12 

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Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

1. For keto-enol tautomerism the presence of  hydrogen atom is required. In benzoquinone, hydrogen atom is
bonded to sp2 hybridised C-atom, which is difficult to ionise.
2. Fehling’s solution consists of CuSO4 mixed with Rochelle salt i.e., sodium potassium tartrate.
CH(OH)COONa
|
CH(OH)COOK
CHO
3. + CH3  NH2  CH = NCH3 + H2O
Methylamine
Benzaldehyde Substituted imine
(Schiff’s base)

4. Tollen’s Reagent oxidises only CHO group to COOH group.


CH3  CH = CH  CHO 
[Ag( NH3 )2 ]
 CH3  CH = CH  COOH
But-2-enal But-2-enoic acid


5. C2H5 I 
alc.KOH
 CH2 
Br2
CCl4
 CH2  Br 
KCN
 CH2  CN 
H 3O
 CH2  COOH

CH2 CH2  Br CH2  CN CH2  COOH

Succinic acid
(X) (Y) (A)

6. CH3 H CH3 O O CH3 O

3 2 1
CH3  CH  C = C  H 
 CH3  CH  C  O  C  H  CH3  CH  C + H  CHO

H3C  CH2 H3C  CH2 H CH2  CH3 Formaldehyde

2-Ethyl-3-methylbut-1-ene 2-Methylpentan-3-one

CHO CH2  OH
7. + H  CHO 
 NaOH
+ HCOONa
Benzaldehyde Formaldehyde Benzyl alcohol Sodium formate

8. H  CHO + CH3  CHO 

NaOH
 HO  H2C  CH2  CHO
Methanal Ethanal

OH  CH2  CH2  CHO   CH2 = CH  CHO
(A)
H H

CH2 = CH  C = O + HCN  CH2 = CH  C  CN

(A)
OH
H 3O 
CH2 = CH  CH  CN   CH2 = CH  CH  COOH

OH OH
2-Hydroxybut-3-enoic acid
(B)

1
Std. XII : Triumph Chemistry 
9. Addition of HCN to carbonyl compounds is a nucleophilic addition. The lower reactivity of ketones over
aldehydes is due to +I effect of the alkyl group and steric hindrance. The aromatic aldehydes and ketones
are less reactive than their aliphatic analogous.
10. COOH is m-directing and electron withdrawing group.


11. CH3  COO  NH4   CH3  CO  NH2 
P2 O5
 H2O
 CH3  CN    CH3  COOH
H 2O
H
Ammonium acetate (X) (Y) Acetic acid
(Z)

12. C6H5OH 

Zn dust
C6H6 
CH3Cl
Anhydrous AlCl3
 C6H5CH3 
Alk.KMnO4
 C6H5COOH
Phenol Benzene Toluene Benzoic acid
(X) (Y) (Z)

13. H2C = CH  COOH 

LiAlH 4
reduction
 CH2 = CH  CH2  OH
Prop-2-enoic acid Prop-2-en-1-ol
(Carboxylic acid) (Primary alcohol)

14. HCOOH is the strongest acid among the given set of acids, hence it has lower pKa value.
15. Acid derivatives have electron deficient carboxylic carbon but there is no electron deficient site in ethers.
COO  C2H5 COONa
16. 
+ NaOH 
 + C2H5  OH
Ethyl benzoate Sodium benzoate Ethanol
17. The smallest ketone is acetone which being a symmetrical ketone forms only one oxime. The next
homologue of acetone, being butanone forms two oximes i.e., cis and trans butanone oxime, as it is an
unsymmetrical ketone. Thus, in all there are three oximes formed.
18. For cross Cannizzaro reaction, both the aldehydes must not have -hydrogen. Hence, C6H5CHO and
HCHO.
19. NH3 gives urotropine on reacting with HCHO, CH3CH = NH with acetaldehyde and diacetone amine on
reacting with acetone.