PTE 8

----------------------------------------------------------------------5

RA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

1. Augustus --------------------------------------------------------------------------5

2. Blue ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------
5

3. The Ford Company ! ------------------------------------------------------ 5

4. Microbes ! ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5

RS: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

DI --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

1.Climate of Beijing ! --------------------------------------------------------- 6

2. Lamp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

4. Happiness ! ----------------------------------------------------------------8

5. The typing hands ! --------------------------------------------------------- 8

6. Circuit ! --------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

7. Government expenditures ------------------------------------------------------10

8. Eclipse ----------------------------------------------------------------------------10

9. Planets ---------------------------------------------------------------------------11

10. Reasons of deforestation ! ---------------------------------------------12

RL: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

1. Soot emission ! ----------------------------------------------------------- 13

2. Rice ! ----------------------------------------------------------------------13

3. Linguists ! ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14

4. Superman ------------------------------------------------------------------------15

5. Hadron collider ! ----------------------------------------------------------15

6. Einstein ---------------------------------------------------------------------------16

7. Hearing loss ----------------------------------------------------------------------16

8. New instrument ------------------------------------------------------------------17

9. Paris’ renovation ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18

ASQ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

SWT: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

1. Overqualified employees ! ----------------------------------------------- 20

2. Coffee house in London ! ----------------------------------------------- 20

3. Voting ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

4. Charging cars ! ----------------------------------------------------------- 21

5. Malaysia ! ----------------------------------------------------------------- 22

6. Beauty contests in Australia ----------------------------------------------------23

7. Armed police ! ------------------------------------------------------------23

WE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

Reading MCS ---------------------------------------------------------------24

Reading MCM: ----------------------------------------------------------------- 24

RO ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

An underperforming company ----------------------------------------------------24

Reading FIB -------------------------------------------------------------------------25

DOG ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------25

Reading FIB_RW ----------------------------------------------------------------------25

Herbal -------------------------------------------------------------------------------25

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

SST: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

1. Adam Smith ----------------------------------------------------------------------26

2. Universities’ competition ! ----------------------------------------------- 26

3. Indian peasants debt ------------------------------------------------------------27

4. Genes ! -------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

5. Housing price in Australia ! ----------------------------------------------29

6. Memory ! ------------------------------------------------------------------29

7. Benefits of laugh ----------------------------------------------------------------30

8. Political words -------------------------------------------------------------------31

9. Free human rights ---------------------------------------------------------------31

10. Faults and earthquakes -------------------------------------------------------32

11.Female novelist ----------------------------------------------------------------- 32

 12. Talent war ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

13. Food and income -------------------------------------------------------------- 34

14. Description ---------------------------------------------------------------------35

15. Water purification -------------------------------------------------------------- 35

Listening MCM: ----------------------------------------------------------------36

Listening FIB ----------------------------------------------------------------36

HCS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36

Listening MCS ---------------------------------------------------------------36

SMW -------------------------------------------------------------------------36

WFD: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
RA
1. Augustus
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as
the preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with
great respect, and was made Consul year after year. He successfully
reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them
land or money to keep their loyalty.
2. Blue !
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing
. Blue food is rare in nature. Food researchers say that when humans
searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often
blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects,
they lose appetite.
3. The Ford Company !
The Ford Company provides plenty of opportunities for its employees. It guarantees
not only comfortable and appropriate working conditions, but also many other
advantages. Therefore, becoming a part of the Ford Motor company is always
profitable and beneficial. Moreover, it is important to mention that Ford Motors
provides its employees with effective and useful services and takes care of their well-
being.
4. Microbes !
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the
same sort of mutualism in microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first
experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes,
using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E.coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the
other to chloramphenicol.

RS:
1. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selective clash on my timetable.
2. Our log books make up of five percent of total marks.
3. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. !
DI
1.Climate of Beijing !

