID website where you will be able to create an account
for yourself. Once you have done so, your new ORCID will be saved in our Manuscript Tracking System
automatically.