DR.

RAM MANOHARLOHI
YANATI
ONALLAW UNI
VERSI
TY,
LUCKNOW

2018-
2019

CodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e

Fi
nalDr
aft

On

Lawr
elat
ingt
oincl
usi
onandexcl
usi
onofpar
ti
esi
naci
vi
lsui
t

Submi
tt
edt
o:- Submi
tt
edby:
-

Dr.Vi
pul Vi
nod RashmiGir
i
(Assi
stantProf
essorLaw) BA.
LL.
B(Hons),
Sem-
lV

Rol
lNo-
106,
Sec-
B

1|Page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thisproj
ecttit
led“Lawr el
ati
ngt oi
ncl
usionandexcl
usionofpar t
iesinacivi
lsuit
”
hasbeenpr eparedforfulf
il
mentofproj
ectonCodeofCi v
ilProcedurewhichforms
thepartofcurri
culum ofthestudyi
nDr.Ram ManoharLohiyaNationalLaw
Univer
sit
y.

Iam v
eryt
hankf
ult
oDr
.Vi
pulVi
nodwi
thoutwhoseki
ndco-
oper
ati
ont
he
pr
ojectwoul
dnothav
ebeencompl
eted

2|Page
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(4)

2.Meani
ngofJoi
nderofPar
ti
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(4)

3.Joi
nderofpl
aint
if
fs.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..(
5)

4.Joi
nderofdef
endant
s..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(5)

5.Necessar
yPar
ti
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(7)

5.
1Whoar
ethenecessar
ypar
ti
est
oaci
vi
lsui
t?

5.
2Test
sfordet
ermi
ningt
henecessar
ypar
ti
est
oaci
vi
lsui
t

6.Mi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
esandi
tsef
fect
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..(
9)

7.Non-
joi
nderofpar
ti
esandi
tsef
fect
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(11)

8.Di
ff
erencebet
weenmi
sjoi
nderandnon-
joi
nder
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..(
11)

9.Consequencesofnon-
joi
nderofnecessar
ypar
ti
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(12)

10.Consequencesofnon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
est
hatar
enotnecessar
ypar
ti
es.
..
..
..
..(
14)

11.Obj
ect
ionsast
omi
sj
oinderandnon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(
15)

11.Concl
usi
on.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..(
15)
.

12.Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(16)
.

3|Page
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-Thi
spr
ojectai
mst
ounder
standt
hel
aw r
elat
ingt
oincl
usi
onand
excl
usi
onofpar
ti
esi
naci
vi
lsui
twi
tht
hehel
pofj
udi
ciali
nter
pret
ati
on.I
twi
l
lbegi
n
wi
tht
hemeani
ngofj
oinderofpar
ti
est
othesui
tgi
veani
nsi
ghti
ntot
hemeani
ngand
pr
ovi
si
onsr
elat
edt
othej
oinderofpwl
aint
if
fsanddef
endant
s.I
twi
l
ldr
aw t
he
di
sti
nct
ionbet
weennecessar
yandnonnecessar
ypar
ti
es;
giv
eabr
iefi
ntr
oduct
iont
o
t
heconcept
sofmi
sj
oinderandnon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es;pr
ovi
deasummar
yoft
he
l
egalpr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
omi
s-j
oinderandnon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
esandpr
esentt
he
l
egalconsequencesandef
fectofmi
s-j
oinderandnon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
esal
ongwi
th
appr
opr
iat
ejudi
ci
ali
nter
pret
ati
on.

Ci
vi
lLaw r
epr
esent
sani
ndi
vi
dual
‟spr
ivat
eri
ghtofact
ionf
orr
edr
ess.Aci
vi
lsui
t
(
alsor
efer
redt
oasa„
civ
ilpr
oceedi
ng‟orsi
mpl
y„sui
t‟
)isapr
ocessf
orr
ecov
eryof
ani
ndi
vi
dualr
ightorr
edr
essofani
ndi
vi
dualwr
ong.Theessent
ialr
equi
rement
sof
anyci
vi
lsui
t,accor
dingt
othedeci
sionoft
heBombayHi
ghCour
tinKr
ishnappav
.
Shi
vappa1ar
etheopposi
ngpar
ti
es,
thesubj
ectmat
teri
ndi
sput
e,t
hecauseofact
ion
andt
her
eli
efcl
aimedbyt
hepl
aint
if
f.Fort
hepur
posesoft
hepaper
,weshal
lbe
concer
nedonl
ywi
tht
heopposi
ngpar
ti
es.Theopposi
ngpar
ti
esqui
tel
ogi
cal
l
ywoul
d
r
efert
othepl
aint
if
fandt
hedef
endant
.TheCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,t
hepr
ocedur
al
l
aw r
elat
ingt
oci
vi
lsui
tscanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wopar
ts,"
Bodyoft
heCode"and
"
Rul
es"
.Thel
att
erdeal
swi
thj
oinder
,non-
joi
nderandmi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
es.Or
der1of
t
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,1908deal
swi
tht
hepar
ti
est
othesui
tandal
socont
ains
pr
ovi
si
onsf
oraddi
ti
on,del
eti
onandsubst
it
uti
onofpar
ti
es,j
oinder
,non-
joi
nderand
2
mi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
esandobj
ect
ionst
omi
sjoi
nderandnon-
joi
nder.

Meani
ngofj
oinderofpar
ti
es:
-Joi
nderofPar
ti
es‟meansj
oini
ngsev
eralpar
ti
esas
pl
aint
if
fsordef
endant
sint
hesamesui
t.Al
loranyoft
hoseper
sonscanbej
oinedt
o
asui
taspl
aint
if
fsordef
endant
sinwhom t
her
ightt
oanyr
eli
efi
sal
l
egedt
oexi
st,
or
whoi
sal
l
egedt
opossessanyi
nter
esti
nthesubj
ect
-mat
terofl
i
tigat
ion,ori
nthe
opi
nionoft
hecour
tisapr
operoranecessar
ypar
ty.Thequest
ionofj
oinderof
par
ti
esmayar
iseei
therasr
egar
dst
hepl
aint
if
fsorasr
egar
dst
hedef
endant
s.

