Aim:

To investigate the working of WiMAX(or similar propagation in wireless

channel) in Physical layer for downlink using Simulink.

Theory:
WiMax is an acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It
is based on Wireless MAN technology. It is a wireless technology optimized
for the delivery of IP centric services over a wide area. A certification that
denotes interoperability of equipment built to the IEEE 802.16 or compatible
standard. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group develops standards that address two
types of usage models −

o A fixed usage model (IEEE 802.16-2004).

o A portable usage model (IEEE 802.16e).
WiMAX is expected to offer initially up to about 40 Mbps capacity per wireless
channel for both fixed and portable applications, depending on the particular
technical configuration chosen, enough to support hundreds of businesses with
T-1 speed connectivity and thousands of residences with DSL speed
connectivity. WiMAX can support voice and video as well as Internet data.
WiMax developed to provide wireless broadband access to buildings, either in
competition to existing wired networks or alone in currently un-served rural or
thinly populated areas. It can also be used to connect WLAN hotspots to the
Internet. WiMAX is also intended to provide broadband connectivity to mobile
devices. It would not be as fast as in these fixed applications, but expectations
are for about 15 Mbps capacity in a 3 km cell coverage area. With WiMAX,
users could really cut free from today's Internet access arrangements and be
able to go online at broadband speeds, almost wherever they like from within a
Metro-Zone. WiMAX could potentially be deployed in a variety of spectrum
bands: 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz.
Advantages of WiMax include:
• WiMAX can satisfy a variety of access needs. Potential applications
include extending broadband capabilities to bring them closer to
subscribers, filling gaps in cable, DSL and T1 services, WiFi, and
cellular backhaul, providing last-100 meter access from fibre to the curb
and giving service providers another cost-effective option for supporting
broadband services.
 • WiMAX can support very high bandwidth solutions where large
spectrum deployments (i.e. >10 MHz) are desired using existing
infrastructure keeping costs down while delivering the bandwidth
needed to support a full range of high-value multimedia services.
• WiMAX can help service providers meet many of the challenges they
face due to increasing customer demands without discarding their
existing infrastructure investments because it has the ability to
seamlessly interoperate across various network types.
• WiMAX can provide wide area coverage and quality of service
capabilities for applications ranging from real-time delay-sensitive
voice-over-IP (VoIP) to real-time streaming video and non-real-time
downloads, ensuring that subscribers obtain the performance they expect
for all types of communications.
• WiMAX, which is an IP-based wireless broadband technology, can be
integrated into both wide-area third-generation (3G) mobile and wireless
and wireline networks allowing it to become part of a seamless anytime,
anywhere broadband access solution.
Ultimately, WiMAX is intended to serve as the next step in the evolution of 3G
mobile phones, via a potential combination of WiMAX and CDMA standards
called 4G.
Block Diagram:
Transmitter:

DATA RANDOMIZER BLOCK ENCODER CONVOLUTION ENCODER

OFDM SYMBOLS MODULATOR INTERLEAVER

Receiver:

RX DATA DE-RANDOMIZER BLOCK DECODER VITTERBI DECODER

OUTPUT DATA DEMODULATOR DE-INTERLEAVER

DATA:
The data given as input. It is the message/information we want to deliver. It can
be both analog and digital. Digital is more preferred it is less distorted and can
be easily recovered by a regenerative repeater. Thus the signals that are
inherently analog are converted to digital
RANDOMIZER:

It is also known as Scrambler. It is a device that transposes or inverts signals or

otherwise encodes a message at the sender's side to make the message
unintelligible at a receiver not equipped with an appropriately set descrambling
device (~Encryption)

Functions:

• An algorithm that converts an input string into a

seemingly random output string of the same length (e.g., by pseudo-
randomly selecting bits to invert), thus avoiding long sequences of bits of
the same value.

• An analog or digital source of unpredictable (i.e., high entropy),

unbiased, and usually independent (i.e., random) output bits. A truly
random generator may be used to feed a (more
practical) deterministic pseudo-random random number generator, which
extends the random seed value.