This line chart gives information about air temperature in Beijing, China.
The temperature is given in both centigrade and Fahrenheit.
Daily High rises from January to July, reaching the highest point of 30
degrees centigrade.
Then it falls from August to December, reaching the lowest point of 0
degree centigrade.
Daily Low rises from January to July, reaching the highest point of 20
degrees centigrade.
Then it falls from August to December, reaching the lowest point of
minus 10 degrees centigrade.
Throughout the year, Daily High has always been higher than Daily Low.
2. Lamp

This graph gives information about how a solar yard light works.
The first layer is glass cover, which is transparent( and on the
top of the light.
The second layer is solar cells, which is square and collect solar engery.
The third layer includes photoresistor, which is very tiny, battery, which
is a yellow cylinder , controller board and LED.
In the third layer solar energy is converted to electrical energy,
which powers the LED up.
The fourth layer is lamp cover, which is transparent and like a bowl.
The lamp is mounted in the lawn.

4. Happiness !

: The pie chart gives information about what determines happiness.

Genetic set point accounts for the largest part, about fifty percent, and it is
yellow.
Intentional activities account for the second largest part, about forty
percent, and it is red.
Life circumstances account for the smallest part, about ten percent, and it
is brown.

5. The typing hands !

 : The following graph gives information about positions of typing hands on
the keyboard.
On the left side there are right positions, in which the right hand and the
left hand are parallel.
And both the hands are horizontal.
The keyboard is elevated slightly forward.
On the right side there are wrong positions, in which the right hand and
the left hand are nonparallel.
And the wrists are placed either too low or too high compared with the
keyboard.
The keyboard is elevated slightly backward.

6. Circuit !

: The following graph gives information about a simple circuit.

The anode( of the battery is gold-colored, and the cathode
is black.
The wire is black.
The bulb is white.
The current runs anti-clockwise, out of the cathode of the battery and
into the bulb.
Finally the current runs out of the bulb and into the anode of the battery.
7. Government expenditures

: The following graph gives information about government expenditures in

education which is a triangle in shape.
The top layer is 1.8 billion dollars of higher education, which is purple.
The second layer is 2 billion dollars of vocational educational training,
which is blue.
The third layer is three to four billion dollars of schools, which is red.
The bottom layer is zero point eight to one point four billion dollars of
early childhood, which is yellow.
Finally there is an orange rectangle on the right side, which means 11
billion dollars in education investment fund.

8. Eclipse

!
 : The Earth orbits the Sun; the Moon orbits (verb, ... the
Earth.

The Moon casts umbra on the Earth, where the total eclipse is observed.

The Moon casts penumbra on the Earth, where the partial eclipse is
observed.
9. Planets

: The following graph gives information about the planets in the solar
system.

The largest planet is Jupiter , which is on the left half of the graph
and has two maroon( stripes on it .

The second largest planet is Saturn , which is mud-colored

on the right half of the graph.

The third largest planet is Uranus , which is azure(

.

The forth largest planet is Neptune , which is dark blue, and

slightly smaller than Uranus.

Earth ranks the fifth in size, followed by four other planets.

The smallest planet is Pluto .

10. Reasons of deforestation !

: The following pie chart gives information about the reasons of

deforestation.

Cattle ranching( accounts for the largest part, which is about sixty-
five percent to seventy percent.

Small-scale agriculture accounts for the second largest part, which is

about twenty percent to twenty-five percent.

Large-scale agriculture accounts for the third largest part, which is about
five percent to ten percent.

Logging accounts for the forth largest part, which is about two percent to
three percent.

The smallest part is other, which is about one percent to two percent.
RL:
1. Soot emission !
Soot is also called black carbon.
Soot emission contributes to climate warming.
Soot does not accumulate in the atmosphere like CO2(carbon dioxide).
Reduction in soot has immediate but not long-term effects on global warming.
If we want to stabilize the climate system, we need to focus on greenhouse
gases such as CO2.