1
(1907)5Cal.L.J.564
2
Law-In-
Perspecti
ve:NecessaryandProperPart
ies-
theLawRev i
sit
ed
http:
//l
egal
perspecti
ves.
blogspot.
in/
2010/07/
necessary-
and-
proper-
par
ti
es-
law.
html

4|Page
UnderEngl
i
shr
ule,Or
.15r4t
hej
oinderofpar
ti
es,whet
heraspl
aint
if
fsoras
def
endant
s,i
ssubj
ectt
otwocondi
ti
ons:(
i)t
her
ightt
orel
i
efmusti
neachcasebe
i
nrespectoforar
iseoutoft
hesamet
ransact
ionorser
iesoft
ransact
ions,
(ii
)ther
e
mustbesomecommonquest
ionofl
aw andf
act
.The“
rel
i
ef”i
nrespectofwhi
ch
par
ti
esmaybej
oinedmustber
eli
efar
isi
ngoutoft
hesamesetofci
rcumst
ancesor
3
ci
rcumst
ancesi
nvol
vi
ngacommonquest
ionofl
aw orf
act.Wher
eacommon
quest
ionofl
aworf
acti
sbei
ngi
nvol
vedbear
ingsuf
fi
cienti
mpor
tancei
npr
opor
ti
on
t
other
estofact
iont
orenderi
tdesi
rabl
ethatt
hewhol
eoft
hemat
ter
sshoul
dbe
di
sposedofatt
hesamet
ime,t
hecour
twi
l
lal
l
owj
oinderofpl
aint
if
fsordef
endant
s
subj
ectt
oit
sdi
scr
eti
onast
ohowt
heact
ionshoul
dbet
red4.
i

Joi
nderofpl
aint
if
fs:
-Rul
e1ofOr
der1ofCodepr
ovi
dest
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
ch
sev
eral
plai
nti
ff
smayj
oini
nonesui
t.Thecondi
ti
onsar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

(
a)Wher
ear
ightt
orel
i
efal
l
egedt
oexi
sti
neachpl
aint
if
far
isesoutoft
hesame
actort
ransact
ionorser
iesofact
sort
ransact
ions;
and

(
b)Wher
e,i
fsuchper
sonsboughtsepar
atesui
ts,
anycommonquest
ionofl
awor
f
actwoul
dar
ise5.

Bot
hthesecondi
ti
onsmustbef
ulf
il
ledt
oenabl
etwoormor
eper
sonst
ojoi
nas
pl
aint
if
fsi
nonesui
t.Thet
wocondi
ti
onsar
enotal
ter
nat
ive6.Al
thought
her
ulei
ssai
d
t
obeper
missi
vebuti
tinnowayaf
fect
sthegener
alpr
inci
plesofl
aw t
hatal
lthe
per
sonsj
oint
lyent
it
ledt
oanyr
eli
efmustbemadepar
ti
est
othesui
tei
theras
pl
aint
if
fsordef s7.
endant

Per
sonswhoar
ejoi
ntl
yent
it
ledt
othesamer
eli
efshoul
dbemadepl
aint
if
fsi
nthe
samesui
te.
g,execut
ors,co-
tr
ust
ees,j
ointowner
sofpr
oper
ty,j
ointpr
omi
seset
c.I
f
8
any
onei
snotwi
l
li
ngt
ojoi
naspl
aint
if
f,heshoul
dbei
mpl
eadedasadef
endant.Two
per
sonsmayj
oini
nasui
tal
l
egi
ngt
hatoneoft
hem i
sent
it
ledt
orel
i
efagai
nstt
he

3
SarkarSC, “ThelawofCivilPr
ocedure”,
Lexi
sNexi
sButt
erwort
hsWadhwaNagpur ,11thedn,
Vol
.1,
(856)
4
Scrutton,
LJi nPaynev.BrTRCO, 1921,2KB1
5
JainMP, “TheCodeofCi vi
lPr
ocedure”,Wadhwa&Co.Nagpur,1stedn.
,2003,
(419)
6
Stroundv .Lawson,(1898)2QB44
7
35I nd.App73( PC).
8
Or.1,r10(2)ofCivil
ProcedureCode

5|Page
def
endant
.Wher
ethe pl
aint
if
fs hav
e si
mil
arcauses ofact
ion and ar
ejoi
ntl
y
i
nter
est
edt
ogetonedecr
eeagai
nstoneandt
hesamedef
endant
,theycanr
ight
ly
andl
egal
l
yuni
tet
hei
rcausesofact
ion9.

Joi
nderofdef
endant
s:-Rul
e3ofOr
der1pr
ovi
dest
hecondi
ti
onwhensev
eral
def
endant
smayj
oini
nonesui
t.Thesecondi
ti
onsar
e:-

(
a)Wher
eanyr
ightt
orel
i
efal
l
egedt
oexi
stagai
nstt
hem ar
isesoutoft
hesame
act
,ort
ransact
ionorser
iesofact
sort
ransact
ions;
and

(
b)Wher
e,separ
ate sui
ts wer
e br
oughtagai
nstsuch per
sons anycommon
quest
ionofl
aworf
actwoul
dar
ise10.

Thecondi
ti
onpr
ecedenti
sthatt
hecour
tmustbesat
isf
iedt
hatt
hepr
esenceofpar
ty
t
obeadded,woul
dbenecessar
yinor
dert
oenabl
ethecour
ttoef
fect
ual
l
yand
compl
etel
yadj
udi
cat
euponandset
tl
eal
lquest
ionsi
nvol
vedi
nthesui
t.Tobr
inga
per
sonaspar
ty-
def
endanti
snotasubst
ant
iver
ightbutoneofapr
ocedur
eandt
he
cour
thasdi
scr
eti
oni
nit
spr
operexer
cise.Theobj
ectoft
her
ulei
stobr
ingonr
ecor
d
al
ltheper
sonswhoar
epar
ti
est
othedi
sput
esr
elat
ingt
othesubj
ectmat
tersot
hat
t
hedi
sput
emaybedet
ermi
nedi
nthei
rpr
esenceatt
hesamet
imewi
thoutany
pr
otr
act
ion,
inconv
eni
enceandt
hemul
ti
pli
cit
yofpr
oceedi
ngsmaybeav
oided11.

I
nShewNar
ayanSi
nghv
.Br ngh12,
ahmanandSi AsuedBf
ordamagesf
orbr
eachof
cont
ractent
eredi
ntobet
weenhi
m andBandcl
aimedt
hesameamountofdamages
agai
nstCandDont
hegr
oundt
hatt
heyhadent
eredi
ntoconspi
racyf
ori
nduci
ngB
t
ocommi
tbr
eachofcont
ract
,itwashel
dthatnot
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hef
actt
hatBwas
suedont
hebasi
sofbr
eachofcont
ractandCandDont
ort
,thesui
tcamewi
thi
nO1,
r3,
asi
tdependedont
hesameact
,namel
ythebr
eachofcont
ract
.