Reason for scrambling:

• To enable accurate timing recovery on receiver equipment without

resorting to redundant line coding. It facilitates the work of a timing
recovery circuit, an automatic gain control and other adaptive circuits of
the receiver (eliminating long sequences consisting of '0' or '1' only).

• For energy dispersal on the carrier, reducing inter-carrier

signal interference. It eliminates the dependence of a signal's power
spectrum upon the actual transmitted data, making it more dispersed to
meet maximum power spectral density requirements (because if the
power is concentrated in a narrow frequency band, it can interfere with
adjacent channels due to the intermodulation (also known as cross-
modulation) caused by non-linearity of the receiving tract.
BLOCK ENCODING:

Reed–Solomon codes are non-binary codes. A cyclic code is said to be non-

binary in that given the code vector c=(c0-cn-1) the coefficients {ci}i=0n-1are not
binary 0 or 1. Rather, ci the are themselves made up of sequences of 0s and 1s,
with each sequence being of length k. A Reed–Solomon (n,k) code is used to
encode m-bit symbols into blocks consisting of n=2m –1 symbols; that is, m(2m-
1) bits, where m>=1 . A t-error-correcting Reed–Solomon code has the
following parameters:

> block length n=2m-1 symbols

> message size k symbols

> parity-check size n-k=2t symbols

> minimum distance dmin=2t+1 symbols

CONVOLUTION ENCODER:

In block coding, the encoder accepts a k-bit message block and generates an n-
bit code word, which contains n–k parity-check bits. Convolutional coder
generates redundant bits by using modulo-2 convolutions; hence the name
convolutional codes. The encoder of a binary convolutional code with rate 1/n,
measured in bits per symbol, may be viewed as a finite-state machine that
consists of an M-stage shift register with prescribed connections to n modulo-2
adders and a multiplexer that serializes the outputs of the adders. A sequence of
message bits produces a coded output sequence of length n(L + M) bits, where
L is the length of the message sequence. The code rate is therefore given by
r=L/n(L+M).
INTERLEAVER:

The interleaver is an input–output mapping device that permutes the ordering of

a sequence of symbols from a fixed alphabet in a completely deterministic
manner; that is, it takes the symbols at the input and produces identical symbols
at the output but in a different temporal order. There are two reasons for the use
of an interleaver:

1. The interleaver ties together errors that are easily made in one half to errors
that are exceptionally unlikely to occur in the other half.

2. The interleaver provides robust performance with respect to mismatched

decoding, a problem that arises when the channel statistics are not known or
have been incorrectly specified.

MODULATOR:

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM is a form of modulation which is

widely used for modulating data signals onto a carrier used for radio
communications. It is widely used because it offers advantages over other forms
of data modulation such as PSK, although many forms of data modulation
operate along side each other. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM is a
signal in which two carriers shifted in phase by 90 degrees are modulated and
the resultant output consists of both amplitude and phase variations. In view of
the fact that both amplitude and phase variations are present it may also be
considered as a mixture of amplitude and phase modulation. The constellation
diagram and block diagram are given below.
Simulink Implementation and Output:

Parameters set:
Input Data:

Transmitted Data:
Received data(AWGN):

Received data(Rician):
Received data(Rayleigh):

Output after Demodulation(AWGN):

Output after Demodulation(Rician):

Output after Demodulation(Rayleigh):

Errors:
AWGN Channel
 Rician Channel

Rayleigh channel

Inference:
• The error generated by the three channels have been calculated(using the
default values). It has been found that the error is the least for a rician
fading channel followed by AWGN and finally Rayleigh
• On an average, 48% error is generated by all the three fading channels.
Thus, measures need to be taken to mitigate these errors.
• The spectrum of all the three channels are very similar in nature(AWGN
Channel is more spiky).
• All the other parameters are defined uniformly to study the channel
characteristics.