2. Rice !
In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico,
unable to feed its growing population, shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford
and Rockefeller Foundations founded the International Rice Research Institute in
Asia, and by 1962, a new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all
over the world. IR8 was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on
world hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the
genes of plants, and so IR8 was created by carefully crossing existing varieties:
selecting the best from each generation, further modifying them, and finally finding
the best. Here is the power of modified crops: IR8, with no fertilizer, straight out of
the box, produced five times the yield of traditional rice varieties. In
optimal conditions with nitrogen , it produced ten times the yield of traditional
varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a
year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990, using more advanced
genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The
Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.

3. Linguists !
Linguists are often seen as experts in the language.
But expertise is actually different from authority.
Communities have always been holding the authority of their languages.
Languages are dying out, which is generally due to the dominance of
communities.
For languages’ revival, communities should not always hold the dominance.
4. Superman
Some heroic tales are from real facts and anecdotal.
Superman has the following powers and limitations: super strength, such as
lifting cars, trains and ships; super speed, such as running faster than an express train.
In a moment of danger or fear, human can temporarily have super human
strength influenced by adrenaline( to do things.
But after that they can not do the same thing again.

5. Hadron collider !
The collider has a 27-kilometer-long tunnel, buried 100 meters underground.
The collider can accelerate protons to the speed of light and create 1.4 million
times of collisions per second.
Each collision generates 7 tev( tera electron volt ) the largest
energy in man-made particle collisions.
The main magnets operate at a temperature of 1.9 degrees Kelvin above the
absolute zero, colder than that of outer space, 2.7 degrees Kelvin.
By observing the collisions, scientists may find new particles and have a
better understanding of early universe.
6. Einstein
In the lecture, the speaker talks about Einstein.
In the past people believed that universe was absolutely fixed and unchanged.
This has been transformed by Einstein's concept of transformation (the theory
of relativity)
Einstein said the universe is continuous dynamical change, is changing all the
time.
However, Einstein is not the first person who proposed this theory.

7. Hearing loss
Hearing loss is the high frequency loss.
 scope hope soap o p
In fact, hearing and listening are not the same.
Some pronunciations and consonants can not be heard but can be seen
through lip reading.
Most people think they have a good hearing and only the elders may suffer
hearing loss.
But everyone should take hearing tests regularly under audiologists’
instructions.

8. New instrument
The Skoog is a new university accessible musical instrument. It is designed to
use by children or adults with special needs or in fact be used by anyone. It’s soft, it’s
easy to play, it’s robust and it can be customized to suit anyone’s abilities. The Skoog
helps students with special needs by allowing them to get involved in making music
themselves. It’s an instrument that they can play it and they can take ownership of
and start creating their own sounds and music. Traditional instruments are the shape
and size and made of the materials they are because of the sound that they need to
make. If you want to make a sound like a plucked string, you need a string and it
needs to be under tension, whereas with a Skoog, because it’s a mixture of software
and a sensor, then thus the computer can handle making the sound. And so we can
design an object that’s designed to be touched and designed to be played with. In
developing the screen and working with kids in the schools and in the classrooms, it’s
really helped us make the Skoog something that’s usable by the children themselves.
They’ve informed us massively on how it needs to work and they’ve given their
opinions on colors and designs. And just the feedback they’ve given to us has been
just marvelous. It’s just so enriching and it’s really inspiring to actually work with
these kids, particularly when you can provide them with an ability to start to playing
their own music as opposed to just taking part through listening and listening to other
musicians and really learning from.
9. Paris’ renovation
Haussmann’s renovation of Paris was a vast public works program
commissioned by Emperor Napoleon Ill and directed by his prefect
of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It
included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the
building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs
surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewers , fountains and
aqueducts . Haussmann’s work met with fierce opposition, and he was
finally dismissed by Napoleon Ill in 1870. but work on his projects continued until
1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely
the result of Haussmannls renovation.
In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark,
dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845 the French social reformer Victor Considerate
wrote" Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction( , where misery,
pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely
penetrate . Paris is a terrible place where plants shrivel and
perish , and where, of seven small infants, four die during the course of the
year. "
The street plan on the Tie de Ia Cite and in the neighborhood called the "quartier des
Arcis", between the Louvre and the "Hotel de Ville "(City Hall), had changed little
since the Middle Ages. The population density in these neighborhoods was extremely
high, compared with the rest of Paris in the neighborhood of the Champs Elysees,
there was one resident for every 186 square meters in the neighborhoods of Arcis
and Saint- Avoye, in the present Third Arrondissement , there was one
inhabitant for every three square meters. In 1840, a doctor described one building in
the tie de Ia Cite where a single room five meters squares on the fourth floor was
occupied by twenty-three people, both adults and children. In these conditions,
disease spread very quickly. Cholera epidemics ravaged the city
in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of these
two neighborhoods died. Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest
streets in these two neighborhoods were only five meters wide. the narrowest were
only one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through
the streets. The center of the city was also a cradle of discontent and revolution.
between 1830 and 1848, seven armed uprisings and revolts had broken out in the
centre of Paris, particularly along the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, around the Hotel de Vi
Ile, and around Montagne Sainte-Genevive on the left bank. The residents of these
neighborhoods had narrow streets with barricades , and had to be
dislodged( by the army.