13
Compani
aSansi
nenav
.Houl
derBr
other
s&Co. ,Ai
sanexpor
teroff
rozenmeat
;B
i
stheownerofal
i
neofst
eamer
s.Byacont
ractbet
weenAandB,
Bagr
eest
ocar
ry

9
Woodr offe& AmeerAl
i
,“CommentaryontheCodeofCivi
lPr
ocedur
e”,
Del
hiLawHouse,4thedn.
,
Vol.2,2006,(1543)
10
Idat5( 421)
11
Mulla,“TheCodeofCi
vilPr
ocedur
e”,Lexi
sNexi
sButt
erwort
hsWadhwaNagpur18thedn.
, ,vol.
2,
2011( 1469)
12
AIR1950Cal 479
13
(1910)2KB354

6|Page
f
rom Ar
gent
inat
oEur
opet
hef
roz
enmeati
nst
eamer
sbel
ongi
ngt
ohi
m ori
not
her
sui
tabl
est
eamer
s.I
tissubsequent
lyagr
eedt
hatf
rozenmeatshoul
dbeshi
ppedby
A on ast
eamercal
l
ed t
heDev
on pr
ocur
ed byB and bel
ongi
ng t
o C.Meati
s
accor
dingl
yshi
ppedont
heDev
onandt
hemast
eroft
heDev
onsi
gnsabi
l
lofl
adi
ng
i
nrespectofi
tandhandsi
ttoA.AsuesBandCi
nrespectofdamagest
othemeat
al
l
egedt
ohav
ebeencausedbyt
heunseawor
thi
nessoft
heDev
oncl
aimi
ngagai
nst
Bont
het
ermsoft
hebef
orement
ionedcont
ractandagai
nstCupont
hebi
l
lofl
adi
ng.
Thesui
tisnotbadf
ormi
sjoi
nderofdef
endant
s.

I
nMosl
eyv
.Gener
alMot
orsCor d14.
p.Lt ,thepl
aint
if
f(Nat
hani
elMosl
ey)al
ongwi
th
9ot
herper
sonsj
oinedi
nbr
ingi
nganact
ioni
ndi
vi
dual
l
yandascl
assr
epr
esent
ati
ves
al
l
egi
ngt
hei
rri
ght
sunderast
atut
ewer
edeni
edbyGener
alMot
ors,
Local25,
Uni
ted
Aut
omobi
l
e,Aer
ospaceand Agr
icul
tur
eImpl
ementWor
ker
sofAmer
ica (
Uni
on)
,
si
mpl
ybyr
easonoft
hei
rcol
ourandr
ace.Thepl
aint
if
fsi
ntendedt
obr
ingabouta
j
oinderofdef
endant
s.Ont
hispoi
nt,t
hedi
str
ictcour
thel
dthatt
her
ecoul
dnotbea
j
oinderofdef
endant
ssi
ncet
her
eisnor
ightofr
eli
efoutoft
hesamet
ransact
ion,
and
i
ssuesoff
act
/l
awi
nvol
vedar
ecommont
oal
lthepl
aint
if
fs.I
nWat
ergat
eLandmar
k
Condomi
nium Uni
tOwner
s'Associ
ati
onv
.Wi
ss,
Janey
,El
est
nerAssoci
ates15,
li
mit
s
oft
hepl
aint
if
fst
ojoi
naddi
ti
onalpar
ti
eswer
elai
ddownandi
twashel
dthatt
her
e
mustbeabal
anceofconv
eni
encebet
weent
her
ightt
ospeedyt
ri
aloft
hepl
aint
if
f
andt
her
ightt
ofai
rtr
ial
oft
hedef
endant
.

Necessar
yPar
ti
es

A.WhoAr
eTheNecessar
yPar
ti
esToA Ci
vi
lSui
t:Anecessar
ypar
tyi
sapar
ty
wi
thouti
mpl
eadi
ngwhom acl
aim cannotbel
egal
l
yset
tl
edbycour
t.I
not
herwor
ds,
i
ntheabsenceofanecessar
ypar
ty,
noef
fect
iveandcompl
etedecr
eecanbepassed
byt
hecour
t.

B.Testf
orDet
ermi
ningTheNecessar
yPar
ti
esToACi
vi
lSui
t:I
nBenar
esBankLt
d.
.Bhagwandas16,t
v hef
ullbenchoft
heHi
ghCour
tofAl
l
ahabadl
aiddownt
wot
est
s
f
ordet
ermi
ningt
hequest
ionswhet
herapar
ti
cul
arpar
tyi
snecessar
ypar
tyt
othe

14
3417F.
2d1122
15
4117FRD567[1987]3
16
AI
R1947All18

7|Page
pr
oceedi
ngs:Ther
ehast
obear
ightofr
eli
efagai
nstsuchapar
tyi
nrespectoft
he
mat
ter
sinv
olv
edi
nthesui
t.Thecour
tmustnotbei
naposi
ti
ont
opassanef
fect
ive
decr
eei
ntheabsenceofsuchapar
ty.

Theabov
etest
swer
edescr
ibedast
ruet
est
sbySupr
emeCour
tinDeput
yCommr
.,
Har
doiv
.RamaKr
ishna17.

Gener
all
y,apar
tyf
rom whom nor
eli
efi
ssoughti
snotanecessar
ypar
ty.I
nPr
avi
nv.
St
ateofMahar
asht
ra18,t
hegov
ernmentboughtapl
otofl
andunderast
atut
e,and
af
ter
war
ds,sol
ditt
otheappel
l
ant
.Thesal
ewasdecl
aredi
nval
i
dbyt
heSupr
eme
Cour
t.The or
igi
nalownersoughtr
eli
ef.I
twas hel
dthatt
he par
tywhi
ch had
pur
chasedt
hepl
otofl
andf
rom t
hegov
ernmentwasnotanecessar
ypar
ty,
because
19
nor
eli
efwascl
aimedf
rom i
t.I
nGuj
aratSRTCv
.Sar
oj ,t
hel
egalr
epr
esent
ati
vesof
t
hedeceaseddr
iverofacarwhi
chcol
l
idedwi
thaSRTCbus,cl
aimedcompensat
ion
f
rom t
heSRTC.I
nthepr
esentsui
t,i
twashel
dthatt
heowneroft
hecarandi
ts
i
nsur
erwer
enotnecessar
ypar
ti
essi
ncenor
eli
efhadbeencl
aimedf
rom t
hem.Thus,
t
henat
ureofr
eli
efcl
aimedi
simpor
tanti
ndeci
dingwhoi
sanecessar
ypar
ty.

