Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Assignment
Research Assignment
Student’s Name
Tutor’s Name
Institution
Date
Black Studies
During the 1970s, more than 700, 000 African-Americans joined colleges (Rollins, n,p).
However, due to racism, the Black students formed desegregation movements which enabled
them to enter both Historic Black Colleges and Universities which were mostly dominated by
white scholars. The 1970s experienced a massive Afrocentric push in the department of higher
education. The need for the African-Americans to reconnect with their roots facilitated the
desegregation move to join Historic Black Colleges. During the selection process of courses, the
Black students selected majors and classes that would widen their knowledge and understanding
of Afrocentric push. Desegregation movements were essential in allowing the new wave of
Black students to not only connect with their roots but also interact with students from other
cultures to enhance understanding each other (Rollins, n.p). At the University of Illinois in
particular, Black students facilitated desegregation by creating organizations such as the Black
Student’s Association (BSA) which held black dance and drama workshops at the university’s
high education with their new concepts and perspectives. This paper will, therefore, look into
how the Black student’s organizations impacted change in institutions and society.
As of 5th January 1971, the representatives of different universities across Illinois and
Indiana including representatives from University of Illinois were formulating guidelines for a
Surname 2
model Black studies program which was the only attempt across the country. “Representatives of
various colleges in Illinois and Indiana, including the University, are currently formulating
guidelines for a model Black studies program, the first such attempt in the nation,” The Daily
Illini stated (p.12). Educators and administrators established aims of the model including the
discussion of transferring credits for students taking Black studies courses and formulated a
statement for the underlying logic of Black studies. The representatives and other educators from
universities discussed the significance of Black studies from Nursery school through university
(The Daily Illini, p.12). An average reader of the article would question how the introduction of
black studies would impact or accommodate to the university, and how the institutionalization of
black studies impacted organizations. However, the model of Black studies did not only grow out
of the civil rights movement disillusion but also inflicted an upsurge of black cultural
nationalism (Rojas, p. 207). Introduction of Black studies was a topic that resulted from the civil
rights movement. Such movements formed links with college students and encouraged them to
push for concessions from university administrators. The demand for black studies instilled
different feeling from different people. For instance, while the black people viewed it as an
appropriate cultural stunt that would reconnect them with their roots, university deans and
presidents saw it as an illegitimate or a low priority course. The black student groups pushed for
the welfare of the minority students as they called for affirmative action in the admission of
introduction of black studies. For instance, as of 7th January 1971, BSA was on the forefront to
request for funds from the South West Campus Residents Association. “Ron Winley, BSA
representative, had requested funds at a SCRA meeting last month,” (The Daily Illini, p. 5).
Black student’s movements such as the BSA were thus systems to support Black students and
Surname 3
ensure their psychological and physical well-being and redefine what a being a successful black
person meant.
that lacked conceptualization of identities that emerged from the new study of Black life (Curry,
p.1). Black studies required an excellent effort for intellectual advancement from historical
sociology that studied authentic situations of black society to a more comprehensive and
discursive interpretation of Black people. The post discourse of inclusion of Black studies made
efforts in pluralizing the perception of Black people, exclusion of Blacks, and death of young
men. It generally looked into the interests of men rather than Black females and integration of
Black politics (Curry, p.1). The masculinization of Black studies played a significant role in the
neo-liberal logic which considered the studies to be dangerous and terroristic social movements
such as Civil Rights and Black Power. The attempts to reconstruct modern Black studies is
problematic as different institutions resonate with the sentiments that the studies internalize the
On 6th January 1971, the managers of WPGU radio station rescheduled air time for
Black programming with “Concert Hall” a classical music program which the managers had
decided to eliminate (The Daily Illini, p. 3). However, the radio managers decided to air the
“Concert Hall” from midnight up to 2 a. m while it would air Black Music from 10 pm until
midnight. “At present, there are only two hours of programming per week at WPGU aimed
specifically at the Black audience, a Friday evening soul music,” (The Daily Illini, p. 3).