ASQ
1. Which kind of mountain can erupt? Volcano
2. What do we call the “Times New Roman” in word? Typeface
3. What is the verb form of the noun “Abstention”? Abstain
SWT:
1. Overqualified employees !
If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a
near certainty in this weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs
counter to most hiring managers’ MO: Don’t reject those applicants out of hand.
Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that overqualified workers tend to
perform better than other employees, and they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a
simple managerial tactic—empowerment —can mitigate any
dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive . Companies
tend to prefer an applicant who is a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more
intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this bias makes
sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider themselves
overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-qualification
correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps
by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination
based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified
candidates was a global problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising
education levels are giving workers more skills than are needed to supply the growing
service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional wisdom, the growing
pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N.
Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers’
feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving them autonomy in
decision making. At stores where employees didn’t feel empowered, “overeducated”
workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their colleagues did and were more
likely to state an intention to quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported
autonomy was high.

2. Coffee house in London !

Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that
the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3
would be the founder members of what would become the world’s mighty money
capital? Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720, and
the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when
bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London
surpassing New York, Frankfurt, and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet
the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken
their New York rivals in the size of the funds managed including offshore business
they hold 70 of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign
exchange trading. And its institutions paid out 9 billion in bonuses in December. The
Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and
westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge
fund pals now hang out. For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no
Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is
against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in,
transport systems groan, and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for
the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.