I
nrel
ati
on t
o compani
es,and si
mil
arent
it
ies t
hatexi
sti
ndependent
lyoft
hei
r
member
s,asui
tagai
nstt
heent
it
ydoesnotamountt
oasui
tagai
nsti
tsmember
s.
Thepr
inci
pleof"
li
ft
ingt
hecor
por
atev
eil
"isi
nappl
i
cabl
einsuchcases,
becauset
he
wr
ongbei
ngcompl
ainedofi
sci
vi
linnat
ure.Howev
er,t
hisl
egalpr
inci
pleshal
lnot
appl
yto par
tner
shi
pfi
rmsandt
rust
,si
ncet
heydo notenj
oyal
egalexi
stence
i
ndependentoft
hei
rmember
sThegov
ernmentenj
oysnoi
mmuni
tyi
nsof
arasci
vi
l
sui
tsar
econcer
ned.I
fthegov
ernmenti
ssuesanot
if
icat
ion,agai
nstwhi
cht
he
pl
aint
if
fchoosest
ofi
l
easui
t,t
hegov
ernmentshal
lal
sobeanecessar
ypar
ty.I
n
sui
tst
hatar
efi
l
edagai
nstapubl
i
cof
fi
cer
,fordamagesorf
oranyot
herr
eli
ef,i
n
r
espectofanactdonebyhi
minof
fi
cialcapaci
ty,t
hegov
ernmentwi
l
lal
sobea
necessar
ypar
ty.

20
I
nGener
alManager
,Sout
hCent
ralRai
lway
,Secunder
abadv
.AVRSi
ddhant
ti ,t
her
e
wasanon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es.Thepl
aint
if
fcl
aimedr
eli
efagai
nstt
heRai
l
way
sby

17
AIR1953SC521
18
2001CriLJ34178
19
2001(2)SCC9
20
1974SC( 4)335

8|Page
i
mpl
eadi
ng i
tthr
ough i
tsr
epr
esent
ati
ves.The appel
l
ant
s cont
ended t
hatt
he
empl
oyeeswhower
eli
kel
ytobeaf
fect
edbyt
hedeci
sionhadnotbeeni
mpl
eaded.
Fur
ther
,itwascont
endedt
hatsi
ncet
heywer
enecessar
ypar
ti
es,t
hei
rnon-
joi
nder
wasf
atalt
othepet
it
ion.Howev
er,t
heSupr
emeCour
ttur
neddownt
hispr
eli
minar
y
obj
ect
ion,hol
dingt
hatt
her
eli
efwasbei
ngcl
aimedagai
nstt
heRai
l
way
sonl
yandi
t
hadbeeni
mpl
eadedt
hroughi
tsr
epr
esent
ati
ve.Empl
oyeeswhower
eli
kel
ytobe
af
fect
edbyt
hedeci
sionwer
eatbestpr
operpar
ti
es.Thei
rnon-
joi
ndercoul
dnotbe
sai
dtobef
atalt
othepet
it
ion.Thi
ssuppor
tst
hepr
oposi
ti
ont
hatanecessar
ypar
ty
i
soneagai
nstwhom r
eli
efi
scl
aimed.

21
I
nK Kamar
ajaNadarv
.Kunj
uThev
ar ,t
hequest
ionofwhoar
ethenecessar
y
par
ti
est
oanel
ect
ionpet
it
ionwasdeci
dedupon.Anel
ect
ionpet
it
ioncancal
lint
o
quest
ionanyel
ect
ion,
chal
l
engi
ngt
hef
air
nessoft
heel
ect
ion,
andmaybepr
esent
ed
byanycandi
dat
eorel
ect
or.Apet
it
ionermayf
urt
herpr
ayf
oradecl
arat
iont
hatheor
anyot
hercandi
dat
ehasbeendul
yel
ect
ed.I
nsuchasi
tuat
ion,hemusti
mpl
eadal
l
cont
est
ingcandi
dat
esot
hert
hant
hepet
it
ioner
,andal
soany
oneagai
nstwhom he
hasal
l
egeduseofunf
airpr
act
ices.Suchcont
est
ingcandi
dat
eswi
l
lhav
etobej
oined
asr
espondent
stosuchapet
it
ion.Anyf
ail
uret
odosowi
l
lamountt
onon-
joi
nderof
necessar
ypar
ti
es.Thi
sdef
ectcannotbecur
edbywayofanamendmentoft
he
pet
it
ion,si
ncet
heEl
ect
ionTr
ibunaldoesnotenj
oyt
heaut
hor
it
yto amendt
he
pet
it
ionaf
teri
thasbeenpr
esent
ed.

I
nPr
aveenBhat
iav .M Ghosh22,t
.Dr hepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edasui
tagai
nstadoct
orduet
o
whosenegl
i
gencehi
swi
fehaddi
ed.Thedoct
orwashel
dtobeanecessar
ypar
ty
(
sincer
eli
efhasbeencl
aimedf
rom hi
m).Butt
hei
nsur
ancecompanywi
thwhom t
he
i
nsur
ancehasbeenobt
ainedi
snei
theranecessar
ynorapr
operpar
ty,
sincenor
eli
ef
hasbeencl
aimedf
rom i
t.Rul
e9ofOr
der1l
aysdownt
hatnosui
tshal
lbedef
eat
ed
byr
easonofmi
sj
oinderornon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es.I
nsuchcases,t
hecour
tmaydeal
wi
tht
hemat
teri
ncont
rov
ersyasr
egar
dst
her
ight
sandi
nter
est
soft
hepar
ti
es
act
ual
l
ybef
orei
t.Howev
er,t
hisRul
edoesnotappl
ytocaseswher
ether
eisanon-
j
oinderofnecessar
ypar
ty.I
ftwo ormor
e per
sons ar
ejoi
ned as pl
aint
if
fs or
def
endant
sinonesui
tincont
rav
ent
ionofOr
der1,Rul
es1and3r
espect
ivel
yand

21
(
1958)1MLJ139
22
(
1999)2MLJ690

9|Page
t
heyar
enei
thernecessar
ynorpr
operpar
ti
es,
iti
sacaseofmi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
es.On
t
heot
herhand,wher
eaper
son,whoi
snecessar
yorpr
operpar
tyt
oasui
t,hasnot
beenj
oinedasapar
tyt
othesui
t,i
tisacaseofnon-
joi
nder
.