Therefore, the time dedicated to the Black audience was only two hours. No BSA member
addressed the compromise with the broadcast. However, Jeffery would comment on this matter
two days later. On 8th January 1971, he stated that “WPGU, like many other white organs at the
Surname 4
university, still negotiates with the Blacks in bad faith,” (The Daily Illini, p. 10). The statement
shows that, although no member of the BSA commented on the issue, there were ill feelings
among the Black students after the university radio station failed to hold its part of the deal.
A decision of not eliminating the “Concert Hall” was reached after the adverse reactions
of listeners who stated that “it was felt that classical, as well as Black music, should be
represented in our broadcast day,” (The Daily Illini, p. 3). For instance, one writer stated on the
editorial page of the issue for 5th January 1971, that there was no legitimate cause for shutting
down the “Concert Hall” (p. 9). The show played classical music which was different from other
shows which played soul music. The writers felt that the difference of the radio’s timeline was
the main reason that BSA wanted the airing of Black music. The radio’s managers argued that
the show was not popular lest it was so successful. He, therefore, disagreed with the demand for
taking the “Concert Hall” off the air as he believed that WPGU played the best quality of
classical music.
Apart from playing of Black music by the university’s radio, Black students in the
University of Illinois held black programs which educated them about the Afro-American
culture. Such programs included Black dance workshops and Black drama workshops. The
Black dance workshops were conducted between 6 and 7 p.m on Tuesday in Lincoln Hall
Theatre while Black drama workshops were held the same day at Afro-American Cultural Centre
at 7:30 pm (The Daily Illini, p. 5). Such seminars were of vital importance to the black students
in the university considering that Black studies had just been introduced. Therefore, dance was a
unique vehicle to deliver to other cultures the dimensions of Afro-American culture. Music, on
the other hand, acknowledged its root on the continent of Africa thus playing a significant role in
Surname 5
the context of Black studies. African-American music alluded both the despair and bitterness that
On 8th January 1971, Jeffrey Roberts wrote that Black college students must use the
skills they learn to serve the black people and raise their level of political awareness (The Daily
Illini, p. 10). “Black students can not afford the luxury of privately retaining their skills. The
skills that they receive must be made available to the Black community,” (The Daily Illini, p.
10). He stated that Black students had no privilege of retaining skills to themselves. Therefore,
availing their knowledge to the Black community was important. The spreading of college-
learned skills to the society was practiced by organizations such as Afro Human Consolidated
Incorporated (AHCI) as well as BSA. The AHCI that consisted of Black professionals and
students worked towards involving Black students in Black community programs. Their skills,
for instance, were used to research for the Champaign Advocacy Depot (CAD) which provided
aid to Black people. The contribution of college students was necessary as it facilitated Black
pride and integrity. The role played by the college students was influential in establishing the
Alternative Education Program which provided education to the less fortunate in the Black
However, not all black student’s organizations succeeded in contributing to the Black
society. For instance, BSA did not achieve to provide Black students to participate in the
Alternative Education Program. The slack by such organizations resulted from low Black student
participation. Only a few Black students from the university engaged in providing services using
their acquired skills to strengthen the Black community. Jeffery states that Black university
students have little time to practice their learned skills and what seems like practice to the whites
is the “real thing” to the Black scholars (The Daily Illini, p. 10).
Surname 6
In most cases, school performance created barriers to the future opportunities of the
African-Americans. The comparison of the educational gaps between the African-Americans and
other groups was substantial. The records had it that Black students score lower grades as
compared to whites, Latinos, and Asians. Some of them progressed through school but ended up
not excelling academically as their counterparts. Therefore, universities were dominated by the
whites as there were fewer Blacks who managed to secure a course in the competitive four-year
colleges (Bowman et al., n.p). The insipid creative writing of Black scholars attributed from lack
of fictional creativity. Their writing encompassed the reality of the Black world. Therefore,
engaging in Black students’ organizations was a vital move to not only serve the Black society
but also improve their skills through real-life application of the learned knowledge (The Daily
Illini, p.10).