3. Voting
compulsory
(quickest and easiest choice)
last name
20

4. Charging cars !
Here's a term you’re going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the
acronym( PEV. It’s what you and many other people will drive to work
in, ten years and more from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning
you will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big on-board
batteries will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive
50-100 kilometers through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you’ll plug in your car once again, this time into a
socket that allows power to flow form your car’s batteries to the electricity
grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with
your favorite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of power
from your car’s batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout
, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the
distributor buys from your car would not only be most attractive to you, it would be a
good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive power form peaking
stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked like running
flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or
compressed natural gas, even bio-fuel, would automatically cut in, driving a
generator that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.
Concerns over ‘peak oil’, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood
that by the middle of this century there could
be five times as many motor vehicles registered worldwide as there are now, mean
that the world’s almost total dependence on
petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the word, unsustainable
.
5. Malaysia !
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to
visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts
some of the most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region.
Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure
20 million visitors here this year.
Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur,
where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the worlds
tallest buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers
soar 1480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The
limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high
ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141 -foot-tall gold-painted
statue of a Hindu deity . To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep
flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be confused with
Indonesias Borneo you’ll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island, off the
coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the
only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the
Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia,
visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a
glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo
with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange
honking sounds.
While you’re in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday ,
this southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming
trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a
place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples
and reminders of European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is
Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of
Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage , good food and beautiful
beaches.
6. Beauty contests in Australia
Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss
Universe and Miss Teen International respectively( , there has been a
dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country. These wins
had also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless reminders
of old-fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women were
respected for how good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether its Miss Universe or Miss Teen
International, are demeaning to women and out of sync with the times.
They say they are nothing more than symbols of decline. In the past few decades,
Australia has taken more than a few faltering steps toward treating
women with dignity and respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that
they can do anything, as shown by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003
Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley. In the 1960s and 70s, one of the first
acts of the feminist movement was to picket beauty pageants on the
premise that the industry promoted the view that it was acceptable to judge
women on their appearance. Today many young Australian women are still
profoundly uncomfortable with their body image, feeling under all kinds of pressures
because they are judged by how they look. Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer
thin, reinforcing the message that thin equals beautiful. This ignores the
fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country where up to 60%
of young women are on a diet at any one time, and 70% of school girls say they want
to lose weight, despite the fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages are
profoundly hazardous to the mental health of young Australians.

7. Armed police !
Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate
students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public
and private high schools across the state. Organizers say the officers, who began
work last week, will build positive relationships between police and students. But
parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at schools in
communities where police relations were already under strain.
Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to
students about issues including shoplifting , offensive behavior, graffiti
and drugs, and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP,
Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at
Alexandria Park Community Schools senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime
prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas
including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross.
Constable Purvis said the full-time position would see him working on the broader
issues of crime prevention. I am not a security guard, he said. I am not there to patrol
the school. We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to
have a positive interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them the
knowledge to improve their own safety. " The use of fake ID among older students is
among the issues he has already discussed with principals. Parents’ groups responded
to the program positively but said it might spark a range of community reactions.
"It is a good thing, and an innovative idea and there could be some positive benefits,
Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer Danielle Cronin said. Different
communities will respond to this kind of presence in different ways.

WE
1. Whether design of buildings will have a positive or negative impact on people’s
life and work? !
2. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has
become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather than
constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this
position and give your own point of view.
3. Should government build more roads to allow more vehicle owner or improve the
network of public transport? !
4. Medical technology can increase life expectancy. Is it a blessing or curse? !

Reading MCS

Reading MCM:

RO
An underperforming company
1) Take an underperforming company.
2) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and
trim all the fat.
3) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
4) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
Reading FIB
DOG
A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog’s. Over the centuries
selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is
often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf.
Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as
pathologies . Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those
who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree
pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and
their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with.
Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis.
Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research
Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees
thus have an ideal experimental animal.

Reading FIB_RW
Herbal
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how
they may be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is
recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt,
Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older still.
Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text
written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a
herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as 'De materia medical, it
became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic
worlds until the late 1 7th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in
Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first
printed herbals date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided
valuable information for apothecaries , whose job was to make the pills
and potions prescribed by physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals
were produced in England by William Turner, considered to be the father of British
botany, and John Gerard, whose illustrations would inspire the floral fabric,
wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries later.
SST:
1. Adam Smith
industrial revolution
affect living expectancy and standard declined
Therefore some legislations about working conditions and environmental
conditions were introduced to rectify our behaviors.
Some damages have been reversed and we have more benefits compared to
those 100 years ago.
Unlike other people,Adam Smith also included
manufacturing industry in his theory, exactly handmade manufacturing.
development output, national income output equal

2. Universities’ competition !
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in
competition for the best students, all of whom have choices they can exercise, and
many of them choices which run across national and continental borders. We are in
competition, too, for staff. The academic job market is one of the most global there is.
And in the 21st century English is the new Latin, so universities in English speaking
countries are exposed to more intensive competition than those elsewhere. We are in
competition for government funding, through the assessment of research quality. We
are in competition for research contracts, from public and private sector sources, and
indeed we are in competition for the philanthropic pound. Many of our own donors
were at more than one university, and indeed think of the LSEs requests alongside
those of other charities to which they are committed. That is a competitive
environment which is particularly visible to a Vice-Chancellor.