Thescopeoft
hisRul
ewasel
abor
atel
ydi
scussed byAl
l
ahabad Hi
gh Cour
tin
23
Maqsood Al
iv.Zahi
d Al
i t
hatexceptwher
ether
eisal
egalbart
othe
mai
ntai
nabi
l
ityofasui
tbyr
eason,
non-
joi
nderofapar
ty,
orwher
einhi
sabsence,
the
decr
eet
hatmaybepassedmi
ghtbecomei
nfr
uct
uousori
nexecut
abl
e,t
hecour
t
cannotdi
smi
ssasui
tfornon-
joi
nderofaper
son.Sect
ion99oft
heCodeofCi
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
epr
ovi
dest
hatnodecr
eeshal
lber
ever
sedorsubst
ant
ial
l
yval
i
d,norshal
l
anycaseber
emanded,i
nappealonaccountofanymi
sjoi
nderornon-
joi
nderof
par
ti
esorcausesofact
ionoranyer
ror
,def
ectori
rr
egul
ari
tyi
nanypr
oceedi
ngsi
n
t
hesui
t,notaf
fect
ingt
hemer
it
soft
hecaseort
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tand,
howev
er,
not
hingi
nthi
ssect
ionshal
lappl
ytonon-
joi
nderofanecessar
ypar
ty.

Mi
sjoi
nderofPar
ti
esandi
tsEf
fect
:Thej
oinderori
ncl
usi
onofanyper
sonasapar
ty
24
t
oasui
tcont
rar
ytot
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hecodei
scal
l
edmi
sjoi
nder .Reasonsf
ora
cour
trul
i
ngt
hatt
her
eismi
sjoi
nderi
ncl
ude:

a)t
hepar
ti
esdonothav
ethesamer
ight
stoaj
udgment
;

b)t
heyhav
econf
li
cti
ngi
nter
est
s;

c)t
hesi
tuat
ionsi
neachcl
aim(
causeofact
ion)ar
edi
ff
erentorcont
radi
ctor
y;or

d)Thedef
endant
sar
enoti
nvol
ved(
evensl
i
ght
ly)i
nthesamet
ransact
ion.I
na
cr
imi
nalpr
osecut
iont
hemostcommoncausef
ormi
sjoi
nderi
sthatt
hedef
endant
s
wer
einv
olv
edi
ndi
ff
erental
l
egedcr
imes,ort
hechar
gesar
ebasedondi
ff
erent
t
ransact
ions25.

Mi
sj
oindermaybemi
sjoi
nderofpl
aint
if
fs;mi
sjoi
nderofdef
endant
sandmi
sjoi
nder
ofcauseofact
ions.

23
Ai
r1954Al
l385
24
ht
tp:
//l
egal
-di
cti
onar
y.t
hef
reedi
cti
onar
y.com/
misj
oinder

25
St
ateofPunj
abv
.Nat
huRam AI
R1962SC89

10|Page
A.Mi
sjoi
nderofPl
aint
if
fs:Wher
etwoormor
eper
sonsmayhav
ebeenj
oinedas
pl
aint
if
fsi
nonesui
tbutt
her
ightt
orel
i
efal
l
egedt
oexi
sti
neachpl
aint
if
fdoesnot
ar
iseoutoft
hesameactort
ransact
ion(
orser
iesofact
sort
ransact
ion)andi
f
separ
atesui
tswer
ebr
oughtbyeachpl
aint
if
fnocommonquest
ionoff
actorl
aw
woul
dhav
ebeenar
isen,
ther
eismi
sjoi
nderofpl
aint
if
fs26.

B.Mi
sjoi
nderofDef
endant
s:Li
kewi
se,
wher
etwoormor
eper
sonshav
ebeenj
oined
asdef
endant
sin onesui
tbutt
her
ightt
orel
i
efal
l
eged t
o exi
stagai
nsteach
def
endantdoesnotar
iseoutoft
hesameactort
ransact
ion(
orser
iesofact
sor
t
ransact
ions)and i
fsepar
ate sui
ts wer
e br
oughtagai
nsteach def
endant
,no
common quest
ion off
actorl
aw woul
d hav
e ar
isen,t
her
eis mi
sjoi
nderof
def s27.
endant

C.Mi
sjoi
nderofCauseofAct
ion:Mi
sjoi
nderofcausesofact
ionmaybecoupl
ed
wi
tht
hemi
sjoi
nderofpl
aint
if
fsormi
sjoi
nderofdef
endant
s.Thus,t
hesubj
ectmay
beconsi
der
edundert
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreeheads-

C.
1Mi
sjoi
nderofPl
aint
if
fsandCauseofAct
ion:Wher
einasui
tther
ear
etwoor
mor
epl
aint
if
fsandt
woormor
ecausesofact
ion,t
hepl
aint
if
fsshoul
dbej
oint
ly
i
nter
est
edi
nal
lthecausesofact
ion.I
fthepl
aint
if
fsar
enotj
oint
lyi
nter
esti
nal
lthe
causeofact
ion,
thecasei
soneofmi
sjoi
nderofpl
aint
if
fsandcauseofact
ion.

C.
2Mi
sjoi
nderofDef
endantandCausesofAct
ion:Mul
ti
far
iousness:
Wher
einasui
t,
t
her
ear
etwoormor
edef
endant
sandt
woormor
ecauseofact
ion,t
hesui
twi
l
lbe
badf
ormi
sj
oinderofdef
endant
sandcausesofact
ion,i
fdi
ff
erentcausesofact
ion
ar
ejoi
nedagai
nstdi
ff
erentdef
endant
ssepar
atel
y.Suchami
sjoi
nderi
stechni
cal
l
y
cal
l
edmul
ti
far
iousness28.

C.
3Mi
sjoi
nderofCl
aimsFoundedonSev
eralCausesofAct
ions:Or
der2oft
he
CodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCodedeal
swi
tht
hemi
sjoi
nderofcl
aimsf
oundedonsev
eral
cl
aims.Accor
dingt
otheRul
e,ev
erysui
tmusti
ncl
udet
hewhol
ecl
aim whi
cht
he
pl
aint
if
fisent
it
ledt
omakei
nrespectoft
hatcauseofact
ion.

26
Commissi
onerofI
ncome-t
ax,WestBengal,
Calcutt
av .Raj
aBenoyKumarSahasRoy
,[1958]S.
C.R.
101
27
Stat
eOfOri
ssavs.Shy
am SundarPat
naik1966AI R1271
28
RameshHir
anandKundanmalVs.Munici
palCorporat
ion,Gr
eat
erBombay,(
1992)2SCC524

11|Page
 29
I
nPat
asi
baiv
.Rat
anl
al ,anappl
i
cat
ionf
ort
hecor
rect
ionofmi
sdescr
ipt
ionoft
he
def
endant(
int
hepl
aint
)wasal
l
owed;
thecor
rect
ioncoul
dnotbei
ncor
por
atedi
nthe
pl
aint
.But
,the mi
sdescr
ipt
ion di
d notmi
slead anypar
ty.I
nfact
,the wr
it
ten
st
atementandt
hedocument
sinappealcar
ri
edt
hecor
rectname.I
twashel
dthat
decr
eewasv
ali
d.