On a social headline by Jeffery on the 9th January, a Black female graduate paid homage
to Angela Davis in a reading. The Black Female Oral Interpretist stated that “chosen not to be
political, but because Angela Davis is a part of me,” a reading from her “A Poetic Tribute to
Angela Yvonne Davis,” (The Daily Illini, pg. 5). The reciting from the black graduate, Yolanda
Marie Smith, received much approval from the audience. After Yolanda’s performance, Miss
Smith took the stage to read a conglomeration of poetry that echoed “the loneliness but
togetherness of Davis.” Among the many poems recited was “A poem to Angela Yvonne Davis,”
by Nicki Giovanni. The American pledge was also recited. Miss Smith named Miss Davis as “A
soldier for Black Liberation and a product of Amerika.” Behind Miss Smith was a red, green,
and black flag. Miss Smith later recognized Black literature by stating that “Black Literature is
different, but the theme is the same. It is the literature of survival.” She said, “Davis was a
The celebrated person, Angela Yvonne Davis, emerged in the 1960s as a conspicuous
counterculture activist who was an American scholar, partisan activist as well as an author. She
led the Communist Party USA and was closely linked to the Black Panther Party during the era
of the Civil Rights Movement (Rob, n.p). The event outlined above not only celebrated her
achievement as a philosopher but also as a counterculture activist. Her mark as a feminist was
especially influential during the event. As noted from The Daily Illini issue for 9th January 1971,
only Black females addressed the event (p. 5). It was an important role in portraying women
especially the Black women as potential leaders. It is to be noted that the event was held after
Davis appeared before the court in 5th January 1971 after being charged with aggravated
kidnapping and first-degree murder of Harold Harley (Rob, n.p). The occasion was thus a
movement of scholars who were organizing for her release. The incident had some symbols and
events that portrayed the power of Black women and the rise of a black nation. For instance, the
statement by Yolanda that “chosen not to be political, but because Angela Davis is a part of me”
shows the role that Davis, a black female, played in politics and how she encouraged Yolanda to
join politics. Additionally, the flag hanging behind Miss Smith represented the building of a
universities by introducing new concepts. For instance, the plan for a new curriculum, Black
studies, was a significant move that would create awareness to the Black people regarding their
roots and the issues that concerned them. Such studies introduced other activities such as music
and drama that would later expose the Black students to ideas that they did not know about. The
1970s was the time that the African-American people would learn their history which was not
previously allowed by the curriculum. It was also a period that marked great achievements by the
Surname 8
Black females in the field of politics and literature. The wave that the African-Americans left on
higher education since the 1970s continues to grow in the modern day.
Surname 9
Works Cited
Bowman, B., J. Comer, and D. Johns. "Addressing the African American Achievement Gap:
Three Leading Educators Issue a Call to Action." Young Children 73.2 (2018): 12-21.
Curry, Tommy J. "Black Studies, Not Morality: Anti-Black Racism, Neo-Liberal Cooptation,
and the Challenges to Black Studies Under Intersectional Axioms." Academia. edu, www.
Polly, The Daily Illini. ""Concert Hall' Retained." The Daily Illini, 6 Jan. 1971, p. 3.
Rob, Abdul. "Angela Davis." Black History Month 2019 | Black History Month Celebrating the
www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-heroes/angela-davis/. Accessed
5 Apr. 2019.
Roberts, Jeffery, The Daily Illini. "Skills f or 1971." The Daily Illini, 8 Jan. 1971, p. 10.
Roberts, Jeffery, The Daily Illini. "Tribute paid Angela Davis in reading by Blackgraduate." The
Rojas, Fabio. From black power to black studies: How a radical social movement became an
The Daily Illini. "BSA funds request tabled by southwest campus group." The Daily Illini,
7 Jan. 1971, p. 5.
Surname 15
The Daily Illini. "Illinois, Indiana collapse formulate first model Black studies program." The