3. Indian peasants debt

The debt today is so high, it's two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred
thousand rupees of peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or
two, when they accumulate that kind of debt. Where is the debt coming from? It's
coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand
rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free, used to be
theirs. Pesticides each time, they more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays,
15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of
India has showed up by 2000 percent. That's what the free market and globalization
have brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have no money, who have
no capital, they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing.
And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which are the
same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.
4. Genes !
Mapping( of genes was completed in 1920.
Recent research has shown that genes can determine not only humans'
physical features, such as height and hair, but also psychological features, such as our
behavior.
Our research on genes can contribute to biology, psychology, sociology and
neuroscience, and provides some integrating information.
5. Housing price in Australia !
The economy of Australia has been in uninterrupted increase for 15 years.
Over the period, housing has been getting more unaffordable for ordinary
Australian households as a byproduct of economy.
The typical price has increase by 90% and additional expenses have increased
to 1.5 million ( compared with those in 2003.
The rates of mortgage have halved, so the mortgage trade has
increased, which means people can borrow more money.
More people immigrate to Australia, which means that needs of
accommodation increase.
There is no additional supply in housing market.
All the purchase powers push up the housing price in Australia.

6. Memory !
There are two different systems of memory, implicit( memory and
explicit memory.
Implicit memory is also called procedural memory, which can not
be consciously recalled.
It is an experimental or functional form of memory.
With implicit memory, people have automatic behavior, unaware of using it.
 Examples of implicit memory include using languages naturally, driving and
reading. When people try to describe the behavior of driving, they may even mislead
themselves.
Explicit memory is also called declarative memory, consisting of
a great deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is
totally different from implicit memory.
Examples of explicit memory include remembering people's birthdays and
answering multiple questions on the test.

7. Benefits of laugh
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combatting
adversity ; and whole communities and nations have frequently relied on
humor to get them through their bleakest times. On august 13,1961 , the
barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin
wall . For nearly 30 years, until it was dismantled , wall jokes
proliferated -especially among those living in the east. Laughing was all
that was left. Jokes about those who rule you - and sometimes those who
tyrannise you - are a form of folklore that has existed in
societies as seemingly different as communist eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern
Egypt, 12-century Persia, and modern day Iran. Humor can also be wonderfully
subversive . It can protect self-respect and identity.
8. Political words
Socialism started in 1880s, while communism started in 1840s.
But both of them were not worded until the French Revolution.
The political words “left”and “right” originated from the national assembly
during the French Revolution.
Political left referred to the left side of the speaker podium, while political
right referred to the right side.
Political left means being progressive while political right means being
conservative to the old regime .

9. Free human rights

During the second world war, UK was the first country that mentioned free
rights among other countries.
It set up the baseline and minimum standards.
 The positive aspects of human rights include rights to marry and free religion,
and the negative aspects include sex.
Other aspects that UK government mentioned include voting, election,
tourism and trading.
Lawyers drove the human rights after the second world war.

10. Faults and earthquakes

The center of earthquake is called the focus, also the hypocenter, which is
vertically beneath the crust inside the earth’s interior.
Faults are fractures in the earth’s crust .
Earthquakes will happen when faults move.
The epicenter is located on the surface of the earth.
The position of epicenters can be identified by using fault maps and looking
down from the surface of the earth.

11.Female novelist
I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, but secretly wanting to be a
novelist. When I first started writing at the age of 30, it was with the intention of
writing fiction, but I took a little detour for 10 or 12 years, and write non-
fiction which I absolutely have no regret about at all. I think it's exactly the right
thing for me to do. But there's this dream tucked away inside of me to do
this. Now I was remembering reading something that xxx wrote, who is a
great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said, "no
art ever came out of not risking your neck." And I think she's absolutely right about
that. It felt that way to me at the time; it actually feels that way every time I sit down
to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started
writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that. And one of the very first
things that I wrote was, what I thought was going to be the first chapter of a novel,
called "The Secret Life of Bees." I wrote it in 1992, and it is actually essentially the
first chapter of the novel as it is now.