Non-
Joi
nderoft
hePar
ti
esandi
tsEf
fect
:Whenaper
sonwhoi
sanecessar
ypar
ty
t
oasui
thasnotbeenj
oinedasapar
tyt
othesui
t,i
tisacaseofnon-
joi
nder
.Thus
non-j
oindercanbedef
inedasanomi
ssi
ont
ojoi
nsomeper
sonasapar
tyt
oasui
t,
whet
heraspl
aint
if
forasdef
endant
,whooughtt
ohav
ebeenj
oinedaccor
dingt
othe
aw30.TheCodedoesnotdef
l inenon-
joi
nder
,butl
aysdown"
Nosui
tshal
lbedef
eat
ed
byr
easonof…non-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es,andt
hecour
tmayi
nev
erysui
tdealwi
tht
he
mat
teri
ncont
rov
ersysof
arasr
egar
dst
her
ight
sandi
nter
est
soft
hepar
ti
esact
ual
l
y
bef
orei
t."Thepr
ovi
sot
othi
sRul
ehowev
erexcl
udesi
tsappl
i
cabi
l
ityt
ocasesofnon
-
joi
nderofnecessar
ypar
ti
es.‘

Wher
easui
tforpossessi
onwasf
il
ed,andt
hedef
endantder
ivedhi
sti
tl
efr
om t
he
auct
ion-
pur
chaseri
nli
qui
dat
ionspr
oceedi
ngsofacompany
,butt
hepl
aint
if
fsued
f
ordecl
arat
iont
hatt
heauct
ionpr
oceedi
ngsandt
hesubsequentconv
eyanceby
auct
ionpur
chasert
odef
endantwer
evoi
dinl
awunderacer
tai
nAct
,itwashel
dby
t
heSupr
emeCour
tinVi
shnuv
.Raj
anText
il
eMi
ls31,t
l hatt
hel
i
qui
dat
orwasa
necessar
ypar
tyandi
nhi
sabsencet
hesui
tfordecl
arat
ionmustf
ail
.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenNon-Joi
nderAndMi
sjoi
nder
:-Mi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
esmeansa
j
oinderofapar
tywhooughtnott
ohav
ebeenj
oinedei
therasapl
aint
if
forasa
def
endant
.Inot
herwor
ds,i
tref
erst
oimpl
eadi
nganunnecessar
ypar
ty.I
tmayal
so
r
efert
oasi
tuat
ioni
nwhi
chapl
aint
if
fisi
mpl
eadedasadef
endantandv
ice-
ver
sa
32
(
par
tywr
ongf
ull
yimpl
eaded) .Howev
er,Non-
joi
nderr
efer
stoasi
tuat
ionwhena
par
tywhooughtt
ohav
ebeeni
mpl
eadedaccor
dingt
othel
awi
snoti
mpl
eaded.As
opposedt
opr
esenceoft
hewr
ongpar
ty,
itr
efer
stoabsenceofapar
ty.

I
ncaseofnon-
joi
nderofnecessar
ypar
ti
es,
thesui
tmaybedi
smi
ssed,
butt
hisi
snot

29
1990SCC( 2)42
30
Non-joi
nderofPar
ti
esi
nCivi
lSui
tsht
tp:
//www.
legal
ser
vicei
ndi
a.com/
art
icl
es/
cpc.
htm
31
AIR1975SC2079
32
(2001)1J&KLawRepor t
er342

12|Page
 33
soi
ncaseofmi
sjoi
nder .

ConsequencesofNon-Joi
nderofNecessar
yPar
ti
es:Non-
joi
nderofpar
ti
esi
snot
f
atalt
oasui
t.Howev
er,
adi
sti
nct
ionbet
weennon-
joi
nderofsomeonewhooughtt
o
hav
ebeenj
oinedandsomeonewhosej
oinderi
sonl
ynecessar
yforconv
eni
encei
s
necessar
y.Thef
ormerar
enecessar
ypar
ti
es,
whi
l
ethel
att
erar
eonl
ypr
operpar
ti
es.
Or
der1,
Rul
e9oft
heCodedeal
swi
thnon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es,
buti
sonl
yapr
ocedur
al
pr
ovi
si
on,
whi
chdoesnotaf
fectt
hesubst
ant
iver
ight
sanddut
iesofpar
ti
es.

Theabsenceofnecessar
ypar
ti
esmeanst
hosepar
ti
esf
rom whom r
eli
efi
sbei
ng
cl
aimedar
enotpr
esent
,duet
owhi
cht
hecour
tcannotpassanyef
fect
ivedecr
ee.I
n
suchci
rcumst
ances,
thesui
tcanbutdoesnothav
etobedi
smi
ssed.I
ffoundl
egal
l
y
j
ust
if
iabl
e,t
hecour
tshoul
dgr
antt
her
eli
efbei
ngcl
aimedbyt
hepl
aint
if
fbypassi
nga
decr
eebet
weent
hepar
ti
esact
ual
l
ybef
orei
t,sol
ongast
hatcanbedonel
egal
l
yand
ef
fect
ivel
y.I
n Laxmi
shankarHai
rshankarBhat
tv.Yashr a34 cour
am Vast tal
so
uphel
dani
mpor
tantl
egalpr
inci
ple-i
nasui
tcl
aimi
ngpr
oper
ty,unt
ilandunl
essal
l
t
heot
herco-
owner
sar
enoti
mpl
eaded,
thesui
tshal
lnotbemai
ntai
nabl
e.

Thegener
alpr
inci
pleofl
aw i
sthatt
hepl
eaofnon-
joi
ndershoul
dber
aisedatt
he
ear
li
estav
ail
abl
eoppor
tuni
ty.Howev
er,anexcept
ioni
spar
ti
ti
onsui
ts,i
nwhi
cht
he
pl
eaofnon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
escanber
aisedatanypoi
ntoft
ime.Ther
easonf
ort
his,
35
asl
aid downi
nShanmugham v
.Sar
aswat
i i
sthatt
hismat
eri
all
yaf
fect
sthe
subj
ect-mat
teri
nvol
vedi
nthesui
t.