12. Talent war

The war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape for
recruiting and retaining talented employees. In the book, Michaels et al., describe not
a set of superior Human Resources processes, but a mindset that emphasizes the
importance of talent to the success of organizations.
The war for talent is intensified by demographic shifts (primarily in the United States
and Europe). This is characterized by increasing demand along with decreasing
supply (demographically). There are simply fewer post-baby-boom workers to
replace the baby boom retirement in the US and Europe (though this is not the case in
most of East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Central America, South America, or
the Middle East Eastern Europe also tends to have similar demographics, namely an
aging and shrinking labor force).
While talent is vague or ill-defined, the underlying assumption is that for knowledge-
intensive industries, the knowledge worker is the key competitive resource.
Knowledge-based theories of organizations consistently place knowledge workers as
a primary, competitive resource. Talent is never explicitly defined in the book, though
the Preface notes, "A certain part of talent elude description: You simply know it
when you see it. "After several further caveats , the authors go on: "We
can say, however, that managerial talent is some combination of a sharp strategic
mind, leadership ability, emotional maturity, communications skills, the ability to
attract and inspire other talented people, entrepreneurial instincts, functional skills,
and the ability to deliver results." The authors offer no outside support for this
assertion.
A 2006 article in The Economist, which mentions the book, notes that "companies do
not even know how to define "talent," let alone how to manage it. Some use it to
mean people like Aldous Huxleyls alphas in Brave New World those at the top of the
bell curve. Others employ it as a synonym for the entire workforce, a definition so
broad as to be meaningless."
The War for talent is seen by various sources as becoming irrelevant during economic
downturns. However, there have been highly visible talent poaching by
solvent firms of others who have economic hardship.

13. Food and income

Most residents in Africa suffer from poverty and wildlife is important for
people’s livelihood.
Billions of people in the world rely on fish as their major source of food and
animal protein.
Fish is also the major source of their income since fishing industry can attract
tourists around the world, which can effectively facilitate the economic development.
 Fish will become the top one source of income in Africa, even the income for
foreign economies. Therefore, in Africa, their income is closely associated with food.

14. Description
There are two methods of description: symbolic language and body language.
The abstraction is an important layer of computers.
Computers use symbolic systems.
The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to
communicate with each other.
Sign language was developed, which means hand words in language.
Sign language and movements could help people ask for help when they
encountered rhinoceros .
Hands were language.
Oral languages developed while people’s hands were busy in hunting.

15. Water purification

We all want to learn science to deal with global problems.
A huge global problem we are all facing is how to purify water.
 CBAM is a foundation working on this problem and focusing on human
health.
In developed countries, people are lucky to have bottled water and water from
the tap to drink, but water purification is still a major global problem that needs to be
solved.
Nanotechnology( would be used to find corresponding
solutions, and it is promising that the problem can be solved.

Listening MCM:

Listening FIB

HCS

Listening MCS

SMW

WFD:
1. The same issue featured both explanations of the problem.
2. The placement test of mathematics and science is open to every semester.
The placement test of mathematics and science is offered every semester.
3. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental factors in the economics.
!
4. The business plan seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
The business development seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
 The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
5. Participants initially select from a range of foundation.
Participants are initially selected from a range of foundation.
6. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
All people must evacuate the premises from the fire drill.
7. Tribes worked with each other to make monolithic statues. !
8. She used to be an editor of the student newspaper. !
She used to be the editor of students’ newspaper.
She used to be the editor of the student newspaper.
9. Native speakers are examined by their language tests in their own languages.
10. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.

** PTE http://www.apeuni.com