Hol
dingt
hatj
oinderornon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
esi
stoot
echni
cal
,itwashel
dthatt
his
shal
lnotoper
atet
odenyaper
sonanybenef
itunderanyenact
ment
.InNar
endr
a
36
Si
nghv
.Or
ient
alFi
reandGener
alI
nsur
anceCo.Lt
d.Del
hi ,t
hebenef
itofSect
ion
39oft
heMot
orVehi
clesActwasext
endedt
othepl
aint
if
fev
ent
hought
hesui
t
suf
fer
edf
rom anon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es.Att
hesamet
ime,non-
joi
ndershoul
dnotbe
const
ruedt
ool
i
ber
all
y;ot
her
wiset
hepar
ti
esshal
lst
andt
olose.I
fapar
tner
shi
pfi
rm
agai
nstanot
herf
ir
mfi
l
esasui
t,al
lthepar
tner
shav
etobei
mpl
eadedaspl
aint
if
fs
butnott
hei
rlegalr
epr
esent
ati
ves.Fort
hisr
eason,i
nBr
ijKi
shor
eShar
mav
.Ram

33
Razi
aBegum Vs.Sahebzadi
AnwarBegum &Ot
her
s,AI
R1958SC886
34
AIR1993SC1587
35
2008(2)CTC573
36
AIR1987Raj77

13|Page
 ngh37,
Si theSupr
emeCour
t,r
ever
singt
hedeci
sionoft
het
ri
alcour
t,hel
dthatt
hesui
t
i
s notmai
ntai
nabl
e.Pendi
ng t
he sui
t,one oft
he par
ti
es di
ed and hi
slegal
r
epr
esent
ati
veswer
enotbr
oughtonr
ecor
d.I
ntheopi
nionoft
hecour
t,t
hel
egal
r
epr
esent
ati
vesshoul
dhav
ebeenbr
oughtonr
ecor
d.

Compul
sor
y Joi
nder
,and Addi
ti
on ofPar
ti
es:Compul
sor
yjoi
nderofpar
ti
es
obv
iousl
ybr
ingsonet
othequest
ionofwhet
hercer
tai
nper
sonsnotj
oinedaspar
ti
es
act
ual
l
yhav
esuf
fi
ci
enti
nter
est
sint
hesui
t,t
otheext
entt
hatt
heymustbej
oined.
Al
so,
ift
heycannotbej
oined,
wil
lthesui
tbeal
l
owedt
opr
oceed,
orwi
l
lithav
etobe
di ssed38.Thehi
smi stor
yoft
hel
awgov
erni
ngcompul
sor
yjoi
nderofpar
ti
esi
srat
her
compl
i
cat
ed.Wi
thr
efer
ence t
othe Amer
ican l
aw on t
his poi
nt,some oft
he
appl
i
cabl
epr
inci
ples,al
sor
ecogni
zedi
nIndi
aar
e:Al
lthosewhoar
eint
erest
edi
na
cont
rov
ersyar
enecessar
ypar
ti
est
oasui
tinv
olv
ingt
hatcont
rov
ersy
,sot
hata
compl
etedi
sposi
ti
onoft
hedi
sput
emaybemade.Joi
nderofnecessar
ypar
ti
esi
s
notnecessar
ywheni
tisi
mpossi
ble,i
mpr
act
icalori
nvol
vesunduecompl
i
cat
ions.A
par
tyunl
essr
epr
esent
edbyonewhoi
sapar
tyi
snotboundbyt
hedecr
ee.Ther
ule
ofi
ndi
spensabl
epar
tywasbasedont
hepr
emi
set
hatacour
tshoul
ddo“
compl
ete
j
ust
iceornoneatal
l
.”

Ther
efor
e,i
fapar
tyi
ntheabsenceofwhom asui
tcannotbedeci
dedi
snot
i
mpl
eaded,t
hesui
tshal
lbedi
smi
ssed.Howev
er,t
her
ewasani
nher
entf
all
acyt
hat
t
hecour
tcoul
donl
ydealwi
tht
hosepar
ti
esact
ual
l
ybef
orei
t.I
nShi
eldsv
.Bar
row,
t
heUSSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatpar
ti
est
oasui
tcanbecl
assi
fi
edi
nto“
necessar
y"
and"
indi
spensabl
e",accor
dingt
othenat
ureoft
hei
rri
ght
s.I
nPul
it
zerPol
sterv
.
39
Pul
it
zer ,t
hepl
aint
if
fsoughtdamagesf
rom heruncl
e,becauseoft
heal
l
eged
i
mpr
opr
iet
ieswhi
l
ehewasact
ingast
hesol
evot
ingt
rust
eeofWembl
eyI
ndust
ri
es
I
nc.Pr
iort
othesui
t,hermot
herandsi
sterhadbr
oughtasui
tinLoui
sianast
atecour
t,
outoft
hesamedi
sput
e,wher
eint
hesui
twasdi
smi
ssedf
ornon-
joi
nderofnecessar
y
par
ti
es.TheUSSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
her
elev
antf
eder
alr
ulesi
ntendt
obr
ingal
l
t
hosehav
ingani
nter
esti
nthesubj
ectofanact
iont
oget
heri
nonef
orum sot
hatt
he
sui
tmaybedi
sposedof
ffai
rl
yandcompl
etel
y.Howev
er,
somet
imesi
tisnotf
easi
ble

37
Civ
ilAppealNo.1562of1980
38
Savi
tri
Dev i
Vs.Dist
ri
ctJudge,
Gor
akhpurandOt
her
s,AI
R1999SC976
39
784F.2d1305

14|Page
t
ojoi
napar
tyneededf
oradj
udi
cat
ion.I
nsuchci
rcumst
ances,i
tisf
ort
hej
udget
o
deci
dewhet
heri
nequi
tyorgoodconsci
encet
hej
udgmentshoul
dst
and.

Ashasal
readybeennot
ed,addi
ti
onofnecessar
ypar
ti
esmaybeor
der
edbyt
he
cour
t,i
nthei
nter
estofj
ust
ice.I
nRaj .AnantRam40,
aRam v asui
thadbeenf
il
edf
or
t
hedi
ssol
uti
onofpar
tner
shi
pandaccount
sinwhi
chonepar
tnerwast
heheadofa
j
ointHi
nduf
ami
l
ybusi
ness.Thesonofsuchapar
tnerwashel
dtobeanecessar
y
par
tywho coul
d be i
mpl
eaded t
othe sui
t.Howev
er,t
he cour
twoul
d notbe
adj
udi
cat
inguponhi
sri
ght
ssoast
ogr
antr
eli
eft
othepl
aint
if
f.

Thequest
ionofaddi
ti
onofpar
ti
esi
sessent
ial
l
yaj
udi
cialdi
scr
eti
ont
hatshal
lhav
e
t
obeexer
cisedi
nthel
i
ghtoft
hef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesofeachcase.Thi
swas
hel
dinSet
abiDev
iv.RamadhaniShaw41.Thepur
poseoft
hispr
ovi
sioni
stogi
vean
oppor
tuni
tyt
oal
lpar
ti
est
obehear
d.Thus,t
hosepar
ti
esf
rom whom nor
eli
efhas
beencl
aimedmayal
sobeadded,si
ncet
heymaybeaf
fect
edasaconsequenceof
t
hedecr
ee.

ConsequencesofNon-Joi
nderofPar
ti
esThatAr
eNotNecessar
yPar
ti
es:Non-
j
oinderi
snotsuf
fi
ci
entr
easont
odi
smi
sst
hesui
tift
hepar
ti
esnoti
mpl
eadedar
e
notnecessar
ypar
ti
es.Thecour
tshal
linsuchasi
tuat
ionf
ir
stcal
lupont
hepl
aint
if
f
t
ochooset
hathewant
stopr
oceedagai
nstwi
tht
hesui
t.Thepl
aint
if
fhast
odeci
de
whohewoul
dli
ket
ocl
aimr
eli
eff
rom.I
fhedoesnoti
mpl
eadapar
ti
cul
arpar
tyt
hat
par
tyshal
lnotbeaboundbyt eepassed42.
hedecr

Ther
esear
cherwoul
dli
ket
ocont
endt
hatwhi
l
eami
sjoi
ndercanbesol
vedsi
mpl
yby
addi
ngordel
eti
ngt
henamesofpar
ti
es,
thi
scannotbedoneasf
arasnon-
joi
nderi
s
concer
ned.Thus,t
her
eisananomal
ysi
ncebot
hhav
ethesameconsequence-t
he
pl
aint
if
fis unabl
eto ef
fect
ivel
ycl
aim r
eli
eff
rom t
he def
endant
.In case ofa
mi
sjoi
nder
,thesui
tshal
lhav
etober
etur
nedf
ort
hepl
aint
if
ftodeci
def
rom whom he
want
stocl
aimr
eli
ef,wher
easi
ncasesofnon-
joi
nder
,thesui
tshal
lor
dinar
il
ybe
di
smi
ssedi
fther
eisanon-
joi
nderofnecessar
ypar
ti
es.

Obj
ect
ionsast
oMi
sjoi
nderandNon-
Joi
nderofPar
ti
es:AsperRul
e13ofOr
der1of

40
1970Cri
LJ303
41
AIR1996Guj107
42
Sumti
baiandOrs.v
.Par
asFi
nanceCo.Regd.par
tner
shi
pFi
rm,
AIR2007SC3166

15|Page
t
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,al
lobj
ect
ionsont
hegr
oundofnon-
joi
nderormi
sjoi
nder
ofpar
ti
esshal
lbet
akenatt
heear
li
estpossi
bleoppor
tuni
tyand,i
nal
lcaseswher
e
i
ssuesar
eset
tl
ed,atorbef
oresuchset
tl
ement
,unl
esst
hegr
oundofobj
ect
ionhas
subsequent
lyar
isen,andanysuchobj
ect
ionnotsot
akenshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
e
beenwai
ved.Anobj
ect
ionast
onon-
impl
eadmentofapar
ty,
inawr
itpet
it
ionhast
o
bet
akenatt
hest
ageofcount
er-
aff
idav
itorsecondappealandnotatt
hebel
ated
43
st
ageofhear
ing.

Concl
usi
on:Asexpl
ainedabov
e,non-
joi
nderormi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
esi
snotf
atalt
o
t
hesui
t.Or
der1,Rul
e9oft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
elay
sdownt
hatnosui
tshal
l
def
eat
edbyr
easonoft
hemi
sjoi
nderornon-
joi
nderofpar
ti
es,andt
hecour
tmayi
n
ev
erysui
tdealwi
tht
hemat
ter
sofcont
rov
ersysof
arast
her
egar
dst
her
ight
sand
i
nter
est
soft
hepar
ti
esact
ual
l
ybef
orei
t40.Theonl
yexcept
ionpr
ovi
dedt
othi
sRul
e
i
sfur
nishedbyt
hegener
alRul
ethatacour
twi
l
lref
rai
nfr
om passi
ngadecr
eewhi
ch
woul
dbei
nef
fect
iveandi
nfr
uct
uous.Tosum up,i
nthecaseofnon-
joi
nderof
necessar
ypar
ti
est
heCour
tcannotpassanef
fect
ivedecr
eei
nthei
rabsence.I
nsuch
acase,
thesui
tcannotpr
oceedandi
sli
abl
etobedi
smi
ssedi
fthepl
aint
if
fonbei
ng
pr
ovi
dedwi
thanoppor
tuni
tyt
o amendt
hepl
aint
if
fref
usest
o do so.Thet
wo
pr
inci
pal
shav
ebeeni
ncor
por
atedundert
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eri
ght
lyi
nOr
der
t
opr
ovi
dej
ust
iceandpr
otectt
her
ight
soft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
s. Howev
eranat
tempt
needst
obemadet
odi
ver
sif
ythedoct
ri
nesofmi
sjoi
nderandnon-
joi
nderasdef
ined
i
nthecommonl
egalj
uri
spr
udenceand i
ncor
por
atet
heexpoundi
ng conceptof
f
raudul
entmi
sjoi
nderasenunci
atedi
nthef
eder
alj
uri
sdi
cti
onofUSA,Canadaand
ot
hernat
ions.

43
Ram.
Al.Vi
sal
akshi
Achi
(Di
ed)v
s.Rm.Seeni
vasan1999(
3)CTC57

16|Page
Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
:-
Pr
imar
ySour
ces:
-
TheCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e
Secondar
ySour
ces:
-
1.Sar Thel
karSC,“ aw ofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e”,Lexi
sNexi
sBut
ter
wor
thsWadhwa
Nagpur
,11thedn,
Vol
.1,
2006.
2.Jai
nMP,
“TheCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e”,
Wadhwa&Co.Nagpur
,1stedn.
,2003,
3.Woodr
off
e& AmeerAl
i
,“Comment
aryont
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e”,
Del
hi
4thedn.
LawHouse, ,Vol
.2,
2006,
4.Mul
l The Code ofCi
a,“ vi
lPr
ocedur
e”,Lexi
s Nexi
s But
ter
wor
ths Wadhwa
Nagpur
,18thedn.
,vol
.2,
2011

17|Page